메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1405-1423

Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile; diagnosis; diarrhea; epidemiology; fidaxomicin; metronidazole; treatment; vancomycin

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CLINDAMYCIN; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXOID; FIDAXOMICIN; GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MACROLIDE; METRONIDAZOLE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NITAZOXANIDE; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RAMOPLANIN; RIFAXIMIN; SYNSORB 90; TIGECYCLINE; TOLEVAMER; TOXOID; TRISACCHARIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 84871463724     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.135     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (62)

References (183)
  • 1
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7(7), 526-536 (2009).
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 2
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJM200002103420604
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N. Engl. J. Med. 342(6), 390-397 (2000). (Pubitemid 30084537)
    • (2000) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.342 , Issue.6 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 3
    • 0032574193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08062-8
    • Shim JK, Johnson S, Samore MH, Bliss DZ, Gerding DN. Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea. Lancet 351(9103), 633-636 (1998). (Pubitemid 28098446)
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , Issue.9103 , pp. 633-636
    • Shim, J.K.1    Johnson, S.2    Samore, M.H.3    Bliss, D.Z.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 4
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Antibioticassociated diarrhea
    • Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibioticassociated diarrhea. N. Engl. J. Med. 346(5), 334-339 (2002).
    • (2002) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.346 , Issue.5 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 5
    • 58249093008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among inpatients at children's hospitals in the United States, 2001-2006
    • Kim J, Smathers SA, Prasad P, Leckerman KH, Coffin S, Zaoutis T. Epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among inpatients at children's hospitals in the United States, 2001-2006. Pediatrics 122(6), 1266-1270 (2008).
    • (2008) Pediatrics , vol.122 , Issue.6 , pp. 1266-1270
    • Kim, J.1    Smathers, S.A.2    Prasad, P.3    Leckerman, K.H.4    Coffin, S.5    Zaoutis, T.6
  • 6
    • 44649141251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: An emerging threat to pregnant women
    • Rouphael NG, O'Donnell JA, Bhatnagar J et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: An emerging threat to pregnant women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198(6), 635.e1-635.e6 (2008).
    • (2008) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , vol.198 , Issue.6
    • Rouphael, N.G.1    O'Donnell, J.A.2    Bhatnagar, J.3
  • 9
    • 62249088494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update of Clostridium difficile infection due to PCR ribotype 027 in Europe 2008
    • Kuijper EJ, Barbut F, Brazier JS et al. Update of Clostridium difficile infection due to PCR ribotype 027 in Europe, 2008. Euro Surveill. 13(31,)18942 (2008).
    • (2008) Euro Surveill. , vol.13 , Issue.31 , pp. 18942
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Barbut, F.2    Brazier, J.S.3
  • 11
    • 77954581650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Freeman J, Bauer MP, Baines SD et al. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23(3), 529-549 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 529-549
    • Freeman, J.1    Bauer, M.P.2    Baines, S.D.3
  • 12
    • 37349036379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update Clostridium difficile-associated disease due to PCR ribotype 027 in Europe
    • Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Brazier JS et al. Update Clostridium difficile-associated disease due to PCR ribotype 027 in Europe. Euro Surveill. 12(6), E1-E2 (2007).
    • (2007) Euro Surveill , vol.12 , Issue.6
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Coignard, B.2    Brazier, J.S.3
  • 14
    • 78650825355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: A hospital-based survey
    • ECDIS Study Group.
    • Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH et al.; ECDIS Study Group. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: A hospital-based survey. Lancet 377(9759), 63-73 (2011).
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.377 , Issue.9759 , pp. 63-73
    • Bauer, M.P.1    Notermans, D.W.2    Van Benthem, B.H.3
  • 17
    • 62249195493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and fluoroquinolones: Is there a link?
    • Weiss K. Clostridium difficile and fluoroquinolones: Is there a link? Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33(Suppl. 1), S29-S32 (2009).
    • (2009) Int J. Antimicrob. Agents , vol.33 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Weiss, K.1
  • 18
    • 0026129872 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in Calcutta
    • Niyogi SK, Bhattacharya SK, Dutta P et al. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in Calcutta. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 9(1), 16-19 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-19
    • Niyogi, S.K.1    Bhattacharya, S.K.2    Dutta, P.3
  • 19
    • 0022155662 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in hospital patients
    • Gupta U, Yadav RN. Clostridium difficile in hospital patients. Indian J. Med. Res. 82, 398-401 (1985).
    • (1985) Indian J. Med. Res. , vol.82 , pp. 398-401
    • Gupta, U.1    Yadav, R.N.2
  • 20
    • 0022771149 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in pseudomembranous and antibiotic-associated colitis in north India
    • Ayyagari A, Sharma P, Venkateswarlu, Mehta S, Agarwal KC. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in pseudomembranous and antibiotic-associated colitis in north India. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 4(3), 157-160 (1986).
    • (1986) J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 157-160
    • Ayyagari, A.1    Sharma, P.2    Venkateswarlu Mehta, S.3    Agarwal, K.C.4
  • 22
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67420-X, PII S014067360567420X
    • Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 366(9491), 1079-1084 (2005). (Pubitemid 41338761)
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , Issue.9491 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3    Killgore, G.4    Thompson, A.5    Brazier, J.6    Frost, E.7    McDonald, L.C.8
  • 23
    • 34447572800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metronidazole on growth and toxin production by epidemic Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes 001 and 027 in a human gut model
    • DOI 10.1093/jac/dkm113
    • Freeman J, Baines SD, Saxton K, Wilcox MH. Effect of metronidazole on growth and toxin production by epidemic Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes 001 and 027 in a human gut model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60(1), 83-91 (2007). (Pubitemid 47073280)
    • (2007) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , vol.60 , Issue.1 , pp. 83-91
    • Freeman, J.1    Baines, S.D.2    Saxton, K.3    Wilcox, M.H.4
  • 24
    • 0242509106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of Binary Toxin Genes among Clostridium difficile Strains that Do Not Produce Large Clostridial Toxins
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.41.11.5227-5232.2003
    • Geric B, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Grabnar M, Rupnik M. Frequency of binary toxin genes among Clostridium difficile strains that do not produce large clostridial toxins. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(11), 5227-5232 (2003). (Pubitemid 37429946)
    • (2003) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.41 , Issue.11 , pp. 5227-5232
    • Geric, B.1    Johnson, S.2    Gerding, D.N.3    Grabnar, M.4    Rupnik, M.5
  • 25
    • 2442420091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and Characterization of a Binary Toxin (Actin-Specific ADP-Ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.42.5.1933-1939.2004
    • Gonçalves C, Decré D, Barbut F, Burghoffer B, Petit JC. Prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(5), 1933-1939 (2004). (Pubitemid 38637804)
    • (2004) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.42 , Issue.5 , pp. 1933-1939
    • Goncalves, C.1    Decre, D.2    Barbut, F.3    Burghoffer, B.4    Petit, J.-C.5
  • 26
    • 0023747353 scopus 로고
    • Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain
    • Popoff MR, Rubin EJ, Gill DM, Boquet P. Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain. Infect. Immun. 56(9), 2299-2306 (1988).
