메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 52, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 2190-2195

Tolevamer, an anionic polymer, neutralizes toxins produced by the BI/027 strains of Clostridium difficile

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; CLOSTRIDIUM TOXIN; METRONIDAZOLE; TOLEVAMER; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 44449135437     PISSN: 00664804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00041-08     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (37)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 32344452236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of disease severity with fecal toxin levels in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and distribution of PCR ribotypes and toxin yields in vitro of corresponding isolates
    • Akerlund, T., B. Svenungsson, A. Lagergren, and L. G. Burman. 2006. Correlation of disease severity with fecal toxin levels in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and distribution of PCR ribotypes and toxin yields in vitro of corresponding isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:353-358.
    • (2006) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 353-358
    • Akerlund, T.1    Svenungsson, B.2    Lagergren, A.3    Burman, L.G.4
  • 2
    • 2442464696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secular trends in hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile disease in the United States, 1987-2001
    • Archibald, L. K., S. N. Banerjee, and W. R. Jarvis. 2004. Secular trends in hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile disease in the United States, 1987-2001. J. Infect. Dis. 189:1585-1588.
    • (2004) J. Infect. Dis , vol.189 , pp. 1585-1588
    • Archibald, L.K.1    Banerjee, S.N.2    Jarvis, W.R.3
  • 4
    • 33847737469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated infections and molecular characterization of strains: Results of a retrospective study, 2000-2004
    • Barbut, F., B. Gariazzo, L. Bonne, V. Lalande, B. Burghoffer, R. Luiuz, and J. C. Petit. 2007. Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated infections and molecular characterization of strains: results of a retrospective study, 2000-2004. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 28:131-139.
    • (2007) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 131-139
    • Barbut, F.1    Gariazzo, B.2    Bonne, L.3    Lalande, V.4    Burghoffer, B.5    Luiuz, R.6    Petit, J.C.7
  • 5
    • 33845486226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolevamer, a novel toxin-binding polymer: Overview of preclinical pharmacology and physiochemical properties
    • Barker, R. H., Jr., R. Dagher, D. M. Davidson, and J. K. Marquis. 2006. Tolevamer, a novel toxin-binding polymer: overview of preclinical pharmacology and physiochemical properties. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24:1525-1534.
    • (2006) Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther , vol.24 , pp. 1525-1534
    • Barker Jr., R.H.1    Dagher, R.2    Davidson, D.M.3    Marquis, J.K.4
  • 6
    • 0023213879 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile - a spectrum of virulence and analysis of putative virulence determinants in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis
    • Borriello, S. P., J. M. Ketley, T. J. Mitchell, F. E. Barclay, A. R. Welch, A. B. Price, and J. Stephen. 1987. Clostridium difficile - a spectrum of virulence and analysis of putative virulence determinants in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. J. Med. Microbiol. 24:53-64.
    • (1987) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.24 , pp. 53-64
    • Borriello, S.P.1    Ketley, J.M.2    Mitchell, T.J.3    Barclay, F.E.4    Welch, A.R.5    Price, A.B.6    Stephen, J.7
  • 7
    • 0033965438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of the ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin gene (cdtA) and its activity in Clostridium difficile isolates from Equidae
    • Braun, M., C. Herholz, R. Straub, B. Choisat, J. Frey, J. Nicolet, and P. Kuhnert. 2000. Detection of the ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin gene (cdtA) and its activity in Clostridium difficile isolates from Equidae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 184:29-33.
    • (2000) FEMS Microbiol. Lett , vol.184 , pp. 29-33
    • Braun, M.1    Herholz, C.2    Straub, R.3    Choisat, B.4    Frey, J.5    Nicolet, J.6    Kuhnert, P.7
  • 8
    • 3042855154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin binding of tolevamer, a polyanionic drug that protects against antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Braunlin, W., Q. Xu, P. Hook, R. Fitzpatrick, J. D. Klinger, R. Burrier, and C. B. Kurtz. 2004. Toxin binding of tolevamer, a polyanionic drug that protects against antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Biophys. J. 87:534-539.
    • (2004) Biophys. J , vol.87 , pp. 534-539
    • Braunlin, W.1    Xu, Q.2    Hook, P.3    Fitzpatrick, R.4    Klinger, J.D.5    Burrier, R.6    Kurtz, C.B.7
  • 9
    • 32544446901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk-four states, 2005
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005. Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk-four states, 2005. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54:1201-1205.
    • (2005) MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep , vol.54 , pp. 1201-1205
  • 10
    • 0030931082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxins A and B from Clostridium difficile differ with respect to enzymatic potencies, cellular substrate specificities, and surface binding to cultured cells
    • Chaves-Olarte, E., M. Weidmann, C. Eichel-Streiber, and M. Thelestam. 1997. Toxins A and B from Clostridium difficile differ with respect to enzymatic potencies, cellular substrate specificities, and surface binding to cultured cells. J. Clin. Investig. 100:1734-1741.
