Management of liver cirrhosis between primary care and specialists

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 17, Issue 18, 2011, Pages 2273-2282

  Grattagliano, Ignazio ^a   Ubaldi, Enzo ^a   Bonfrate, Leonilde ^b   Portincasa, Piero ^b  

^a SIMG   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BARI MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Ascites; Family medicine; Hepatic encephalopathy; Hypertransaminasemia; Portal hypertension

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; AZATHIOPRINE; DEFEROXAMINE; ENTECAVIR; INTERFERON; LAMIVUDINE; PENICILLAMINE; PREDNISONE; RIBAVIRIN; TELBIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; ZINC;

DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE SEVERITY; EDITORIAL; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HOME CARE; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; OSTEOPOROSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT SELECTION; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTOR; SEPSIS;

EID: 79957872403     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i18.2273     Document Type: Editorial

References (67)

1. Schuppan D, Afdhal NH. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet 2008; 371: 838-851
2. Bellentani S, Tiribelli C, Saccoccio G, Sodde M, Fratti N, De Martin C, Cristianini G. Prevalence of chronic liver disease in the general population of northern Italy: the Dionysos Study. Hepatology 1994; 20: 1442-1449
3. Heidelbaugh JJ, Bruderly M. Cirrhosis and chronic liver failure: part I. Diagnosis and evaluation. Am Fam Physician 2006; 74: 756-762
4. Grattagliano I, Potincasa P, Palasciano G. Liver disease: Early signs you may be missing. J Fam Pract 2009; 58: 514-521
5. Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD, Nelson RC, Smith AD; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Liver biopsy. Hepatology 2009; 49: 1017-1044
6. Lindor KD, Bru C, Jorgensen RA, Rakela J, Bordas JM, Gross JB, Rodes J, McGill DB, Reading CC, James EM, Charboneau JW, Ludwig J, Batts KP, Zinsmeister AR. The role of ultrasonography and automatic-needle biopsy in outpatient percutaneous liver biopsy. Hepatology 1996; 23: 1079-1083
7. Green RM, Flamm S. AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1367-1384
8. Bonny C, Rayssiguier R, Ughetto S, Aublet-Cuvelier B, Baranger J, Blanchet G, Delteil J, Hautefeuille P, Lapalus F, Montanier P, Bommelaer G, Abergel A. [Medical practices and expectations of general practitioners in relation to hepatitis C virus infection in the Auvergne region]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2003; 27: 1021-1025
9. Pinzani M, Vizzutti F, Arena U, Marra F. Technology Insight: noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by biochemical scores and elastography. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 5: 95-106
10. Castéra L, Vergniol J, Foucher J, Le Bail B, Chanteloup E, Haaser M, Darriet M, Couzigou P, De Lédinghen V. Prospective comparison of transient elastography, Fibrotest, APRI, and liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 343-350
11. Kettaneh A, Marcellin P, Douvin C, Poupon R, Ziol M, Beaugrand M, de Lédinghen V. Features associated with success rate and performance of FibroScan measurements for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in HCV patients: a prospective study of 935 patients. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 628-634
12. Yin M, Talwalkar JA, Glaser KJ, Manduca A, Grimm RC, Rossman PJ, Fidler JL, Ehman RL. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 1207-1213
13. Giboney PT. Mildly elevated liver transaminase levels in the asymptomatic patient. Am Fam Physician 2005; 71: 1105-1110
14. Pendino GM, Mariano A, Surace P, Caserta CA, Fiorillo MT, Amante A, Bruno S, Mangano C, Polito I, Amato F, Cotichini R, Stroffolini T, Mele A; ACE Collaborating Group. Prevalence and etiology of altered liver tests: a population-based survey in a Mediterranean town. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1151-1159
15. Patt CH, Yoo HY, Dibadj K, Flynn J, Thuluvath PJ. Prevalence of transaminase abnormalities in asymptomatic, healthy subjects participating in an executive health-screening program. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48: 797-880
16. Sherwood P, Lyburn I, Brown S, Ryder S. How are abnormal results for liver function tests dealt with in primary care? Audit of yield and impact. BMJ 2001; 322: 276-278
17. Grattagliano I, Portincasa P, Palmieri VO, Palasciano G. Managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: recommendations for family physicians. Can Fam Physician 2007; 53: 857-863
