EU External Relations Law

EU External Relations Law

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-624

  Eeckhout, Piet ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Case law; EU Courts; EU institutions; European Union; External policies; External relations; International agreements; International organizations; Legal problems

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870477057     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606634.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (501)

1. See, inter alia, I Van Bael and J-F Bellis, Anti-Dumping and other Trade Protection Laws of the EC (3rd edn, CCH Editions, 1996);
2. E Vermulst and P Waer, EC Anti-Dumping Law and Practice (Sweet & Maxwell, 1996);
3. S Farr, EU Anti-Dumping Law (Palladian Law Publishing, 1998).
4. See further K Adamantopoulos and MJ Pereyra-Friedrichsen, EU Anti-Subsidy Law and Practice (Palladian Law Publishing, 2001);
5. M Sanchez-Rydelski, EG und WTO Antisubventionsrecht (Nomos, 2001).
6. For further analysis see M Bronckers and N McNelis, 'The EU Trade Barriers Regulation Comes of Age' in A von Bogdandy, P Mavroidis, and Y Mény (eds), European Integration and International Co-ordination-Studies in Transnational Economic Law in Honour of Claus-Dieter Ehlermann (Kluwer Law International, 2002) 55.
7. For a case study concerning imports of Chinese toys see F Snyder, 'Judicial Review in the Age of Globalization: Chinese Toys in the European Court of Justice' in D O'Keeffe and A Bavasso (eds), Judicial Review in European Union Law-Liber Amicorum in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley, Vol I (Kluwer Law International, 2000) 651-64.
8. see e.g. P Eeckhout, 'European Anti-Dumping Law and China' (1997) 1 EIoP No 7; available at #http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/1997-007a.html#.
9. Cf M Dougan, 'The Treaty of Lisbon 2007: Winning minds, not hearts' (2008) 45 CML Rev 675.
10. M Brealey and M Hoskins, Remedies in EC Law (2nd edn, Sweet & Maxwell, 1998) 228.
11. E.g. RA Wessel, The European Union's Foreign and Security Policy-A Legal Institutional Perspective (Kluwer, 1999);
12. P Koutrakos, Trade, Foreign Policy and Defence in EU Constitutional Law (Hart Publishing, 2001)
13. E Denza, The Intergovernmental Pillars of the European Union (OUP, 2002).
14. S Keukeleire, Het buitenlands beleid van de Europese Unie (Kluwer, 1998) 181.
15. Denza (n 2 above) 90.
16. On supremacy see CWA Timmermans, 'The Constitutionalization of the European Union' (2002) 21 YEL 9.
17. On CSDP see e.g. Koutrakos, EU International Relations Law (n 2 above) ch 13;
18. M Trybus and N White (eds), European Security Law (OUP, 2007);
19. S Keukeleire and S MacNaughtan, The Foreign Policy of the European Union (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) Ch 7.
20. See e.g. M Martín Martínez and I Lirola Delgado, 'Aspectos jurídico-constitucionales de la Accíon Exterior de la Unión Europea en el Tratado por el que se establece una Constitución para Europa: reformulación oreinvención?' in A Remiro Brotóns and I Blázquez Navarro (eds), El futuro de la acción exterior de la Unión Europea (tirant lo blanch, 2006) 29-33, 46-9.
21. Denza (n 2 above) 55;
22. M Eaton, 'Common Foreign and Security Policy' in D O'Keeffe and P Twomey (eds), Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty (Chancery Law, 1994) 222.
23. S Nuttall, European Foreign Policy (OUP, 2000) 186;
24. E Decaux, 'Le processus de décision de la PESC: vers une politique étrangère européenne?' in E Cannizzaro (ed), The European Union as an Actor in International Relations (Kluwer, 2002) 42;
25. Wessel (n 2 above) 129;
26. G Edwards, 'Common Foreign and Security Policy' (1994) 14 YEL 545.
27. Wessel (n 2 above) 119
28. See also, as regards the pre-Lisbon practice, A Dashwood, 'The Law and Practice of CFSP Joint Actions' in M Cremona and B De Witte (eds), EU Foreign Relations Law-Constitutional Fundamentals (Hart Publishing, 2008) 53.
29. Cf E Paasivirta, 'The European Union: From an Aggregate of States to a Legal Person?' (1997) 2 The Hofstra Law & Policy Symposium 51.
30. E.g. Nuttall (n 9 above) 186;
31. Decaux (n 9 above) 42-3 (both addressing the former joint actions and common positions).
32. S Peers, 'Common Foreign and Security Policy' (1997) 17 YEL 546 suggests that this was the real purpose of introducing common strategies;
33. A Dashwood, 'External Relations Provisions of the Amsterdam Treaty' in O'Keeffe and Twomey (eds) (n 8 above) 212 speaks of the primary purpose.
