Consilience in sarcopenia of cirrhosis

Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 225-237

  Dasarathy, Srinivasan ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cirrhosis; Complications; Immunosuppressants; Liver transplantation; Nutriceuticals; Sarcopenia; Survival

Indexed keywords

ADENYLATE KINASE; ALBUMIN; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BILE SALT; BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACID; CALCINEURIN; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID; EVEROLIMUS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INSULIN SENSITIZING AGENT; LACTULOSE; LEUCINE; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN INHIBITOR; MUSCLE PROTEIN; MYOSTATIN; NUTRACEUTICAL; RAPAMYCIN; RIFAXIMIN; SOMATOMEDIN C;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; AGING; AMINO ACID BLOOD LEVEL; AUTOPHAGY; CACHEXIA; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEART FAILURE; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HEPATITIS C; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HYPERAMMONEMIA; IMMOBILIZATION; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; KIDNEY FAILURE; LEAN BODY WEIGHT; LIVER CELL DAMAGE; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER GRAFT REJECTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MALNUTRITION; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE METABOLISM; NEOPLASM; NITROGEN BALANCE; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN METABOLISM; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PUBLICATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESISTANCE TRAINING; REVIEW; SARCOPENIA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SURVIVAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VARICOSIS; VETERAN;

EID: 84870866075     PISSN: 21905991     EISSN: 21906009     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0069-3     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. O'Brien A, Williams R. Nutrition in end-stage liver disease: principles and practice. Gastroenterology. 2008;134: 1729-40.
2. Elkina Y, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Springer J. The role of myostatin in muscle wasting: an overview. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2: 143-151.
3. Kung T, Szabo T, Springer J, Doehner W, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Cachexia in heart disease: highlights from the ESC 2010. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2: 63-69.
4. Springer J, Adams V, Anker SD. Myostatin: regulator of muscle wasting in heart failure and treatment target for cardiac cachexia. Circulation. 2010;121: 354-6.
5. Fearon K, Evans WJ, Anker SD. Myopenia-a new universal term for muscle wasting. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2: 1-3.
6. Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argiles J, Aversa Z, Bauer JM, Biolo G, et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics". Clin Nutr. 2010;29: 154-9.
7. Davis GL, Albright JE, Cook SF, Rosenberg DM. Projecting future complications of chronic hepatitis C in the United States. Liver Transpl. 2003;9: 331-8.
8. Davis GL, Alter MJ, El-Serag H, Poynard T, Jennings LW. Aging of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons in the United States: a multiple cohort model of HCV prevalence and disease progression. Gastroenterology. 2010;138: 513-21. 521.
9. Deuffic-Burban S. Expected increase in prevalence of HCV-related cirrhosis and its complications in the United States: no effect of current antiviral treatment coverage? Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2010;34: 577-9.
10. Pinzani M, Rosselli M, Zuckermann M. Liver cirrhosis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;25: 281-90.
11. Kerwin AJ, Nussbaum MS. Adjuvant nutrition management of patients with liver failure, including transplant. Surg Clin North Am. 2011;91: 565-78.
12. Cardenas A, Gines P. Management of patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation. Gut. 2011;60: 412-21.
13. Lim YS, Kim WR. The global impact of hepatic fibrosis and end-stage liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2008;12: 733-46. vii.
14. Bell BP, Manos MM, Zaman A, Terrault N, Thomas A, Navarro VJ, et al. The epidemiology of newly diagnosed chronic liver disease in gastroenterology practices in the United States: results from population-based surveillance. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103: 2727-36.
15. Durante AJ, Meek JI, St LT, Navarro VJ, Sofair AN. Quantifying the burden of chronic viral hepatitis-related cirrhosis hospitalizations in New Haven County, Connecticut. Conn Med. 2008;72: 393-7.
16. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol. 2006;45: 529-38.
17. Public Health Strategic Health Care Group. Other diseases and conditions seen in veterans with chronic HCV State of Care Report IB 10-381. P96452. 2010. 15-21.
18. Vong S, Bell BP. Chronic liver disease mortality in the United States, 1990-1998. Hepatology. 2004;39: 476-83.
19. Davison J, Indest D, Ross D. Addressing behavioral factors to improve liver health. Issue 4 ed. 2011. 2-4. http://www. publichealth. va. gov/docs/publichealth/public_health_matters_0309_new. pdf.
20. Braun F, Teren K, Wilms P, Gunther R, Allmann J, Broering DC, et al. Quality of life after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2009;41: 2564-6.