    • (1988) Infect. Immun. , vol.56 , Issue.9 , pp. 2299-2306
    • Popoff, M.R.1    Rubin, E.J.2    Gill, D.M.3    Boquet, P.4
  • 27
    • 0031004306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP- ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196
    • Perelle S, Gibert M, Bourlioux P, Corthier G, Popoff MR. Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196. Infect. Immun. 65(4), 1402-1407 (1997). (Pubitemid 27146631)
    • (1997) Infection and Immunity , vol.65 , Issue.4 , pp. 1402-1407
    • Perelle, S.1    Gibert, M.2    Bourlioux, P.3    Corthier, G.4    Popoff, M.R.5
  • 28
    • 80055072760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile
    • Carter GP, Douce GR, Govind R et al. The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog. 7(10), e1002317 (2011).
    • (2011) PLoS Pathog , vol.7 , Issue.10
    • Carter, G.P.1    Douce, G.R.2    Govind, R.3
  • 29
    • 53449091796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078
    • Goorhuis A, Bakker D, Corver J et al. Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47(9), 1162-1170 (2008).
    • (2008) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.47 , Issue.9 , pp. 1162-1170
    • Goorhuis, A.1    Bakker, D.2    Corver, J.3
  • 30
    • 76249088522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium
    • Stabler RA, He M, Dawson L et al. Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium. Genome Biol. 10(9), R102 (2009).
    • (2009) Genome Biol. , vol.10 , Issue.9
    • Stabler, R.A.1    He, M.2    Dawson, L.3
  • 33
    • 33845351752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-level resistance to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin associated with a novel mutation in gyrB in toxin-A-negative, toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile
    • DOI 10.1093/jac/dkl398
    • Drudy D, Quinn T, O'Mahony R, Kyne L, O'Gaora P, Fanning S. High-level resistance to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin associated with a novel mutation in gyrB in toxin-A-negative, toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58(6), 1264-1267 (2006). (Pubitemid 44884150)
    • (2006) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , vol.58 , Issue.6 , pp. 1264-1267
    • Drudy, D.1    Quinn, T.2    O'Mahony, R.3    Kyne, L.4    O'Gaora, P.5    Fanning, S.6
  • 35
    • 46249085217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased effectiveness of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection?
    • DOI 10.1086/588294
    • Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH. Decreased effectiveness of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection? Clin. Infect. Dis. 47(1), 63-65 (2008). (Pubitemid 351920589)
    • (2008) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-65
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Wilcox, M.H.2
  • 37
    • 45249121963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of sub-MIC concentrations of metronidazole, vancomycin, clindamycin and linezolid on toxin gene transcription and production in Clostridium difficile
    • DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.47739-0
    • Gerber M, Walch C, Löffler B, Tischendorf K, Reischl U, Ackermann G. Effect of sub-MIC concentrations of metronidazole, vancomycin, clindamycin and linezolid on toxin gene transcription and production in Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Microbiol. 57(Pt 6), 776-783 (2008). (Pubitemid 351842072)
    • (2008) Journal of Medical Microbiology , vol.57 , Issue.6 , pp. 776-783
    • Gerber, M.1    Walch, C.2    Loffler, B.3    Tischendorf, K.4    Reischl, U.5    Ackermann, G.6
  • 38
    • 59749088788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of exposure of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes 027 and 001 to fluoroquinolones in a human gut model
    • Saxton K, Baines SD, Freeman J, O'Connor R, Wilcox MH. Effects of exposure of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes 027 and 001 to fluoroquinolones in a human gut model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53(2), 412-420 (2009).
    • (2009) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 412-420
    • Saxton, K.1    Baines, S.D.2    Freeman, J.3    O'Connor, R.4    Wilcox, M.H.5
  • 39
    • 0038601431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime upon Clostridium difficile proliferation and toxin production in a triple-stage chemostat model of the human gut
    • Freeman J, O'Neill FJ, Wilcox MH. Effects of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime upon Clostridium difficile proliferation and toxin production in a triple-stage chemostat model of the human gut. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52(1), 96-102 (2003). (Pubitemid 36850092)
    • (2003) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 96-102
    • Freeman, J.1    O'Neill, F.J.2    Wilcox, M.H.3
  • 40
    • 21244433196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of piperacillin/tazobactam on Clostridium difficile growth and toxin production in a human gut model
    • DOI 10.1093/jac/dki120
    • Baines SD, Freeman J, Wilcox MH. Effects of piperacillin/tazobactam on Clostridium difficile growth and toxin production in a human gut model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55(6), 974-982 (2005). (Pubitemid 40883184)
    • (2005) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 974-982
    • Baines, S.D.1    Freeman, J.2    Wilcox, M.H.3
  • 41
    • 34250335092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tigecycline does not induce proliferation or cytotoxin production by epidemic Clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model
    • Baines SD, Saxton K, Freeman J, Wilcox MH. Tigecycline does not induce proliferation or cytotoxin production by epidemic Clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58(5), 1062-1065 (2006).
    • (2006) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.58 , Issue.5 , pp. 1062-1065
    • Baines, S.D.1    Saxton, K.2    Freeman, J.3    Wilcox, M.H.4
  • 42
    • 32544446901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk Y four states
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk Y four states. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 54(47), 1201-1205 (2005).
    • (2005) Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. , vol.54 , Issue.47 , pp. 1201-1205
  • 44
    • 0029742398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales
    • al Saif N, Brazier JS. The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales. J. Med. Microbiol. 45(2), 133-137 (1996). (Pubitemid 26291483)
    • (1996) Journal of Medical Microbiology , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 133-137
    • Al Saif, N.1    Brazier, J.S.2
  • 45
    • 84862605837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases study group for clostridium difficile (ESGCD).Clostridium difficile infection in the community: A zoonotic disease?
    • Hensgens MP, Keessen EC, Squire MM et al.; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Clostridium difficile (ESGCD).Clostridium difficile infection in the community: A zoonotic disease? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18(7), 635-645 (2012).
    • (2012) Clin. Microbiol. Infect. , vol.18 , Issue.7 , pp. 635-645
    • Hensgens, M.P.1    Keessen, E.C.2    Squire, M.M.3
  • 46
    • 34147093284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease?
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01687.x
    • Rupnik M. Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13(5), 457-459 (2007). (Pubitemid 46563496)
    • (2007) Clinical Microbiology and Infection , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 457-459
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 47
    • 84866675037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection following the introduction of a national ribotyping-based surveillance scheme in England
    • Wilcox MH, Shetty N, Fawley WN et al. Changing Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection following the introduction of a national ribotyping-based surveillance scheme in England. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(8), 1056-1063 (2012).