    • (1997) J. Clin. Investig , vol.100 , pp. 1734-1741
    • Chaves-Olarte, E.1    Weidmann, M.2    Eichel-Streiber, C.3    Thelestam, M.4
  • 11
    • 33846253977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • tcdC genotypes associated with severe TcdC truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Curry, S. R., J. W. Marsh, C. A. Muto, M. M. O'Leary, A. W. Pasculle, and L. H. Harrison. 2007. tcdC genotypes associated with severe TcdC truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:215-221.
    • (2007) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 215-221
    • Curry, S.R.1    Marsh, J.W.2    Muto, C.A.3    O'Leary, M.M.4    Pasculle, A.W.5    Harrison, L.H.6
  • 12
    • 1542540064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sub-MIC concentrations of antibiotics on growth of and toxin production by Clostridium difficile
    • Drummond, L. J., D. G. Smith, and I. R. Poxton. 2003. Effects of sub-MIC concentrations of antibiotics on growth of and toxin production by Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Microbiol. 52:1033-1038.
    • (2003) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.52 , pp. 1033-1038
    • Drummond, L.J.1    Smith, D.G.2    Poxton, I.R.3
  • 13
    • 0031973385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulated transcription of Clostridium difficile toxin genes
    • Dupuy, B., and A. L. Sonenshein. 1998. Regulated transcription of Clostridium difficile toxin genes. Mol. Microbiol. 27:107-120.
    • (1998) Mol. Microbiol , vol.27 , pp. 107-120
    • Dupuy, B.1    Sonenshein, A.L.2
  • 14
    • 3142719074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospitals battling outbreaks of C. difficile
    • Eggertson, L., and B. Sibbald. 2004. Hospitals battling outbreaks of C. difficile. CMAJ 171:19-21.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 19-21
    • Eggertson, L.1    Sibbald, B.2
  • 15
    • 0031016896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea: Characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial
    • Fekety, R., L. V. McFarland, C. M. Surawicz, R. N. Greenberg, G. W. Elmer, and M. E. Mulligan. 1997. Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea: characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24:324-333.
    • (1997) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.24 , pp. 324-333
    • Fekety, R.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Surawicz, C.M.3    Greenberg, R.N.4    Elmer, G.W.5    Mulligan, M.E.6
  • 16
    • 0027396469 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Fekety, R., and A. B. Shah. 1993. Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. JAMA 269:71-75.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , pp. 71-75
    • Fekety, R.1    Shah, A.B.2
  • 17
    • 0019949758 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in feces of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and miscellaneous conditions
    • George, W. L., R. D. Rolfe, and S. M. Finegold. 1982. Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in feces of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and miscellaneous conditions. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:1049-1053.
    • (1982) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.15 , pp. 1049-1053
    • George, W.L.1    Rolfe, R.D.2    Finegold, S.M.3
  • 18
    • 33645761368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters
    • Geric, B., R. J. Carman, M. Rupnik, C. W. Genheimer, S. P. Sambol, D. M. Lyerly, D. N. Gerding, and S. Johnson. 2006. Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. J. Infect. Dis. 193:1143-1150.
    • (2006) J. Infect. Dis , vol.193 , pp. 1143-1150
    • Geric, B.1    Carman, R.J.2    Rupnik, M.3    Genheimer, C.W.4    Sambol, S.P.5    Lyerly, D.M.6    Gerding, D.N.7    Johnson, S.8
  • 19
    • 4544379887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of Clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an American hospital
    • Geric, B., M. Rupnik, D. N. Gerding, M. Grabnar, and S. Johnson. 2004. Distribution of Clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an American hospital. J. Med. Microbiol. 53:887-894.
    • (2004) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.53 , pp. 887-894
    • Geric, B.1    Rupnik, M.2    Gerding, D.N.3    Grabnar, M.4    Johnson, S.5
  • 20
    • 2442420091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile
    • Gonçalves, C., D. Decré, F. Barbut, B. Burghoffer, and J.-C. Petit. 2004. Prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:1933-1939.
    • (2004) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 1933-1939
    • Gonçalves, C.1    Decré, D.2    Barbut, F.3    Burghoffer, B.4    Petit, J.-C.5
  • 21
  • 23
    • 33947584592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: Clostridium difficile-associated disorders/diarrhea and Clostridium difficile colitis: the emergence of a more virulent era
    • Hookman, P., and J. S. Barkin. 2007. Review: Clostridium difficile-associated disorders/diarrhea and Clostridium difficile colitis: the emergence of a more virulent era. Dig. Dis. Sci. 52:1071-1075.