21. Elliott C, Frith J, Pairman J, Jones DE, Newton JL. Reduction in functional ability is significant postliver transplantation compared with matched liver disease and community dwelling controls. Transpl Int. 2011;24: 588-95.
22. Grattagliano I, Ubaldi E, Bonfrate L, Portincasa P. Management of liver cirrhosis between primary care and specialists. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17: 2273-82.
23. Dong MH, Saab S. Complications of cirrhosis. Dis Mon. 2008;54: 445-56.
24. Montano-Loza AJ, Meza-Junco J, Prado CM, Lieffers JR, Baracos VE, Bain VG, et al. Sarcopenia is associated with mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10: 166-73.
25. Englesbe MJ, Patel SP, He K, Lynch RJ, Schaubel DE, Harbaugh C, et al. Sarcopenia and mortality after liver transplantation. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;211: 271-8.
26. Kinosian B, Jeejeebhoy KN. What is malnutrition? Does it matter? Nutrition. 1995;11: 196-7.
27. Owen OE, Reichle FA, Mozzoli MA, Kreulen T, Patel MS, Elfenbein IB, et al. Hepatic, gut, and renal substrate flux rates in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. J Clin Invest. 1981;68: 240-52.
28. Kondrup J, Nielsen K, Hamberg O. Nutritional therapy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1992;46: 239-46.
29. Dasarathy S. Inflammation and liver. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32: 660-6.
30. von Haehling S, Morley JE, Anker SD. An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1: 129-133.
31. Morley JE, Abbatecola AM, Argiles JM, Baracos V, Bauer J, Bhasin S, et al. Sarcopenia with limited mobility: an international consensus. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12: 403-9.
32. Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12: 489-95.
33. Frisancho AR. New standards of weight and body composition by frame size and height for assessment of nutritional status of adults and the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;40: 808-19.
34. Stenholm S, Harris TB, Rantanen T, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Ferrucci L. Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11: 693-700.
35. Lee SJ, Glass DJ. Treating cancer cachexia to treat cancer. Skelet Muscle. 2011;1: 2.
36. Glass D, Roubenoff R. Recent advances in the biology and therapy of muscle wasting. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1211: 25-36.
37. Ruegg MA, Glass DJ. Molecular mechanisms and treatment options for muscle wasting diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;51: 373-95.
38. Huisman EJ, Trip EJ, Siersema PD, van Hoek B, van Erpecum KJ. Protein energy malnutrition predicts complications in liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23: 982-989.
39. Romiti A, Merli M, Martorano M, Parrilli G, Martino F, Riggio O, et al. Malabsorption and nutritional abnormalities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1990;22: 118-23.
40. Lata J, Husova L, Jurankova J, Senkyrik M, Dite P, Dastych Jr M, et al. Factors participating in the development and mortality of variceal bleeding in portal hypertension-possible effects of the kidney damage and malnutrition. Hepatogastroenterology. 2006;53: 420-5.
41. Kalaitzakis E, Olsson R, Henfridsson P, Hugosson I, Bengtsson M, Jalan R, et al. Malnutrition and diabetes mellitus are related to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2007;27: 1194-201.
42. Kalaitzakis E, Bjornsson E. Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis: is there a role of malnutrition? World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14: 3438-9.
43. Soros P, Bottcher J, Weissenborn K, Selberg O, Muller MJ. Malnutrition and hypermetabolism are not risk factors for the presence of hepatic encephalopathy: a cross-sectional study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23: 606-10.
44. Larson AM, Curtis JR. Integrating palliative care for liver transplant candidates: "too well for transplant, too sick for life". JAMA. 2006;295: 2168-76.
45. Mehta G, Rothstein KD. Health maintenance issues in cirrhosis. Med Clin North Am. 2009;901-15, viii-ix.
46. Norman K, Kirchner H, Lochs H, Pirlich M. Malnutrition affects quality of life in gastroenterology patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12: 3380-5.
47. Panagaria N, Varma K, Nijhawan S, Mathur A, Rai RR. Quality of life and nutritional status in alcohol addicts and patients with chronic liver disease. Trop Gastroenterol. 2007;28: 171-5.
48. Dickinson JM, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Gundermann DM, Walker DK, Glynn EL, et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activation is required for the stimulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids. J Nutr. 2011;141: 856-62.