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.55 , Issue.8 , pp. 1056-1063
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Shetty, N.2    Fawley, W.N.3
  • 49
    • 80051679970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of guidelines and enhanced antibiotic stewardship on reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic usage and its effect on incidence of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Talpaert MJ, Gopal Rao G, Cooper BS, Wade P. Impact of guidelines and enhanced antibiotic stewardship on reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic usage and its effect on incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66(9), 2168-2174 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.66 , Issue.9 , pp. 2168-2174
    • Talpaert, M.J.1    Gopal Rao, G.2    Cooper, B.S.3    Wade, P.4
  • 50
    • 77955147810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of an intervention to control Clostridium difficile infection on hospital- and community-onset disease; an interrupted time series analysis
    • Price J, Cheek E, Lippett S et al. Impact of an intervention to control Clostridium difficile infection on hospital- and community-onset disease; an interrupted time series analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16(8), 1297-1302 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Microbiol. Infect. , vol.16 , Issue.8 , pp. 1297-1302
    • Price, J.1    Cheek, E.2    Lippett, S.3
  • 51
    • 0347950950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of Fatal Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease during Continuous Administration of Clindamycin in Hamsters
    • Merrigan MM, Sambol SP, Johnson S, Gerding DN. Prevention of fatal Clostridium difficile-associated disease during continuous administration of clindamycin in hamsters. J. Infect. Dis. 188(12), 1922-1927 (2003). (Pubitemid 38064879)
    • (2003) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.188 , Issue.12 , pp. 1922-1927
    • Merrigan, M.M.1    Sambol, S.P.2    Johnson, S.3    Gerding, D.N.4
  • 52
    • 0037707557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of hamsters to human pathogenic Clostridium difficile strain B1 following clindamycin, ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration
    • DOI 10.1016/S1075-9964(03)00063-5
    • Merrigan M, Sambol S, Johnson S, Gerding DN. Susceptibility of hamsters to human pathogenic Clostridium difficile strain B1 following clindamycin, ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration. Anaerobe 9(2), 91-95 (2003). (Pubitemid 36808836)
    • (2003) Anaerobe , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-95
    • Merrigan, M.1    Sambol, S.2    Johnson, S.3    Gerding, D.N.4
  • 53
    • 0033604532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals
    • Johnson S, Samore MH, Farrow KA et al. Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals. N. Engl. J. Med. 341(22), 1645-1651 (1999).
    • (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.341 , Issue.22 , pp. 1645-1651
    • Johnson, S.1    Samore, M.H.2    Farrow, K.A.3
  • 54
    • 54349091533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Dial S, Kezouh A, Dascal A, Barkun A, Suissa S. Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection. CMAJ 179(8), 767-772 (2008).
    • (2008) CMAJ , vol.179 , Issue.8 , pp. 767-772
    • Dial, S.1    Kezouh, A.2    Dascal, A.3    Barkun, A.4    Suissa, S.5
  • 58
    • 3142705643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of Clostridium difficile diaarhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: Cohort and case-control studies
    • DOI 10.1503/cmaj.1040876
    • Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, Huang A, Menzies D. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: Cohort and caseYcontrol studies. CMAJ 171(1), 33-38 (2004). (Pubitemid 38925116)
    • (2004) Canadian Medical Association Journal , vol.171 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-38
    • Dial, S.1    Alrasadi, K.2    Manoukin, C.3    Huang, A.4    Menzies, D.5
  • 59
    • 0035915688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03592-3
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet 357(9251), 189-193 (2001). (Pubitemid 32108091)
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , Issue.9251 , pp. 189-193
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 60
    • 73649139991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health care-associated Clostridium difficile infection in Canada: Patient age and infecting strain type are highly predictive of severe outcome and mortality
    • Miller M, Gravel D, Mulvey M et al. Health care-associated Clostridium difficile infection in Canada: Patient age and infecting strain type are highly predictive of severe outcome and mortality. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(2), 194-201 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 194-201
    • Miller, M.1    Gravel, D.2    Mulvey, M.3
  • 61
    • 77952155563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection
    • Howell MD, Novack V, Grgurich P et al. Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection. Arch. Intern. Med. 170(9), 784-790 (2010).
    • (2010) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.170 , Issue.9 , pp. 784-790
    • Howell, M.D.1    Novack, V.2    Grgurich, P.3
  • 62
    • 77951803613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential for airborne dispersal of Clostridium difficile from symptomatic patients
    • spread of C. difficile spores from patients with symptomatic C. difficile infection
    • Best EL, Fawley WN, Parnell P, Wilcox MH. The potential for airborne dispersal of Clostridium difficile from symptomatic patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(11), 1450-1457 (2010). spread of C. difficile spores from patients with symptomatic C. difficile infection.
    • (2010) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.50 , Issue.11 , pp. 1450-1457
    • Best, E.L.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Parnell, P.3    Wilcox, M.H.4
  • 63
    • 84455169443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: The role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk
    • Best EL, Sandoe JA, Wilcox MH. Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: The role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk. J. Hosp. Infect. 80(1), 1-5 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Hosp. Infect. , vol.80 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-5
    • Best, E.L.1    Sandoe, J.A.2    Wilcox, M.H.3
  • 64
    • 0030271882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large clostridial cytotoxins - A family of glycosyltransferases modifying small GTP-binding proteins
    • DOI 10.1016/0966-842X(96)10061-5
    • von Eichel-Streiber C, Boquet P, Sauerborn M, Thelestam M. Large clostridial cytotoxins Y a family of glycosyltransferases modifying small GTP-binding proteins. Trends Microbiol. 4(10), 375-382 (1996). (Pubitemid 26325127)
    • (1996) Trends in Microbiology , vol.4 , Issue.10 , pp. 375-382
    • Von Eichel-Streiber, C.1    Boquet, P.2    Sauerborn, M.3    Thelestam, M.4
  • 65
    • 45249095548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by TcdC
    • DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.47775-0
    • Dupuy B, Govind R, Antunes A, Matamouros S. Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by TcdC. J. Med. Microbiol. 57(Pt 6), 685-689 (2008). (Pubitemid 351842058)
    • (2008) Journal of Medical Microbiology , vol.57 , Issue.6 , pp. 685-689
    • Dupuy, B.1    Govind, R.2    Antunes, A.3    Matamouros, S.4
  • 67
    • 0034525733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins on epithelial cell barrier
    • Pothoulakis C. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins on epithelial cell barrier. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 915, 347-356 (2000). (Pubitemid 32059401)
    • (2000) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.915 , pp. 347-356
    • Pothoulakis, C.1
  • 68
    • 27144453578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the efficacy of ramoplanin and vancomycin in both in vitro and in vivo models of clindamycin-induced Clostridium difficile infection
    • DOI 10.1093/jac/dki321
    • Freeman J, Baines SD, Jabes D, Wilcox MH. Comparison of the efficacy of ramoplanin and vancomycin in both in vitro and in vivo models of clindamycininduced Clostridium difficile infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(4), 717-725 (2005). (Pubitemid 41487774)
    • (2005) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , vol.56 , Issue.4 , pp. 717-725
    • Freeman, J.1    Baines, S.D.2    Jabes, D.3    Wilcox, M.H.4
  • 69
    • 0026746192 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett JG. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15(4), 573-581 (1992).
    • (1992) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 573-581
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 70
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)
    • Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S et al.; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA).Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31(5), 431-455 (2010).