    • (2007) Dig. Dis. Sci , vol.52 , pp. 1071-1075
    • Hookman, P.1    Barkin, J.S.2
  • 24
    • 0033806838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxins, butyric acid, and other short-chain fatty acids are coordinately expressed and down-regulated by cysteine in Clostridium difficile
    • Karlsson, S., A. Lindberg, E. Norin, L. G. Burman, and T. Akerlund. 2000. Toxins, butyric acid, and other short-chain fatty acids are coordinately expressed and down-regulated by cysteine in Clostridium difficile. Infect. Immun. 68:5881-5888.
    • (2000) Infect. Immun , vol.68 , pp. 5881-5888
    • Karlsson, S.1    Lindberg, A.2    Norin, E.3    Burman, L.G.4    Akerlund, T.5
  • 31
    • 0020003663 scopus 로고
    • Biological activities of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile
    • Lyerly, D. M., D. E. Lockwood, S. H. Richardson, and T. D. Wilkins. 1982. Biological activities of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. Infect. Immun. 35:1147-1150.
    • (1982) Infect. Immun , vol.35 , pp. 1147-1150
    • Lyerly, D.M.1    Lockwood, D.E.2    Richardson, S.H.3    Wilkins, T.D.4
  • 32
    • 34249782307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC
    • Matamouros, S., P. England, and B. Dupuy. 2007. Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC. Mol. Microbiol. 64:1274-1288.
    • (2007) Mol. Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1274-1288
    • Matamouros, S.1    England, P.2    Dupuy, B.3
  • 34
    • 0034501038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal flora: Diversity and functions
    • McFarland, L. V. 2000. Normal flora: diversity and functions. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 12:193-207.
    • (2000) Microb. Ecol. Health Dis , vol.12 , pp. 193-207
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 35
    • 0025887006 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of immunoblot type, enterotoxin production, and cytotoxin production with clinical manifestations of Clostridium difficile infection in a cohort of hospitalized patients
    • McFarland, L. V., G. W. Elmer, W. E. Stamm, and M. E. Mulligan. 1991. Correlation of immunoblot type, enterotoxin production, and cytotoxin production with clinical manifestations of Clostridium difficile infection in a cohort of hospitalized patients. Infect. Immun. 59:2456-2462.
    • (1991) Infect. Immun , vol.59 , pp. 2456-2462
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Stamm, W.E.3    Mulligan, M.E.4
  • 38
    • 0022588826 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a commercial cytotoxicity assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin
    • Nachamkin, I., L. Lotz-Nolan, and D. Skalina. 1986. Evaluation of a commercial cytotoxicity assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:954-955.
    • (1986) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.23 , pp. 954-955
    • Nachamkin, I.1    Lotz-Nolan, L.2    Skalina, D.3
  • 39
    • 0742284130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Clostridium difficile Standards Group: Report to the Department of Health
    • National Clostridium difficile Standards Group
    • National Clostridium difficile Standards Group. 2004. National Clostridium difficile Standards Group: report to the Department of Health. J. Hosp. Infect. 56(Suppl. 1):1-38.
    • (2004) J. Hosp. Infect , vol.56 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 1-38
  • 40
    • 0018639348 scopus 로고
    • Effect of environmental stress on Clostridium difficile toxin levels during continuous cultivation
    • Onderdonk, A. B., B. R. Lowe, and J. G. Bartlett. 1979. Effect of environmental stress on Clostridium difficile toxin levels during continuous cultivation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:637-641.
    • (1979) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.38 , pp. 637-641
    • Onderdonk, A.B.1    Lowe, B.R.2    Bartlett, J.G.3
  • 41
    • 34247550291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting Clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Peled, N., S. Pitlik, Z. Samra, A. Kazakov, Y. Bloch, and J. Bishara. 2007. Predicting Clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 28:377-381.
    • (2007) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 377-381
    • Peled, N.1    Pitlik, S.2    Samra, Z.3    Kazakov, A.4    Bloch, Y.5    Bishara, J.6
  • 43
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: A changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pepin, J., L. Valiquette, M. E. Alary, P. Villemure, A. Pelletier, K. Forget, K. Pepin, and D. Chouinard. 2004. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 171:466-472.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 466-472
    • Pepin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3    Villemure, P.4    Pelletier, A.5    Forget, K.6    Pepin, K.7    Chouinard, D.8
  • 44
    • 27544511378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec
    • Pepin, J., L. Valiquette, and B. Cossette. 2005. Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ 173:1037-1042.