49. Drummond MJ, Bell JA, Fujita S, Dreyer HC, Glynn EL, Volpi E, et al. Amino acids are necessary for the insulin-induced activation of mTOR/S6K1 signaling and protein synthesis in healthy and insulin resistant human skeletal muscle. Clin Nutr. 2008;27: 447-56.
50. Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Pennings B, Fry CS, Dhanani S, Dillon EL, et al. Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104: 1452-61.
51. Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Glynn EL, Dreyer HC, Dhanani S, Timmerman KL, et al. Rapamycin administration in humans blocks the contraction-induced increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. J Physiol. 2009;587: 1535-46.
52. Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Glynn EL, Timmerman KL, Dickinson JM, Walker DK, et al. Skeletal muscle amino acid transporter expression is increased in young and older adults following resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111: 135-42.
53. Glynn EL, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Dhanani S, Volpi E, et al. Excess leucine intake enhances muscle anabolic signaling but not net protein anabolism in young men and women. J Nutr. 2010;140: 1970-6.
54. Glynn EL, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Dhanani S, Volpi E, et al. Muscle protein breakdown has a minor role in the protein anabolic response to essential amino acid and carbohydrate intake following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010;299: R533-40.
55. Dasarathy S, Muc S, Runkana A, Mullen KD, Kaminsky-Russ K, McCullough AJ. Alteration in body composition in the portacaval anastamosis rat is mediated by increased expression of myostatin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011;301: G731-8.
56. Dasarathy S, McCullough AJ, Muc S, Schneyer A, Bennett CD, Dodig M, et al. Sarcopenia associated with portosystemic shunting is reversed by follistatin. J Hepatol. 2011;54: 915-21.
57. Ju JS, Varadhachary AS, Miller SE, Weihl CC. Quantitation of "autophagic flux" in mature skeletal muscle. Autophagy. 2010;6: 929-35.
58. Paul PK, Gupta SK, Bhatnagar S, Panguluri SK, Darnay BG, Choi Y, et al. Targeted ablation of TRAF6 inhibits skeletal muscle wasting in mice. J Cell Biol. 2010;191: 1395-411.
59. Hessheimer AJ, Forner A, Varela M, Bruix J. Metabolic risk factors are a major comorbidity in patients with cirrhosis independent of the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22: 1239-44.
60. Mosko JD, Nguyen GC. Increased perioperative mortality following bariatric surgery among patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9: 897-901.
61. Wree A, Kahraman A, Gerken G, Canbay A. Obesity affects the liver-the link between adipocytes and hepatocytes. Digestion. 2011;83: 124-33.
62. Charlton MR, Burns JM, Pedersen RA, Watt KD, Heimbach JK, Dierkhising RA. Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2011;141: 1249-53.
63. Peng L, Wang J, Li F. Weight reduction for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6): CD003619.
64. Cotrim HP, Freitas LA, Alves E, Almeida A, May DS, Caldwell S. Effects of light-to-moderate alcohol consumption on steatosis and steatohepatitis in severely obese patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21: 969-72.
65. Tilg H, Moschen A. Weight loss: cornerstone in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2010;56: 159-67.
66. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Horwich TB, Oreopoulos A, Kovesdy CP, Younessi H, Anker SD, et al. Risk factor paradox in wasting diseases. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10: 433-42.
67. Speakman JR, Westerterp KR. Reverse epidemiology, obesity and mortality in chronic kidney disease: modelling mortality expectations using energetics. Blood Purif. 2010;29: 150-7.
68. Martin-Ponce E, Santolaria F, Aleman-Valls MR, Gonzalez-Reimers E, Martinez-Riera A, Rodriguez-Gaspar M, et al. Factors involved in the paradox of reverse epidemiology. Clin Nutr. 2010;29: 501-6.
69. Berger MJ, Doherty TJ. Sarcopenia: prevalence, mechanisms, and functional consequences. Interdiscip Top Gerontol. 2010;37: 94-114.
70. Doherty TJ. Invited review: aging and sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95: 1717-27.
71. Machida M, Takeda K, Yokono H, Ikemune S, Taniguchi Y, Kiyosawa H, et al. Reduction of ribosome biogenesis with activation of the mTOR pathway in denervated atrophic muscle. J Cell Physiol. 2012;227: 1569-76.
72. Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Molecular mechanisms in aging and current strategies to counteract sarcopenia. Curr Aging Sci. 2010;3: 90-101.
73. Pagadala M, Dasarathy S, Eghtesad B, McCullough AJ. Posttransplant metabolic syndrome: an epidemic waiting to happen. Liver Transpl. 2009;15: 1662-70.