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 72
    • 0033796981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin gene analysis of a variant strain of Clostridium difficile that causes human clinical disease
    • Sambol SP, Merrigan MM, Lyerly D, Gerding DN, Johnson S. Toxin gene analysis of a variant strain of Clostridium difficile that causes human clinical disease. Infect. Immun. 68(10), 5480-5487 (2000).
    • (2000) Infect. Immun. , vol.68 , Issue.10 , pp. 5480-5487
    • Sambol, S.P.1    Merrigan, M.M.2    Lyerly, D.3    Gerding, D.N.4    Johnson, S.5
  • 73
    • 0036708347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3470-3475.2002
    • Spigaglia P, Mastrantonio P. Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40(9), 3470-3475 (2002). (Pubitemid 34977470)
    • (2002) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.40 , Issue.9 , pp. 3470-3475
    • Spigaglia, P.1    Mastrantonio, P.2
  • 74
    • 0031878772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates
    • Rupnik M, Avesani V, Janc M, von Eichel-Streiber C, Delmée M. A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36(8), 2240-2247 (1998). (Pubitemid 28324074)
    • (1998) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.36 , Issue.8 , pp. 2240-2247
    • Rupnik, M.1    Avesani, V.2    Janc, M.3    Von Eichel-Streiber, C.4    Delmee, M.5
  • 75
    • 1542723582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Toxin A-Negative, Toxin B-Positive Clostridium difficile Isolates from Outbreaks in Different Countries by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and PCR Ribotyping
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.42.3.1035-1041.2004
    • Van de Berg RJ, Claas EC, Oyib DH et al. Characterization of a toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates from outbreaks in different countries by amplified fragment length polymorphism and PCR ribotyping. J. Cin. Microbiol. 42, 1035-1041 (2004). (Pubitemid 38332822)
    • (2004) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 1035-1041
    • Van Den Berg, R.J.1    Claas, E.C.J.2    Oyib, D.H.3    Klaassen, C.H.W.4    Dijkshoorn, L.5    Brazier, J.S.6    Kuijper, E.J.7
  • 77
    • 0034049543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile strains
    • DOI 10.1086/315248
    • Cohen SH, Tang YJ, Silva J Jr. Analysis of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile strains. J. Infect. Dis. 181(2), 659-663 (2000). (Pubitemid 30131836)
    • (2000) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.181 , Issue.2 , pp. 659-663
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Tang, Y.J.2    Silva Jr., J.3
  • 80
    • 79551527297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection
    • OPT-80-003 Clinical Study Group
    • Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM et al.; OPT-80-003 Clinical Study Group. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 364(5), 422-431 (2011).
    • (2011) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.364 , Issue.5 , pp. 422-431
    • Louie, T.J.1    Miller, M.A.2    Mullane, K.M.3
  • 81
    • 79551542037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The search for effective treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • DuPont HL. The search for effective treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 364(5), 473-475 (2011).
    • (2011) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.364 , Issue.5 , pp. 473-475
    • DuPont, H.L.1
  • 82
    • 38149108080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid and reliable diagnostic algorithm for detection of Clostridium difficile
    • Fenner L, Widmer AF, Goy G, Rudin S, Frei R. Rapid and reliable diagnostic algorithm for detection of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(1), 328-330 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 328-330
    • Fenner, L.1    Widmer, A.F.2    Goy, G.3    Rudin, S.4    Frei, R.5
  • 83
    • 77952929599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the C.Diff Quik Check Complete assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and A/B toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid,simple diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease
    • Sharp SE, Ruden LO, Pohl JC, Hatcher PA, Jayne LM, Ivie WM. Evaluation of the C.Diff Quik Check Complete assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and A/B toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid,simple diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48, 2082-2086 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.48 , pp. 2082-2086
    • Sharp, S.E.1    Ruden, L.O.2    Pohl, J.C.3    Hatcher, P.A.4    Jayne, L.M.5    Ivie, W.M.6
  • 84
    • 75649148601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of diagnostic tests for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Swindells J, Brenwald N, Reading N, Oppenheim B. Evaluation of diagnostic tests for Clostridium difficile infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(2), 606-608 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 606-608
    • Swindells, J.1    Brenwald, N.2    Reading, N.3    Oppenheim, B.4
  • 85
    • 0037312024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile testing: After 20 years, still challenging
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.41.2.531-534.2003
    • Wilkins TD, Lyerly DM. Clostridium difficile testing: After 20 years, still challenging. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(2), 531-534 (2003). (Pubitemid 36184156)
    • (2003) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 531-534
    • Wilkins, T.D.1    Lyerly, D.M.2
  • 86
    • 0018193196 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis
    • Larson HE, Price AB, Honour P, Borriello SP. Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis. Lancet 1(8073), 1063-1066 (1978). (Pubitemid 8356366)
    • (1978) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8073 , pp. 1063-1066
    • Larson, H.E.1    Price, A.B.2    Honour, P.3    Borriello, S.P.4
  • 88
    • 0020084325 scopus 로고
    • Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile
    • Wilson KH, Kennedy MJ, Fekety FR. Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15(3), 443-446 (1982). (Pubitemid 12178880)
    • (1982) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 443-446
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Kennedy, M.J.2    Fekety, F.R.3
  • 91
    • 56149107841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: A systematic review
    • Planche T, Aghaizu A, Holliman R et al. Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: A systematic review. Lancet Infect. Dis. 8(12), 777-784 (2008).
    • (2008) Lancet Infect. Dis. , vol.8 , Issue.12 , pp. 777-784
    • Planche, T.1    Aghaizu, A.2    Holliman, R.3
  • 92
    • 0033113360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of toxin A negative, toxin B positive Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a Canadian tertiary-care hospital
    • al-Barrak A, Embil J, Dyck B et al. An outbreak of toxin A negative, toxin B positive Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a Canadian tertiary-care hospital. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 25(7), 65-69 (1999).
    • (1999) Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. , vol.25 , Issue.7 , pp. 65-69
    • Al-Barrak, A.1    Embil, J.2    Dyck, B.3
  • 93
    • 84871461468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in children
    • McGowan K, Kader HA. Clostridium difficile infection in children. Infect. Immun. 23, 211-219 (1999).
    • (1999) Infect. Immun. , vol.23 , pp. 211-219
    • McGowan, K.1    Kader, H.A.2
  • 94
    • 0035338158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variant toxin B and a functional toxin A produced by Clostridium difficile C34
    • DOI 10.1016/S0378-1097(01)00143-4, PII S0378109701001434
    • Mehlig M, Moos M, Braun V, Kalt B, Mahony DE, von Eichel-Streiber C. Variant toxin B and a functional toxin A produced by Clostridium difficile C34. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 198(2), 171-176 (2001). (Pubitemid 32411561)
    • (2001) FEMS Microbiology Letters , vol.198 , Issue.2 , pp. 171-176
    • Mehlig, M.1    Moos, M.2    Braun, V.3    Kalt, B.4    Mahony, D.E.5    Von Eichel-Streiber, C.6
  • 95
    • 84863338529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate dehydrogenase is highly conserved among Clostridium difficile ribotypes
    • Carman RJ, Wickham KN, Chen L et al. Glutamate dehydrogenase is highly conserved among Clostridium difficile ribotypes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50(4), 1425-1426 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 1425-1426
    • Carman, R.J.1    Wickham, K.N.2    Chen, L.3
  • 96
    • 0026585777 scopus 로고
    • Confirmation that the latex-reactive protein of Clostridium difficile is a glutamate dehydrogenase
    • Willis DH, Kraft JA. Confirmation that the latex-reactive protein of Clostridium difficile is a glutamate dehydrogenase. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30(5), 1363-1364 (1992).