34. Cf A Türk, The Concept of Legislation in European Community Law-A Comparative Perspective (Kluwer Law International, 2006) 77-185;
35. K Lenaerts and M Desomer, 'Simplification of the Union's Instruments' in B de Witte (ed), Ten Reflections on the Constitutional Treaty for Europe (RSCAS, 2003) 110-11.
36. Cf R Gosalbo Bono, 'Some Reflections on the CFSP Legal Order' (2006) 43 CML Rev 347, where he states that the principle of the rule of law is applicable to the CFSP.
37. Dashwood (n 13 above) 54 and 64 notes that certain pre-Lisbon joint actions had legislative purposes 'presumably as the least inappropriate instrument available'.
38. Cf Gosalbo Bono (n 48 above) 364.
39. Denza (n 2 above) 57.
40. J Monar, 'The Financial Dimension of the CFSP' in M Holland (ed), Common Foreign and Security Policy-The Record and Reforms (Pinter, 1997) 34.
41. Wessel (n 2 above) 98;
42. Nuttall (n 9 above) 265.
43. Peers (n 33 above) 542.
44. See also Peers (n 33 above) 544.
45. Dashwood (n 13 above) 212.
46. see #http://ue.eu.int/en/Info/eurocouncil/index.htm#.
47. Cf J-C Piris, The Lisbon Treaty-A Legal and Political Analysis (CUP, 2010)
48. Peers (n 33 above) 537.
49. See in general M Andenas and A Türk (eds), Delegated Legislation and the Role of Committees in the EU (Kluwer Law International, 2000);
50. C Joerges and E Vos (eds), EU Committees: Social Regulation, Law and Politics (Hart Publishing, 1999).
51. Peers (n 33 above) 551.
52. Nuttall (n 9 above) 245 et seq.;
53. Edwards, 'Common Foreign and Security Policy' (1993) 13 YEL 499;
54. Wessel (n 2 above) 79.
55. Wessel (n 2 above) 91.
56. Peers (n 33 above) 540.
57. See also Piris (n 64 above) 243-9;
58. J Wouters, D Coppens, and B De Meester, 'The European Union's External Relations after the Lisbon Treaty' in S Griller and J Ziller (eds), The Lisbon Treaty-EU Constitutionalism without a Constitutional Treaty? (Springer-Verlag, 2008) 150-6;
59. C Kaddous, 'Role and Position of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy under the Lisbon Treaty' in Griller and Ziller (above) 206;
60. D Curtin, Executive Power of the European Union-Law, Practices, and the Living Constitution (OUP, 2009) 100-103.
61. See also Wouters, Coppens, and De Meester (n 76 above) 156-60;
62. S Vanhoonacker and N Reslow, 'The European External Action Service: Living Forwards by Understanding Backwards' (2010) 15 EFA Rev 1.
63. Denza (n 2 above) 337.
64. PJG Kapteyn and P VerLoren van Themaat, Introduction to the Law of the European Communities (3rd edn, by LW Gormley, Kluwer Law International, 1998) 227.
65. Edwards (n 72 above) 13;
66. Wessel (n 2 above) 99.
67. See also M-G Garbagnati Ketvel, 'The Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice in Respect of the Common Foreign and Security Policy' (2006) 55 ICLQ 77;
68. G De Baere, Constitutional Principles of EU External Relations (OUP, 2008) 177-200.
69. see further A Tomkins, 'Transparency and the Emergence of a European Administrative Law' (1999/2000) 19 YEL 231.
70. Curtin (n 76 above) ch 8.
71. Denza (n 2 above) 312.
72. J Viner, The Customs Union Issue (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1950).
73. See e.g. J Bhagwati, The World Trading System at Risk (Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991) ch 5.
74. See also C Kaddous, Le droit des relations extérieures dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes (Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1998) 181-218;
75. P Koutrakos, EU International Relations Law (Hart Publishing, 2006) ch 2;
76. R Holdgaard, External Relations Law of the European Community-Legal Reasoning and Legal Discourses (Wolters Kluwer, 2008) ch 3.
77. Cf T Tridimas and P Eeckhout, 'The External Competence of the Community and the Case-Law of the Court of Justice: Principle versus Pragmatism' (1994) 14 YEL 143.
78. A Dashwood and C Hillion, 'Introduction' in A Dashwood and C Hillion (eds), The General Law of E.C. External Relations (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000) v-vi.