74. Friday BB, Mitchell PO, Kegley KM, Pavlath GK. Calcineurin initiates skeletal muscle differentiation by activating MEF2 and MyoD. Differentiation. 2003;71: 217-27.
75. Mullen KD, Denne SC, McCullough AJ, Savin SM, Bruno D, Tavill AS, et al. Leucine metabolism in stable cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1986;6: 622-30.
76. McCullough AJ, Mullen KD, Kalhan SC. Defective nonoxidative leucine degradation and endogenous leucine flux in cirrhosis during an amino acid infusion. Hepatology. 1998;28: 1357-64.
77. Tessari P, Inchiostro S, Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Orlando R, Biolo G, et al. Fasting and postprandial phenylalanine and leucine kinetics in liver cirrhosis. Am J Physiol. 1994;267: E140-9.
78. Tessari P, Barazzoni R, Kiwanuka E, Davanzo G, De PG, Orlando R, et al. Impairment of albumin and whole body postprandial protein synthesis in compensated liver cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282: E304-11.
79. Tessari P, Kiwanuka E, Vettore M, Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Cecchet D, et al. Phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics in compensated liver cirrhosis: effects of meal ingestion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;295: G598-604.
80. Morrison WL, Bouchier IA, Gibson JN, Rennie MJ. Skeletal muscle and whole-body protein turnover in cirrhosis. Clin Sci (Lond). 1990;78: 613-9.
81. Ouchi K, Matsubara S, Fukuhara K, Matsuno S. Plasma amino acid abnormalities in liver disease: comparative analysis of idiopathic portal hypertension, extrahepatic portal occlusion and liver cirrhosis. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1989;158: 171-8.
82. Bohe J, Low A, Wolfe RR, Rennie MJ. Human muscle protein synthesis is modulated by extracellular, not intramuscular amino acid availability: a dose-response study. J Physiol. 2003;552: 315-24.
83. Peng S, Plank LD, McCall JL, Gillanders LK, McIlroy K, Gane EJ. Body composition, muscle function, and energy expenditure in patients with liver cirrhosis: a comprehensive study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85: 1257-66.
84. Roongpisuthipong C, Sobhonslidsuk A, Nantiruj K, Songchitsomboon S. Nutritional assessment in various stages of liver cirrhosis. Nutrition. 2001;17: 761-5.
85. DiCecco SR, Wieners EJ, Wiesner RH, Southorn PA, Plevak DJ, Krom RA. Assessment of nutritional status of patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver transplantation. Mayo Clin Proc. 1989;64: 95-102.
86. Lang CH, Frost RA, Svanberg E, Vary TC. IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ameliorates alterations in protein synthesis, eIF4E availability, and myostatin in alcohol-fed rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;286: E916-26.
87. Watanabe M, Houten SM, Mataki C, Christoffolete MA, Kim BW, Sato H, et al. Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation. Nature. 2006;439: 484-9.
88. Otto A, Collins-Hooper H, Patel K. The origin, molecular regulation and therapeutic potential of myogenic stem cell populations. J Anat. 2009;215: 477-97.
89. Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Fry CS, Timmerman KL, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. An increase in essential amino acid availability upregulates amino acid transporter expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;298: E1011-8.
90. Siu PM. Muscle apoptotic response to denervation, disuse, and aging. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41: 1876-86.
91. Zhang P, Chen X, Fan M. Signaling mechanisms involved in disuse muscle atrophy. Med Hypotheses. 2007;69: 310-21.
92. Filippatos GS, Anker SD, Kremastinos DT. Pathophysiology of peripheral muscle wasting in cardiac cachexia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;8: 249-54.
93. Freeman LM. The pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009;3: 276-81.
94. Debigare R, Cote CH, Maltais F. Ubiquitination and proteolysis in limb and respiratory muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2010;7: 84-90.
95. Kim HC, Mofarrahi M, Hussain SN. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3: 637-58.
96. MacIntyre NR. Muscle dysfunction associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Care. 2006;51: 840-7.
97. Lentine KL, Axelrod D, Abbott KC. Interpreting body composition in kidney transplantation: weighing candidate selection, prognostication, and interventional strategies to optimize health. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6: 1238-40.
98. Sakkas GK, Ball D, Mercer TH, Sargeant AJ, Tolfrey K, Naish PF. Atrophy of non-locomotor muscle in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18: 2074-81.