    • (1992) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 1363-1364
    • Willis, D.H.1    Kraft, J.A.2
  • 97
    • 0027957849 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two commercially available enzyme immunoassays for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens
    • Altaie SS, Meyer P, Dryja D. Comparison of two commercially available enzyme immunoassays for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32(1), 51-53 (1994). (Pubitemid 24016781)
    • (1994) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-53
    • Altaie, S.S.1    Meyer, P.2    Dryja, D.3
  • 100
    • 0035135291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of toxinotyping and PCR ribotyping of Clostridium difficile strains and description of novel toxinotypes
    • Rupnik M, Brazier JS, Duerden BI, Grabnar M, Stubbs SL. Comparison of toxinotyping and PCR ribotyping of Clostridium difficile strains and description of novel toxinotypes. Microbiology 147(Pt 2), 439-447 (2001). (Pubitemid 32156820)
    • (2001) Microbiology , vol.147 , Issue.2 , pp. 439-447
    • Rupnik, M.1    Brazier, J.S.2    Duerden, B.I.3    Grabnar, M.4    Stubbs, S.L.J.5
  • 101
    • 0032901542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes
    • Stubbs SL, Brazier JS, O'Neill GL, Duerden BI. PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37(2), 461-463 (1999). (Pubitemid 29056430)
    • (1999) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 461-463
    • Stubbs, S.L.J.1    Brazier, J.S.2    O'Neill, G.L.3    Duerden, B.I.4
  • 102
    • 82455186819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile Ribotyping Network for England and Northern Ireland An enhanced DNA fingerprinting service to investigate potential Clostridium difficile infection case clusters sharing the same PCR ribotype
    • Fawley WN, Wilcox MH; Clostridium difficile Ribotyping Network for England and Northern Ireland. An enhanced DNA fingerprinting service to investigate potential Clostridium difficile infection case clusters sharing the same PCR ribotype. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49(12), 4333-4337 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.49 , Issue.12 , pp. 4333-4337
    • Fawley, W.N.1    Wilcox, M.H.2
  • 104
    • 10844293286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (triose phosphate isomerase), tcdA (toxin A), and tcdB (toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.42.12.5710-5714.2004
    • Lemee L, Dhalluin A, Testelin S et al. Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (triose phosphate isomerase), tcdA (toxin A), and tcdB (toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(12), 5710-5714 (2004). (Pubitemid 39664357)
    • (2004) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.42 , Issue.12 , pp. 5710-5714
    • Lemee, L.1    Dhalluin, A.2    Testelin, S.3    Mattrat, M.-A.4    Maillard, K.5    Lemeland, J.-F.6    Pons, J.-L.7
  • 106
    • 84862318037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of rapid benchtop sequencing of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile for outbreak detection and surveillance
    • Eyre DW, Golubchik T, Gordon NC et al. A pilot study of rapid benchtop sequencing of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile for outbreak detection and surveillance. BMJ Open 2(3), 001124 (2012).
    • (2012) BMJ Open , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 001124
    • Eyre, D.W.1    Golubchik, T.2    Gordon, N.C.3
  • 107
    • 84857741366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of Clostridium difficile hospital ward-based transmission using extensive epidemiological data and molecular typing
    • Walker AS, Eyre DW, Wyllie DH et al. Characterisation of Clostridium difficile hospital ward-based transmission using extensive epidemiological data and molecular typing. PLoS Med. 9(2), 001124 (2012).
    • (2012) PLoS Med , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 001124
    • Walker, A.S.1    Eyre, D.W.2    Wyllie, D.H.3
  • 108
    • 0029153571 scopus 로고
    • Rapid polymerase chain reaction method for specific detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile
    • Arzese A, Trani G, Riul L, Botta GA. Rapid polymerase chain reaction method for specific detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 14(8), 716-719 (1995).
    • (1995) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. , vol.14 , Issue.8 , pp. 716-719
    • Arzese, A.1    Trani, G.2    Riul, L.3    Botta, G.A.4
  • 109
    • 0033042880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile from stool samples by a nested PCR of toxin B gene
    • DOI 10.1016/S0195-6701(99)90052-X
    • Alonso R, Muñoz C, Gros S, García de Viedma D, Peláez T, Bouza E. Rapid detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile from stool samples by a nested PCR of toxin B gene. J. Hosp. Infect. 41(2), 145-149 (1999). (Pubitemid 29084009)
    • (1999) Journal of Hospital Infection , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-149
    • Alonso, R.1    Munoz, C.2    Gros, S.3    Garcia De Viedma, D.4    Pelaez, T.5    Bouza, E.6
  • 110
    • 35348821180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea
    • DOI 10.1086/522185
    • Peterson LR, Manson RU, Paule SM et al. Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(9), 1152-1160 (2007). (Pubitemid 47580313)
    • (2007) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.45 , Issue.9 , pp. 1152-1160
    • Peterson, L.R.1    Manson, R.U.2    Paule, S.M.3    Hacek, D.M.4    Robicsek, A.5    Thomson Jr., R.B.6    Kaul, K.L.7
  • 111
    • 70449644511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a commercial multiplex real-time PCR to the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Huang H, Weintraub A, Fang H, Nord CE. Comparison of a commercial multiplex real-time PCR to the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47(11), 3729-3731 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.47 , Issue.11 , pp. 3729-3731
    • Huang, H.1    Weintraub, A.2    Fang, H.3    Nord, C.E.4
  • 112
    • 77749340505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile testing in the clinical laboratory by use of multiple testing algorithms
    • Novak-Weekley SM, Marlowe EM, Miller JM et al. Clostridium difficile testing in the clinical laboratory by use of multiple testing algorithms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(3), 889-893 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.48 , Issue.3 , pp. 889-893
    • Novak-Weekley, S.M.1    Marlowe, E.M.2    Miller, J.M.3
  • 113
    • 77957773862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of strain type on detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: Comparison of molecular diagnostic and enzyme immunoassay approaches
    • Tenover FC, Novak-Weekley S, Woods CW et al. Impact of strain type on detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: Comparison of molecular diagnostic and enzyme immunoassay approaches. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(10), 3719-3724 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.48 , Issue.10 , pp. 3719-3724
    • Tenover, F.C.1    Novak-Weekley, S.2    Woods, C.W.3
  • 114
    • 78650074645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Clostridium difficile Epi assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection and typing of the NAP1 strain at a cancer hospital
    • Babady NE, Stiles J, Ruggiero P et al. Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Clostridium difficile Epi assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection and typing of the NAP1 strain at a cancer hospital. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(12), 4519-4524 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.48 , Issue.12 , pp. 4519-4524
    • Babady, N.E.1    Stiles, J.2    Ruggiero, P.3
  • 115
    • 77952929599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the C.Diff Quik Chek Complete Assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and A/B toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid, simple diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease
    • Sharp SE, Ruden LO, Pohl JC, Hatcher PA, Jayne LM, Ivie WM. Evaluation of the C.Diff Quik Chek Complete Assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and A/B toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid, simple diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(6), 2082-2086 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.48 , Issue.6 , pp. 2082-2086
    • Sharp, S.E.1    Ruden, L.O.2    Pohl, J.C.3    Hatcher, P.A.4    Jayne, L.M.5    Ivie, W.M.6
  • 116
    • 79960418173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two commercial molecular tests for the detection of Clostridium difficile in the routine diagnostic laboratory
    • Zidaric V, Kevorkijan BK, Oresic N, Janezic S, Rupnik M. Comparison of two commercial molecular tests for the detection of Clostridium difficile in the routine diagnostic laboratory. J. Med. Microbiol. 60(Pt 8), 1131-1136 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.60 , Issue.PART 8 , pp. 1131-1136
    • Zidaric, V.1    Kevorkijan, B.K.2    Oresic, N.3    Janezic, S.4    Rupnik, M.5
  • 117
    • 84858603395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: Comparison of the cell culture neutralization, Xpert C difficile, Xpert C difficile/Epi, and Illumigene C. difficile assays
    • Pancholi P, Kelly C, Raczkowski M, Balada-Llasat JM. Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: Comparison of the cell culture neutralization, Xpert C. difficile, Xpert C. difficile/Epi, and Illumigene C. difficile assays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50(4), 1331-1335 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 1331-1335
    • Pancholi, P.1    Kelly, C.2    Raczkowski, M.3    Balada-Llasat, J.M.4
  • 118
    • 79951478618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification test for Clostridium difficile detection challenges cytotoxin B cell test and culture as gold standard
    • Norén T, Alriksson I, Andersson J, Akerlund T, Unemo M. Rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification test for Clostridium difficile detection challenges cytotoxin B cell test and culture as gold standard. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49(2), 710-711 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 710-711
    • Norén, T.1    Alriksson, I.2    Andersson, J.3    Akerlund, T.4    Unemo, M.5
  • 119
    • 79959856960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Lalande V, Barrault L, Wadel S, Eckert C, Petit JC, Barbut F. Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49(7), 2714-2716 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.49 , Issue.7 , pp. 2714-2716
    • Lalande, V.1    Barrault, L.2    Wadel, S.3    Eckert, C.4    Petit, J.C.5    Barbut, F.6
  • 120
    • 42149172381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: Importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00110.x
    • Rupnik M. Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: Importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32(3), 541-555 (2008). (Pubitemid 351538749)
    • (2008) FEMS Microbiology Reviews , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 541-555
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 121
    • 79957474450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting the tcdA gene: Is this appropriate for detection of A and/or B Clostridium difficile toxin-producing strains?
    • author reply 2383-2383 author reply 2384
    • Kozak K, Elagin V, Norén T, Unemo M. Targeting the tcdA gene: Is this appropriate for detection of A and/or B Clostridium difficile toxin-producing strains? J. Clin. Microbiol. 49(6), 2383; author reply 2383-2383; author reply 2384 (2011).
    • (2011) J Clin. Microbiol. , vol.49 , Issue.6 , pp. 2383
    • Kozak, K.1    Elagin, V.2    Norén, T.3    Unemo, M.4
  • 122
    • 80052444456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile Infection: A meta-analysis
    • Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Rolston DD et al. Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile Infection: A meta-analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53(7), e81-e90 (2011).
    • (2011) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.53 , Issue.7
    • Deshpande, A.1    Pasupuleti, V.2    Rolston, D.D.3
  • 123
    • 67651097471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of complicated Clostridium difficile infection by pleural effusion and increased wall thickness on computed tomography
    • Valiquette L, Pépin J, Do XV et al. Prediction of complicated Clostridium difficile infection by pleural effusion and increased wall thickness on computed tomography. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49(4), 554-560 (2009).
    • (2009) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 554-560
    • Valiquette, L.1    Pépin, J.2    Do, X.V.3
  • 124
    • 73349122939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A description of CT features of Clostridium difficile infection of the small bowel in four patients and a review of literature
    • Wee B, Poels JA, McCafferty IJ, Taniere P, Olliff J. A description of CT features of Clostridium difficile infection of the small bowel in four patients and a review of literature. Br. J. Radiol. 82(983), 890-895 (2009).
    • (2009) Br. J. Radiol. , vol.82 , Issue.983 , pp. 890-895
    • Wee, B.1    Poels, J.A.2    McCafferty, I.J.3    Taniere, P.4    Olliff, J.5
  • 125
    • 84855274910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indications and relative utility of lower endoscopy in the management of clostridium difficile infection
    • Burkart NE, Kwaan MR, Shepela C et al. Indications and Relative Utility of Lower Endoscopy in the Management of Clostridium difficile Infection. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2011, 626582 (2011).
    • (2011) Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. , pp. 626582
    • Burkart, N.E.1    Kwaan, M.R.2    Shepela, C.3
  • 126
    • 70649107673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (escmid): Treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
    • European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
    • Bauer MP, Kuijper EJ, van Dissel JT; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): Treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15(12), 1067-1079 (2009).
    • (2009) Clin. Microbiol. Infect. , vol.15 , Issue.12 , pp. 1067-1079
    • Bauer, M.P.1    Kuijper, E.J.2    Van Dissel, J.T.3
  • 127
    • 0021038539 scopus 로고
    • Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis
    • Teasley DG, Gerding DN, Olson MM et al. Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis. Lancet 2(8358), 1043-1046 (1983). (Pubitemid 14235361)
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8358 , pp. 1043-1046
    • Teasley, D.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 128
    • 0030056217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhündl M, Hirschl AM, Graninger W. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 22(5), 813-818 (1996). (Pubitemid 26255600)
    • (1996) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.22 , Issue.5 , pp. 813-818
    • Wenisch, C.1    Parschalk, B.2    Hasenhundl, M.3    Hirschl, A.M.4    Graninger, W.5
  • 129
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • DOI 10.1086/519265
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(3), 302-307 (2007). (Pubitemid 47101025)
    • (2007) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.45 , Issue.3 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.L.S.T.3    Davis, M.B.4
  • 130
    • 33644837200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec, Canada
    • DOI 10.1086/501126
    • Pépin J, Routhier S, Gagnon S, Brazeau I. Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec, Canada. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42(6), 758-764 (2006). (Pubitemid 43363928)
    • (2006) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 758-764
    • Pepin, J.1    Routhier, S.2    Gagnon, S.3    Brazeau, I.4
  • 131
    • 55249105923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile Y more difficult than ever
    • Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile Y more difficult than ever. N. Engl. J. Med. 359(18), 1932-1940 (2008).