79. For further details, also as regards other sectors, see P Eeckhout, The European Internal Market and International Trade-A Legal Analysis (OUP, 1994) ch 6.
80. See further M Cremona, 'Defending the Community Interest: the Duties of Co-operation and Compliance' in M Cremona and B De Witte (eds), EU Foreign Relations Law-Constitutional Fundamentals (Hart Publishing, 2008) 127.
81. M Waelbroeck, 'The Emergent Doctrine of Community Pre-emption-Consent and Re-delegation' in T Sandalow and E Stein (eds), Courts and Free Markets (OUP, 1982) 551, 556-61.
82. JHH Weiler, 'The External Legal Relations of Non-Unitary Actors: Mixity and the Federal Principle' in D O'Keeffe and HG Schermers (eds), Mixed Agreements (Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1983) 72;
83. JHH Weiler, The Constitution of Europe (CUP, 1999) 174;
84. PJG Kapteyn and P VerLoren van Themaat, Introduction to the Law of the European Communities (3rd edn, by LW Gormley, Kluwer Law International, 1998) 1281.
85. See e.g. C-D Ehlermann, 'The Scope of Article 113 of the EEC Treaty', in Mélanges offerts à Pierre-Henri Teitgen (Pedone, 1984) 150-1;
86. JHJ Bourgeois, 'The Common Commercial Policy-Scope and Nature of the Powers' in ELM Völker (ed), Protectionism and the European Community (2nd edn, Kluwer, 1986) 1-16;
87. J Steenbergen, 'Annotation Case 45/86' (1987) 24 CML Rev 73.
88. E.g. K Lenaerts and E De Smijter, 'The European Community's Treaty-Making Competence' (1996) 16 YEL 23.
89. K Lenaerts and P van Nuffel, Constitutional Law of the European Union (R Bray (ed) and trans, Sweet & Maxwell, 1999) 622.
90. Cf J Raux, 'Politique de coopération au développement et politique commerciale commune' in M Maresceau (ed), The European Community's Commercial Policy after 1992: The Legal Dimension (Martinus Nijhoff, 1993) 157-95.
91. CWA Timmermans, 'La libre circulation des marchandises et la politique commerciale commune' in P Demaret (ed), Relations extérieures de la Communauté européenne et marché intérieur: aspects juridiques et fonctionnels (Story, 1986) 91, 96-9.
92. P van den Bossche, 'The European Community and the Uruguay Round Agreements' in JH Jackson and AO Sykes (eds), Implementing the Uruguay Round (OUP, 1997) 25-6.
93. See M Maresceau, 'The Concept "Common Commercial Policy" and the Difficult Road to Maastricht' in Maresceau (n 37 above) 6-10.
94. Other specific analyses include JHJ Bourgeois, 'The EC in the WTO and Advisory Opinion 1/94: An Echternach Procession' (1995) 32 CML Rev 763;
95. M Hilf, 'The ECJ's Opinion 1/94 on the WTO-No Surprise, but Wise?' (1995) 6 EJIL 245;
96. J Dutheil de la Rochère, 'L'ère des compétences partagées' (1995) 390 RMCUE 461;
97. T Tridimas, 'The WTO and OECD Opinions' in A Dashwood and C Hillion (eds), The General Law of EC External Relations (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000) 48-60;
98. A Burnside, 'The Scope of the Common Commercial Policy Post Opinion 1/94: Clouds and Silver Linings' in Dashwood and Hillion (above) 152-9.
99. See further S Lester, B Mercurio, A Davies, and K Leitner, World Trade Law-Text, Materials and Commentary (Hart Publishing, 2008) ch 15.
100. For a comparison with EU law on services, see P Eeckhout, 'Constitutional Concepts for Free Trade in Services' in G de Búrca and J Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO-Legal and Constitutional Issues (Hart Publishing, 2001) 211-35.
101. Tridimas (n 51 above) 51.
102. Tridimas and Eeckhout (n 10 above) 161-2.
103. see Eeckhout (n 15 above) 25-6.
104. See for an early overview PJ Kuijper, 'Trade Sanctions, Security and Human Rights and Commercial Policy' in Maresceau (n 37 above) 387.
105. For a general treatment see e.g. E-U Petersmann, International and European Trade and Environmental Law after the Uruguay Round (Kluwer Law International, 1995);
106. J Wiers, Trade and Environment in the EC and the WTO-A Legal Analysis (Europa Law Publishing, 2002);
107. E Vranes, Trade and the Environment-Fundamental Issues in International Law, WTO Law and Legal Theory (OUP, 2009).
108. see P Demaret, 'Environmental Policy and Commercial Policy: The Emergence of Trade-Related Environmental Measures (TREMs) in the External Relations of the European Community', in Maresceau (n 37 above) 305-86.