    • (2005) CMAJ , vol.173 , pp. 1037-1042
    • Pepin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Cossette, B.3
  • 45
    • 0031004306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196
    • Perelle, S., M. Gibert, P. Bourlioux, G. Corthier, and M. R. Popoff. 1997. Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196. Infect. Immun. 65:1402-1407.
    • (1997) Infect. Immun , vol.65 , pp. 1402-1407
    • Perelle, S.1    Gibert, M.2    Bourlioux, P.3    Corthier, G.4    Popoff, M.R.5
  • 46
    • 0023747353 scopus 로고
    • Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain
    • Popoff, M. R., E. J. Rubin, D. M. Gill, and P. Boquet. 1988. Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain. Infect. Immun. 56:2299-2306.
    • (1988) Infect. Immun , vol.56 , pp. 2299-2306
    • Popoff, M.R.1    Rubin, E.J.2    Gill, D.M.3    Boquet, P.4
  • 48
    • 0031878772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates
    • Rupnik, M., V. Avesani, M. Jane, C. von Eichel-Streiber, and M. Delmee. 1998. A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2240-2247.
    • (1998) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 2240-2247
    • Rupnik, M.1    Avesani, V.2    Jane, M.3    von Eichel-Streiber, C.4    Delmee, M.5
  • 49
    • 0034607782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Stubbs, S., M. Rupnik, M. Gibert, J. Brazier, B. Duerden, and M. Popoff. 2000. Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 186:307-312.
    • (2000) FEMS Microbiol. Lett , vol.186 , pp. 307-312
    • Stubbs, S.1    Rupnik, M.2    Gibert, M.3    Brazier, J.4    Duerden, B.5    Popoff, M.6
  • 50
    • 4644249440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired Clostridium difficile diarrhea caused by binary toxin, toxin A, and toxin B gene-positive isolates in Hungary
    • Terhes, G., E. Urban, J. Soki, K. A. Hamid, and E. Nagy. 2004. Community-acquired Clostridium difficile diarrhea caused by binary toxin, toxin A, and toxin B gene-positive isolates in Hungary. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:4316-4318.
    • (2004) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 4316-4318
    • Terhes, G.1    Urban, E.2    Soki, J.3    Hamid, K.A.4    Nagy, E.5
  • 51
    • 0026533085 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity in culture of epithelial cells from rhesus monkey kidney and human colon carcinoma to toxins A and B from Clostridium difficile
    • Torres, J., M. Camorlinga-Ponce, and O. Munoz. 1992. Sensitivity in culture of epithelial cells from rhesus monkey kidney and human colon carcinoma to toxins A and B from Clostridium difficile. Toxicon 30:419-426.
    • (1992) Toxicon , vol.30 , pp. 419-426
    • Torres, J.1    Camorlinga-Ponce, M.2    Munoz, O.3
  • 52
    • 3142768885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in hospitals: A brewing storm
    • Valiquette, L., D. E. Low, J. Pepin, and A. McGeer. 2004. Clostridium difficile infection in hospitals: a brewing storm. CMAJ 171:27-29.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 27-29
    • Valiquette, L.1    Low, D.E.2    Pepin, J.3    McGeer, A.4
  • 53
    • 15544383233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coexistence of multiple PCR-ribotype strains of Clostridium difficile in faecal samples limits epidemiological studies
    • van den Berg, R. J., H. A. Ameen, T. Furusawa, E. C. Claas, E. R. van der Vorm, and E. J. Kuijper. 2005. Coexistence of multiple PCR-ribotype strains of Clostridium difficile in faecal samples limits epidemiological studies. J. Med. Microbiol. 54:173-179.
    • (2005) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 173-179
    • van den Berg, R.J.1    Ameen, H.A.2    Furusawa, T.3    Claas, E.C.4    van der Vorm, E.R.5    Kuijper, E.J.6
  • 54
    • 17444366186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: Mechanism of action and role in disease
    • Voth, D. E., and J. D. Ballard. 2005. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:247-263.
    • (2005) Clin. Microbiol. Rev , vol.18 , pp. 247-263
    • Voth, D.E.1    Ballard, J.D.2
  • 55
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny, M., J. Pepin, A. Fang, G. E. Killgore, J. Thompson, J. Brazier, E. Frost, and L. C. McDonald. 2005. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 366:1079-1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3    Killgore, G.E.4    Thompson, J.5    Brazier, J.6    Frost, E.7    McDonald, L.C.8
  • 56
    • 0023584030 scopus 로고
    • Association between production of toxins A and B and types of Clostridium difficile
    • Wren, B. W., S. R. Heard, and S. Tabaqchili. 1987. Association between production of toxins A and B and types of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Pathol. 40:1397-1401.
    • (1987) J. Clin. Pathol , vol.40 , pp. 1397-1401
    • Wren, B.W.1    Heard, S.R.2    Tabaqchili, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.