    • (2008) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.359 , Issue.18 , pp. 1932-1940
    • Kelly, C.P.1    LaMont, J.T.2
  • 132
    • 74249111354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin: A unique gastrointestinal-selective antibiotic for enteric diseases
    • Koo HL, DuPont HL. Rifaximin: A unique gastrointestinal-selective antibiotic for enteric diseases. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 26(1), 17-25 (2010).
    • (2010) Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-25
    • Koo, H.L.1    DuPont, H.L.2
  • 133
    • 33847630925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin
    • DOI 10.1086/511870
    • Johnson S, Schriever C, Galang M, Kelly CP, Gerding DN. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44(6), 846-848 (2007). (Pubitemid 46365312)
    • (2007) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 846-848
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Galang, M.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 134
    • 70450228421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin Redux: Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment
    • Johnson S, Schriever C, Patel U, Patel T, Hecht DW, Gerding DN. Rifaximin Redux: Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment. Anaerobe 15(6), 290-291 (2009).
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 290-291
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Patel, U.3    Patel, T.4    Hecht, D.W.5    Gerding, D.N.6
  • 135
    • 81855199757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Garey KW, Ghantoji SS, Shah DN et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66(12), 2850-2855 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.66 , Issue.12 , pp. 2850-2855
    • Garey, K.W.1    Ghantoji, S.S.2    Shah, D.N.3
  • 137
    • 34548345811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide: A review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections
    • DOI 10.2165/00003495-200767130-00015
    • Anderson VR, Curran MP. Nitazoxanide: A review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections. Drugs 67(13), 1947-1967 (2007). (Pubitemid 47347408)
    • (2007) Drugs , vol.67 , Issue.13 , pp. 1947-1967
    • Anderson, V.R.1    Curran, M.P.2
  • 139
    • 58749112167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: A randomized, double-blind study
    • Musher DM, Logan N, Bressler AM, Johnson DP, Rossignol JF. Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: A randomized, double-blind study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48(4), e41-e46 (2009).
    • (2009) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.48 , Issue.4
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Bressler, A.M.3    Johnson, D.P.4    Rossignol, J.F.5
  • 140
    • 70549097125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Typing and susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the fidaxomicin (OPT-80) Phase II study for C. difficile infection
    • Citron DM, Babakhani F, Goldstein EJ et al. Typing and susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the fidaxomicin (OPT-80) Phase II study for C. difficile infection. Anaerobe 15(6), 234-236 (2009).
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 234-236
    • Citron, D.M.1    Babakhani, F.2    Goldstein, E.J.3
  • 141
    • 84856978972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Whitman CB, Czosnowski QA. Fidaxomicin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections. Ann. Pharmacother. 46(2), 219-228 (2012).
    • (2012) Ann. Pharmacother. , vol.46 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-228
    • Whitman, C.B.1    Czosnowski, Q.A.2
  • 142
    • 84859007390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: A doubleblind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial
    • OPT-80-004 Clinical Study Group
    • Cornely OA, Crook DW, Esposito R et al.; OPT-80-004 Clinical Study Group. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: A doubleblind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 12(4), 281-289 (2012).
    • (2012) Lancet Infect. Dis. , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 281-289
    • Cornely, O.A.1    Crook, D.W.2    Esposito, R.3
  • 143
    • 80051957059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections
    • Mullane KM, Miller MA, Weiss K et al. Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53(5), 440-447 (2011).
    • (2011) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.53 , Issue.5 , pp. 440-447
    • Mullane, K.M.1    Miller, M.A.2    Weiss, K.3
  • 144
    • 79955895214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin for Clostridium difficile infection
    • author reply 1875-1875; author reply 1876
    • Linsky A, Gupta K, Hermos JA. Fidaxomicin for Clostridium difficile infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 364(19), 1875; author reply 1875-1875; author reply 1876 (2011).
    • (2011) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.364 , Issue.19 , pp. 1875
    • Linsky, A.1    Gupta, K.2    Hermos, J.A.3
  • 145
    • 77952196958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Linsky A, Gupta K, Lawler EV, Fonda JR, Hermos JA. Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Arch. Intern. Med. 170(9), 772-778 (2010).
    • (2010) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.170 , Issue.9 , pp. 772-778
    • Linsky, A.1    Gupta, K.2    Lawler, E.V.3    Fonda, J.R.4    Hermos, J.A.5
  • 146
    • 34250335092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tigecycline does not induce proliferation or cytotoxin production by epidemic Clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model
    • Baines SD, Saxton K, Freeman J, Wilcox MH. Tigecycline does not induce proliferation or cytotoxin production by epidemic Clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58, 1062-1065 (2006)
    • (2006) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.58 , pp. 1062-1065
    • Baines, S.D.1    Saxton, K.2    Freeman, J.3    Wilcox, M.H.4
  • 147
    • 66949167421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection
    • Herpers BL, Vlaminckx B, Burkhardt O et al. Intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48(12), 1732-1735 (2009).
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.48 , Issue.12 , pp. 1732-1735
    • Herpers, B.L.1    Vlaminckx, B.2    Burkhardt, O.3
  • 148
    • 84857590552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent refractory Clostridium difficile colitis treated successfully with rifaximin and tigecycline: A case report and review of the literature
    • El-Herte RI, Baban TA, Kanj SS. Recurrent refractory Clostridium difficile colitis treated successfully with rifaximin and tigecycline: A case report and review of the literature. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 44(3), 228-230 (2012).
    • (2012) Scand. J. Infect. Dis. , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 228-230
    • El-Herte, R.I.1    Baban, T.A.2    Kanj, S.S.3
  • 149
    • 77956621047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of tigecycline to treat severe Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kopterides P, Papageorgiou C, Antoniadou A et al. Failure of tigecycline to treat severe Clostridium difficile infection. Anaesth. Intensive Care 38(4), 755-758 (2010).
    • (2010) Anaesth. Intensive Care , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 755-758
    • Kopterides, P.1    Papageorgiou, C.2    Antoniadou, A.3
  • 150
    • 44449135437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolevamer, an anionic polymer, neutralizes toxins produced by the BI/027 strains of Clostridium difficile
    • DOI 10.1128/AAC.00041-08
    • Hinkson PL, Dinardo C, DeCiero D, Klinger JD, Barker RH Jr. Tolevamer, an anionic polymer, neutralizes toxins produced by the BI/027 strains of Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(6), 2190-2195 (2008). (Pubitemid 351758558)
    • (2008) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , vol.52 , Issue.6 , pp. 2190-2195
    • Hinkson, P.L.1    Dinardo, C.2    DeCiero, D.3    Klinger, J.D.4    Barker Jr., R.H.5
  • 152
  • 153
    • 59349085748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin-binding treatment for Clostridium difficile: A review including reports of studies with tolevamer
    • Weiss K. Toxin-binding treatment for Clostridium difficile: A review including reports of studies with tolevamer. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33(1), 4-7 (2009).