18. Morisco F, Pagliaro L, Caporaso N, Bianco E, Sagliocca L, Fargion S, Smedile A, Salvagnini M, Mele A; University of Naples Federico II, italy. Consensus recommendations for managing asymptomatic persistent non-virus non-alcohol related elevation of aminotransferase levels: suggestions for diagnostic procedures and monitoring. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40: 585-598
19. Durand F, Valla D. Assessment of prognosis of cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28: 110-122
20. Infante-Rivard C, Esnaola S, Villeneuve JP. Clinical and statistical validity of conventional prognostic factors in predicting short-term survival among cirrhotics. Hepatology 1987; 7: 660-664
21. Wiesner R, Edwards E, Freeman R, Harper A, Kim R, Kamath P, Kremers W, Lake J, Howard T, Merion RM, Wolfe RA, Krom R; United Network for Organ Sharing Liver Disease Severity Score Committee. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 91-96
22. Lauterburg BH. Assessment of liver function prior to hepatic resection. Swiss Surg 1999; 5: 92-96
23. Festi D, Capodicasa S, Sandri L, Colaiocco-Ferrante L, Staniscia T, Vitacolonna E, Vestito A, Simoni P, Mazzella G, Portincasa P, Roda E, Colecchia A. Measurement of hepatic functional mass by means of 13C-methacetin and 13C-phenylalanine breath tests in chronic liver disease: comparison with Child-Pugh score and serum bile acid levels. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 142-148
24. Steinman TI, Becker BN, Frost AE, Olthoff KM, Smart FW, Suki WN, Wilkinson AH; Clinical Practice Committee, American Society of Transplantation. Guidelines for the referral and management of patients eligible for solid organ transplantation. Transplantation 2001; 71: 1189-1204
25. Heidelbaugh JJ, Sherbondy M. Cirrhosis and chronic liver failure: part II. Complications and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2006; 74: 767-776
26. Shepperd S, Harwood D, Gray A, Vessey M, Morgan P. Randomised controlled trial comparing hospital at home care with inpatient hospital care. II: cost minimisation analysis. BMJ 1998; 316: 1791-1796
27. Czaja AJ, Freese DK; American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2002; 36: 479-497
28. European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 227-242
29. Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology 2009; 49: 1335-1374
30. Portincasa P, Grattagliano I, Palmieri VO, Palasciano G. Current pharmacological treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13: 2889-2900
31. Reuben A. Alcohol and the liver. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2008; 24: 328-338
32. Kashani A, Landaverde C, Medici V, Rossaro L. Fluid retention in cirrhosis: pathophysiology and management. QJM 2008; 101: 71-85
33. Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004; 39: 841-856
34. Ginès A, Fernández-Esparrach G, Monescillo A, Vila C, Domènech E, Abecasis R, Angeli P, Ruiz-Del-Arbol L, Planas R, Solà R, Ginès P, Terg R, Inglada L, Vaqué P, Salerno F, Vargas V, Clemente G, Quer JC, Jiménez W, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Randomized trial comparing albumin, dextran 70, and polygeline in cirrhotic patients with ascites treated by paracentesis. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 1002-1010
35. Gentilini P, Bernardi M, Bolondi L, Craxi A, Gasbarrinie G, Ideo G, Laffi G, La Villa G, Salerno F, Ventura E, Pulazzini A, Segantini L, Romanelli RG. The rational use of albumin in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. A Delphi study for the attainment of a consensus on prescribing standards. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36: 539-546
36. Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J. Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club. Hepatology 1996; 23: 164-176
37. Runyon BA. AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology 2009; 49: 2087-2107
38. Sarin SK, Lamba GS, Kumar M, Misra A, Murthy NS. Comparison of endoscopic ligation and propranolol for the primary prevention of variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 988-993
39. Grace ND. Diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension. American College of Gastroenterology Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1081-1091
40. García-Pagán JC, Caca K, Bureau C, Laleman W, Appenrodt B, Luca A, Abraldes JG, Nevens F, Vinel JP, Mössner J, Bosch J; Early TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt) Cooperative Study Group. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 2370-2379
41. Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A, Poordad F, Neff G, Leevy CB, Sigal S, Sheikh MY, Beavers K, Frederick T, Teperman L, Hillebrand D, Huang S, Merchant K, Shaw A, Bortey E, Forbes WP. Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1071-1081
42. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, Beaugrand M, Lencioni R, Burroughs AK, Christensen E, Pagliaro L, Colombo M, Rodés J; EASL Panel of Experts on HCC. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 421-430
43. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, Montalto F, Ammatuna M, Morabito A, Gennari L. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 693-699
44. Rahbari NN, Mehrabi A, Mollberg NM, Müller SA, Koch M, Büchler MW, Weitz J. Hepatocellular carcinoma: current management and perspectives for the future. Ann Surg 2011; 253: 453-469
45. Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005; 42: 1208-1236
46. McCormick PA, Greenslade L, Kibbler CC, Chin JK, Burroughs AK, McIntyre N. A prospective randomized trial of ceftazidime versus netilmicin plus mezlocillin in the empirical therapy of presumed sepsis in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1997; 25: 833-836
47. Buyse S, Durand F, Joly F. [Nutritional assessment in cirrhosis]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2008; 32: 265-273
48. Plauth M, Merli M, Kondrup J, Weimann A, Ferenci P, Müller MJ; ESPEN Consensus Group. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. Clin Nutr 1997; 16: 43-45
49. Muto Y, Sato S, Watanabe A, Moriwaki H, Suzuki K, Kato A, Kato M, Nakamura T, Higuchi K, Nishiguchi S, Kumada H; Long-Term Survival Study Group. Effects of oral branchedchain amino acid granules on event-free survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 705-713
50. American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: osteoporosis in hepatic disorders. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 937-940
51. Menon KV, Angulo P, Weston S, Dickson ER, Lindor KD. Bone disease in primary biliary cirrhosis: independent indicators and rate of progression. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 316-323
52. Eastell R, Dickson ER, Hodgson SF, Wiesner RH, Porayko MK, Wahner HW, Cedel SL, Riggs BL, Krom RA. Rates of vertebral bone loss before and after liver transplantation in women with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 1991; 14: 296-330
53. Collier JD, Ninkovic M, Compston JE. Guidelines on the management of osteoporosis associated with chronic liver disease. Gut 2002; 50 Suppl 1: i1-i9
54. Nishida T, Tsuji S, Tsujii M, Arimitsu S, Haruna Y, Imano E, Suzuki M, Kanda T, Kawano S, Hiramatsu N, Hayashi N, Hori M. Oral glucose tolerance test predicts prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 70-75
55. Ginès P, Arroyo V, Rodès J. Pathophysiology, complications, and treatment of ascites. Clin Liver Dis 1997; 1: 129-155
56. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005; 365: 1415-1428
57. Grundy SM. A constellation of complications: the metabolic syndrome. Clin Cornerstone 2005; 7: 36-45
58. Calamita G, Portincasa P. Present and future therapeutic strategies in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11: 1231-1249
59. Palasciano G, Moschetta A, Palmieri VO, Grattagliano I, Iacobellis G, Portincasa P. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13: 2193-2198
60. Grattagliano I, D'Ambrosio G, Palmieri VO, Moschetta A, Palasciano G, Portincasa P. Improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease management by general practitioners: a critical evaluation and impact of an educational training program. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2008; 17: 389-394
61. Bini EJ, Weinshel EH, Generoso R, Salman L, Dahr G, Pena- Sing I, Komorowski T. Impact of gastroenterology consultation on the outcomes of patients admitted to the hospital with decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatology 2001; 34: 1089-1095
62. Bellentani S, Dalle Grave R, Suppini A, Marchesini G; Fatty Liver Italian Network. Behavior therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The need for a multidisciplinary approach. Hepatology 2008; 47: 746-754
63. Dufour DR, Lott JA, Nolte FS, Gretch DR, Koff RS, Seeff LB. Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. II. Recommendations for use of laboratory tests in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 2050-2068
64. Simonovský V. The diagnosis of cirrhosis by high resolution ultrasound of the liver surface. Br J Radiol 1999; 72: 29-33
65. Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginès P, Wong F, Arroyo V. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Gut 2007; 56: 1310-1318
66. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W; Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46: 922-938
67. Alberino F, Gatta A, Amodio P, Merkel C, Di Pascoli L, Boffo G, Caregaro L. Nutrition and survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. Nutrition 2001; 17: 445-450