99. Streja E, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, Bunnapradist S, Jing J, Nissenson AR, et al. Associations of pretransplant weight and muscle mass with mortality in renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6: 1463-73.
100. Donohoe CL, Ryan AM, Reynolds JV. Cancer cachexia: mechanisms and clinical implications. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011;2011: 601434.
101. Fearon KC. Cancer cachexia and fat-muscle physiology. N Engl J Med. 2011;365: 565-7.
102. Periyalwar P, Dasarathy S. Malnutrition in cirrhosis: contribution and consequences of sarcopenia on metabolic and clinical responses. Clin Liver Dis. 2012;16: 95-131.
103. Donaghy A, Ross R, Wicks C, Hughes SC, Holly J, Gimson A, et al. Growth hormone therapy in patients with cirrhosis: a pilot study of efficacy and safety. Gastroenterology. 1997;113: 1617-22.
104. Moller S, Becker U, Gronbaek M, Juul A, Winkler K, Skakkebaek NE. Short-term effect of recombinant human growth hormone in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1994;21: 710-7.
105. Tsien CD, McCullough AJ, Dasarathy S. Late evening snack-exploiting a period of anabolic opportunity in cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27: 430-41.
106. Alvares-da-Silva MR, da ST Reverbel. Comparison between handgrip strength, subjective global assessment, and prognostic nutritional index in assessing malnutrition and predicting clinical outcome in cirrhotic outpatients. Nutrition. 2005;21: 113-7.
107. Rantanen T, Harris T, Leveille SG, Visser M, Foley D, Masaki K, et al. Muscle strength and body mass index as long-term predictors of mortality in initially healthy men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55: M168-73.
108. Bonefeld K, Moller S. Insulin-like growth factor-I and the liver. Liver Int. 2011;31: 911-9.
109. Conchillo M, de Knegt RJ, Payeras M, Quiroga J, Sangro B, Herrero JI, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) replacement therapy increases albumin concentration in liver cirrhosis: results of a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial. J Hepatol. 2005;43: 630-6.
110. Sandahl TD, Aagaard NK, Thomsen KL, Grofte T, Greisen J, Christiansen JS, et al. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I administration on in vivo regulation of urea synthesis in normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2011;31: 132-7.
111. Phillips SM, Tang JE, Moore DR. The role of milk- and soy-based protein in support of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein accretion in young and elderly persons. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009;28: 343-54.
112. Tang JE, Phillips SM. Maximizing muscle protein anabolism: the role of protein quality. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12: 66-71.
113. Nicastro H, Artioli GG, Costa AS, Solis MY, da Luz CR, Blachier F, et al. An overview of the therapeutic effects of leucine supplementation on skeletal muscle under atrophic conditions. Amino Acids. 2011;40: 287-300.
114. Drummond MJ, Rasmussen BB. Leucine-enriched nutrients and the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin signalling and human skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11: 222-6.
115. Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Pennings B, Fujita S, Glynn EL, Chinkes DL, et al. Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;294: E392-400.
116. McGhee A, Henderson JM, Millikan Jr WJ, Bleier JC, Vogel R, Kassouny M, et al. Comparison of the effects of Hepatic-Aid and a Casein modular diet on encephalopathy, plasma amino acids, and nitrogen balance in cirrhotic patients. Ann Surg. 1983;197: 288-93.
117. Horst D, Grace ND, Conn HO, Schiff E, Schenker S, Viteri A, et al. Comparison of dietary protein with an oral, branched chain-enriched amino acid supplement in chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 1984;4: 279-87.
118. Christie ML, Sack DM, Pomposelli J, Horst D. Enriched branched-chain amino acid formula versus a casein-based supplement in the treatment of cirrhosis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1985;9: 671-8.
119. Swart GR, van den Berg JW, van Vuure JK, Rietveld T, Wattimena DL, Frenkel M. Minimum protein requirements in liver cirrhosis determined by nitrogen balance measurements at three levels of protein intake. Clin Nutr. 1989;8: 329-36.
120. Fiaccadori F, Elia GF, Lehndorff H, Merli M, Pedretti G, Riggio O, et al. The effect of dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids vs. casein in patients with chronic recurrent portal systemic encephalopathy: a controlled trial. In: Soeters PB, Wilson JHP, Meijer AJ, Holm E, editors. Advances in ammonia metabolism and hepatic encephalopathy. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1988. p. 489-97.