    • (2009) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-7
    • Weiss, K.1
  • 154
    • 74249096590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
    • Leav BA, Blair B, Leney M et al. Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).Vaccine 28(4), 965-969 (2010).
    • (2010) Vaccine , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 965-969
    • Leav, B.A.1    Blair, B.2    Leney, M.3
  • 156
    • 84857793535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase I dose finding studies of an adjuvanted Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine
    • Greenberg RN, Marbury TC, Foglia G, Warny M. Phase I dose finding studies of an adjuvanted Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine. Vaccine 30(13), 2245-2249 (2012).
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.30 , Issue.13 , pp. 2245-2249
    • Greenberg, R.N.1    Marbury, T.C.2    Foglia, G.3    Warny, M.4
  • 158
    • 0033027528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-Clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralizing activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine
    • Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF et al. Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-Clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gut 44(2), 212-217 (1999). (Pubitemid 29119364)
    • (1999) Gut , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 212-217
    • Warny, M.1    Fatimi, A.2    Bostwick, E.F.3    Laine, D.C.4    Lebel, F.5    LaMont, J.T.6    Pothoulakis, C.7    Kelly, C.P.8
  • 159
    • 79151476267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: A review
    • Abougergi MS, Kwon JH. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: A review. Dig. Dis. Sci. 56(1), 19-26 (2011).
    • (2011) Dig. Dis. Sci. , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-26
    • Abougergi, M.S.1    Kwon, J.H.2
  • 160
    • 79957937615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the impact of a singledose intravenous immunoglobulin regimen in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Aldeyab MA, McElnay JC, Scott MG et al. An evaluation of the impact of a singledose intravenous immunoglobulin regimen in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 32(6), 631-633 (2011).
    • (2011) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.32 , Issue.6 , pp. 631-633
    • Aldeyab, M.A.1    McElnay, J.C.2    Scott, M.G.3
  • 161
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(3), 197-205 (2010).
    • (2010) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.362 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1    Molrine, D.C.2    Leav, B.A.3
  • 162
    • 42449115458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults
    • Pillai A, Nelson R. Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD004611 (2008).
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. , vol.1
    • Pillai, A.1    Nelson, R.2
  • 164
    • 0042922857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • DOI 10.1080/00365540310010985
    • Wullt M, Hagslätt ML, Odenholt I. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: A doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 35(6-7), 365-367 (2003). (Pubitemid 37038627)
    • (2003) Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.35 , Issue.6-7 , pp. 365-367
    • Wullt, M.1    Hagslatt, M.-L.J.2    Odenholt, I.3
  • 165
    • 70450227218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fascination with probiotics for Clostridium difficile infection: Lack of evidence for prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy
    • Miller M. The fascination with probiotics for Clostridium difficile infection: Lack of evidence for prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy. Anaerobe 15(6), 281-284 (2009).
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 281-284
    • Miller, M.1
  • 167
    • 84861908072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adult hospitalized patients: A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Pozzoni P, Riva A, Bellatorre AG et al. Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adult hospitalized patients: A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107(6), 922-931 (2012).
    • (2012) Am. J. Gastroenterol. , vol.107 , Issue.6 , pp. 922-931
    • Pozzoni, P.1    Riva, A.2    Bellatorre, A.G.3
  • 168
    • 0001412472 scopus 로고
    • Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis
    • Eiseman B, Silen W, Bascom GS, Kauvar AJ. Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Surgery 44(5), 854-859 (1958).
    • (1958) Surgery , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 854-859
    • Eiseman, B.1    Silen, W.2    Bascom, G.S.3    Kauvar, A.J.4
  • 169
    • 0024312284 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing clostridium difficile diarrhoea in six patients
    • Tvede M, Rask-Madsen J. Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in six patients. Lancet 1(8648), 1156-1160 (1989). (Pubitemid 19138849)
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8648 , pp. 1156-1160
    • Tvede, M.1    Rask-Madsen, J.2
  • 170
    • 80054736926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gough E, Shaikh H, Manges AR. Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53(10), 994-1002 (2011).
    • (2011) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.53 , Issue.10 , pp. 994-1002
    • Gough, E.1    Shaikh, H.2    Manges, A.R.3
  • 172
    • 0031752883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection
    • DOI 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90019-6
    • Bignardi GE. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. J. Hosp. Infect. 40, 1-15 (1998). (Pubitemid 28438966)
    • (1998) Journal of Hospital Infection , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-15
    • Bignardi, G.E.1
  • 173
    • 43249096532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bartlett JG. The case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, S4-11 (2008).
    • (2008) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.46
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 175
    • 0026177727 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during a hospital outbreak Infect
    • Thibault A, Miller MA, Gaese C et al. Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during a hospital outbreak. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 12, 345-348 (1991).
    • (1991) Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.12 , pp. 345-348
    • Thibault, A.1    Miller, M.A.2    Gaese, C.3
  • 176
    • 84941814265 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis in adults. A prospective case-controlled epidemiologic study
    • DOI 10.1001/archinte.146.1.95
    • Gerding DN, Olsen MM, Peterson L et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis in adults. A prospective case-controlled epidemiologic study. Arch. Intern. Med. 146, 95-100 (1986). (Pubitemid 16158635)
    • (1986) Archives of Internal Medicine , vol.146 , Issue.1 , pp. 95-100
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Olson, M.M.2    Peterson, L.R.3
  • 177
    • 84871424559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: How to deal with the problem
    • Department of Health and Health Protection Agency.
    • Department of Health and Health Protection Agency. Clostridium difficile infection: How to deal with the problem. Centre of Innovation (2009).
    • (2009) Centre of Innovation
  • 180
    • 0025161604 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and C. difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients
    • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Stamm WE et al. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and C. difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients. J. Infect. Dis. 162(3), 678-684 (1990). (Pubitemid 20266159)
    • (1990) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.162 , Issue.3 , pp. 678-684
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Stamm, W.E.3
  • 181
    • 62249088494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update of Clostridium difficile infection due to PCR ribotype 027 in Europe 2008
    • Kuijper EJ, Barbut F, Brazier JS et al. Update of Clostridium difficile infection due to PCR ribotype 027 in Europe, 2008. Euro. Surveill. 13ii, 18942 (2008).
    • (2008) Euro. Surveill. 13ii , pp. 18942
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Barbut, F.2    Brazier, J.S.3
  • 182
    • 44149094314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • DOI 10.1136/gut.2007.128157
    • Monaghan T, Boswell T, Mahida YR. et al. Recent advances in Clostridium difficileassociated disease. Gut 57, 850-860 (2008). (Pubitemid 351716982)
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , Issue.6 , pp. 850-860
    • Monaghan, T.1    Boswell, T.2    Mahida, Y.R.3
  • 183
    • 79956275289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical Clostridium difficile: Clonality and pathogenicity locus diversity
    • Dingle KE, Griffiths D, Didelot X et al. Clinical Clostridium difficile: Clonality and pathogenicity locus diversity. PLoS ONE 6(5), e19993 (2011).
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6 , Issue.5
    • Dingle, K.E.1    Griffiths, D.2    Didelot, X.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.