109. See also Holdgaard (n 6 above) 43-50.
110. See on that principle D McGillivray and J Holder, 'Locating EC Environmental Law' (2001) 20 YEL 152.
111. ELM Völker, Barriers to External and Internal Community Trade (Kluwer, 1993) 186-8.
112. See also P Koutrakos, 'Legal Basis and Delimitation of Competence in EU External Relations' in M Cremona and B De Witte (eds), EU Foreign Relations Law-Constitutional Fundamentals (Hart Publishing, 2008) 177-80.
113. See also M Krajewski, 'External Trade Law and the Constitution Treaty: Towards a Federal and More Democratic Common Commercial Policy?' (2005) 42 CML Rev 91;
114. P-C Müller-Graff, 'The Common Commercial Policy enhanced by the Reform Treaty of Lisbon?' in A Dashwood and M Maresceau, Law and Practice of EU External Relations (CUP, 2008) 188.
115. See generally J Ceyssens, 'Towards a Common Foreign Investment Policy? Foreign Investment in the European Constitution' (2005) 32 LIEI 259;
116. A Radu, 'Foreign Investors in the EU-Which "Best Treatment"? Interactions Between Bilateral Investment Treaties and EU Law' (2008) 14 ELJ 237;
117. L Mola, 'Which Role for the EU in the Development of International Investment Law?', Society of International Law Working Paper No 26/08;
118. T Eilmansberger, 'Bilateral Investment Treaties and EU Law' (2009) 46 CML Rev 383;
119. M Bungenberg, 'Going Global? The EU Common Commercial Policy After Lisbon' in C Hermann and JP Terhechte (eds) (2010) 1 European Yearbook of International Economic Law 135-51.
120. Ceyssens (n 171 above) 273.
121. Cf P Eeckhout, 'The Scales of Trade-Reflections on the Growth and Functions of the WTO Adjudicative Branch' (2010) 13 JIEL 4.
122. See also Ceyssens (n 171 above) 274-5;
123. Eilmansberger (n 171 above) 394;
124. Bungenberg (n 171 above) 147;
125. J-C Piris, The Lisbon Treaty-A Legal and Political Analysis (CUP, 2010) 282.
126. Krajewski (n 160 above) 112-14.
127. Ceyssens (n 171 above) 277;
128. Eilmansberger (n 171 above) 395.
129. Tridimas and Eeckhout (n 10 above).
130. E.g. Kaddous (n 6 above).
131. A Arnull, 'Left to Its Own Devices? Opinion 2/94 and the Protection of Fundamental Rights in the European Union' in A Dashwood and C Hillion (eds), The General Law of EC External Relations (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000) 67;
132. JHH Weiler, 'Neither Unity Nor Three Pillars-The Trinity Structure of the Treaty on European Union' in J Monar, W Ungerer, and W Wessels (eds), The Maastricht Treaty on European Union (European Interuniversity Press, 1993) 49;
133. DM Curtin and I Dekker, 'The EU as a "Layered" International Organization: Institutional Unity in Disguise' in P Craig and G de Búrca (eds), The Evolution of EU Law (OUP, 1999) 83;
134. B de Witte, 'The Pillar Structure and the Nature of the European Union: Greek Temple or French Gothic Cathedral?' in T Heukels, N Blokker, and M Brus (eds), The European Union after Amsterdam (Kluwer Law International, 1998) 51.
135. Cf JHH Weiler, The Constitution of Europe (CUP, 1999) 221.
136. E Denza, The Intergovernmental Pillars of the European Union (OUP, 2002) 19;
137. MR Eaton, 'Common Foreign and Security Policy' in D O'Keeffe and P Twomey, Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty (Chancery Law, 1994) 222;
138. I McLeod, ID Hendry, and S Hyett, The External Relations of the European Communities (OUP, 1996) 412;
139. M Koskenniemi, 'International Law Aspects of the Common Foreign and Security Policy' in M Koskenniemi (ed), International Law Aspects of the European Union (Kluwer Law International, 1998) 30.