121. Guarnieri GF, Toigo R, Situlin RPG, Faccini L, Marini R, Giuntini D, et al. Muscle biopsy study on malnutrition in patients with liver cirrhosis. In: Capocaccia L, Fischer JE, Rossi-Fanelli F, editors. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver failure. New York: Plenum; 2011.
122. Egberts EH, Schomerus H, Hamster W, Jurgens P. Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Gastroenterology. 1985;88: 887-95.
123. Marchesini G, Dioguardi FS, Bianchi GP, Zoli M, Bellati G, Roffi L, et al. Long-term oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A randomized double-blind casein-controlled trial. The Italian Multicenter Study Group. J Hepatol. 1990;11: 92-101.
124. Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Dickinson JM, Gundermann DM, Timmerman KL, et al. Aging impairs contraction-induced human skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis. Skelet Muscle. 2011;1: 11.
125. Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. Aging is associated with diminished accretion of muscle proteins after the ingestion of a small bolus of essential amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82: 1065-73.
126. Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291: E381-7.
127. Rocchi E, Cassanelli M, Gibertini P, Pietrangelo A, Casalgrandi G, Ventura E. Standard or branched-chain amino acid infusions as short-term nutritional support in liver cirrhosis? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1985;9: 447-51.
128. Teran JC, Mullen KD, McCullough AJ. Glutamine-a conditionally essential amino acid in cirrhosis? Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62: 897-900.
129. Bonetto A, Penna F, Minero VG, Reffo P, Costamagna D, Bonelli G, et al. Glutamine prevents myostatin hyperexpression and protein hypercatabolism induced in C2C12 myotubes by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Amino Acids. 2011;40: 585-94.
130. Rennie MJ, Bohe J, Smith K, Wackerhage H, Greenhaff P. Branched-chain amino acids as fuels and anabolic signals in human muscle. J Nutr. 2006;136: 264S-8S.
131. Marchesini G, Marzocchi R, Noia M, Bianchi G. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation in patients with liver diseases. J Nutr. 2005;135: 1596S-601S.
132. Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Lawrence RL, Fullerton AV, et al. Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86: 373-81.
133. Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, Phillips SM. Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106: 1692-701.
134. Moore DR, Tang JE, Burd NA, Rerecich T, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Differential stimulation of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis with protein ingestion at rest and after resistance exercise. J Physiol. 2009;587: 897-904.
135. Wilborn CD, Taylor LW, Greenwood M, Kreider RB, Willoughby DS. Effects of different intensities of resistance exercise on regulators of myogenesis. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23: 2179-87.
136. Lemyze M, Dharancy S, Neviere R, Pruvot FR, Declerck N, Wallaert B. Aerobic capacity in patients with chronic liver disease: very modest effect of liver transplantation. Presse Med. 2010;39: e174-81.
137. Lemyze M, Dharancy S, Neviere R, Wallaert B. Cardiopulmonary response to exercise in patients with liver cirrhosis and impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Respir Med. 2011;105: 1550-6.
138. Koopman R, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ, van Loon LJ. Nutritional interventions to promote post-exercise muscle protein synthesis. Sports Med. 2007;37: 895-906.
139. Koopman R, Verdijk LB, Beelen M, Gorselink M, Kruseman AN, Wagenmakers AJ, et al. Co-ingestion of leucine with protein does not further augment post-exercise muscle protein synthesis rates in elderly men. Br J Nutr. 2008;99: 571-80.
140. Koopman R, van Loon LJ. Aging, exercise, and muscle protein metabolism. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106: 2040-8.
141. Kumar V, Atherton P, Smith K, Rennie MJ. Human muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during and after exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106: 2026-39.
142. Kumar V, Selby A, Rankin D, Patel R, Atherton P, Hildebrandt W, et al. Age-related differences in the dose-response relationship of muscle protein synthesis to resistance exercise in young and old men. J Physiol. 2009;587: 211-7.
143. Rasmussen BB, Richter EA. The balancing act between the cellular processes of protein synthesis and breakdown: exercise as a model to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating muscle mass. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106: 1365-6.
144. Garcia-Pagan JC, Santos C, Barbera JA, Luca A, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Physical exercise increases portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Gastroenterology. 1996;111: 1300-6.
145. Garcia PS, Cabbabe A, Kambadur R, Nicholas G, Csete M. Brief-reports: elevated myostatin levels in patients with liver disease: a potential contributor to skeletal muscle wasting. Anesth Analg. 2010;111: 707-9.
146. von Haehling S, Morley JE, Coats AJ, Anker SD. Ethical guidelines for authorship and publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1: 7-8.