140. A von Bogdandy, 'The Legal Case for Unity: the European Union as a Single Organization with a Single Legal System' (1999) 36 CML Rev 887;
141. I Pernice, 'Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Treaty of Amsterdam: European Constitution-Making Revisited?' (1999) 36 CML Rev 703;
142. CWA Timmermans, 'The Constitutionalization of the European Union' (2002) 21 YEL 1.
143. J-C Piris, The Lisbon Treaty-A Legal and Political Analysis (CUP, 2010) 77;
144. S Griller, 'External Relations' in B de Witte (ed), Ten Reflections on the Constitutional Treaty for Europe (RSCAS, 2003) 141-2;
145. G De Baere, Constitutional Principles of EU External Relations (OUP, 2008) 109-12.
146. C Herrmann, 'Much Ado about Pluto? The "Unity of the Legal Order of the European Union" Revisited' in M Cremona and B De Witte (eds), EU Foreign Relations Law-Constitutional Fundamentals (Hart Publishing, 2008) 47.
147. S Keukeleire, Het buitenlands beleid van de Europese Unie (Kluwer, 1998) 34-8.
148. see S Keukeleire and J MacNaughtan, The Foreign Policy of the European Union (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) ch 1.
149. C Hill, 'The Capability-Expectations Gap, or Conceptualizing Europe's International Role' (1993) 31 JCMS 316.
150. For a detailed analysis see R Wessel, The European Union's Foreign and Security Policy-A Legal Institutional Perspective (Kluwer Law International, 1999) 56-70.
151. Keukeleire (n 10 above) 154.
152. Koskenniemi (n 4 above) 28.
153. E.g. R Gosalbo Bono, 'Some Reflections on the CFSP Legal Order' (2006) 43 CML Rev 364.
154. Koskenniemi (n 4 above) 36.
155. CWA Timmermans, 'The Uneasy Relationship between the Communities and the Second Union Pillar: Back to the "Plan Fouchet"?' (1996/1) LIEI 61.
156. See also A Dashwood, 'Article 47 TEU and the relationship between first and second pillar competences' in A Dashwood and M Maresceau, Law and Practice of EU External Relations (CUP, 2008) 70;
157. D Curtin, Executive Power of the European Union-Law, Practices, and the Living Constitution (OUP, 2009) 179-94.
158. For comment see also B Van Vooren, 'EU-EC External Competences after the Small Arms Judgment' (2009) 14 EFA Rev 7 and 'The Small Arms Judgment in an Age of Constitutional Turmoil' (2009) 14 EFA Rev 231;
159. A Dashwood, 'The Law and Practice of CFSP Joint Actions', in M Cremona and B De Witte (n 9 above) 65-77;
160. G De Baere, Constitutional Principles of EU External Relations (OUP, 2008) 283-94;
161. C Hillion and R Wessel, 'Competence Distribution in EU External Relations after Ecowas: Clarification or Continued Fuzziness?' (2009) 46 CML Rev 551.
162. P Eeckhout, External Relations of the European Union-Legal and Constitutional Foundations (OUP, 2004) 126.
163. Herrmann (n 9 above).
164. See above, and also M Cremona, 'Defining competence in EU external relations: lessons from the Treaty reform process' in Dashwood and Maresceau (n 24 above) 46.
165. See further Herrmann (n 9 above) 40-3.
166. See also RA Wessel, 'Cross-Pillar Mixity: Combining Competences in the Conclusion of EU International Agreements' in C Hillion and P Koutrakos (eds), Mixed Agreements Revisited-The EU and its Member States in the World (Hart Publishing, 2010) 30.
167. See e.g. C Hillion, 'Tous pour un, un pour tous! Coherence in the External Relations of the European Union' in M Cremona (ed), Developments in EU External Relations Law (OUP, 2008) 10.
168. S Nuttall, European Foreign Policy (OUP, 2000) 263-4.
169. See for a description R Wessel, 'The Inside Looking Out: Consistency and Delimitation in EU External Relations' (2000) 37 CML Rev 1154-5.
170. See also Timmermans (n 21 above) 63-4.
171. A negative reply is given by Wessel (n 50 above) 1156, as regards the pre-Lisbon legal position.
172. For surveys of types of agreements concluded by the Community see M Maresceau, 'Bilateral Agreements Concluded by the European Community', Hague Academy of International Law (2004) 309 Recueil des cours part II;
173. S Peers, 'EC Frameworks of International Relations: Co-operation, Partnership and Association' in A Dashwood and C Hillion (eds), The General Law of EC External Relations (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000) 160-76;
174. K Lenaerts and E De Smijter, 'The European Community's Treaty-Making Competence' (1996) 16 YEL 20;
175. for an earlier attempt at classification see C Flaesch-Mougin, Les accords externes de la Communauté économique européenne-Essai d'une typologie (Editions de l'ULB, 1979).
176. E Stein, 'External Relations of the European Community: Structure and Process' in Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law (1990)- Community Law, Vol I, Book 1 (Martinus Nijhoff, 1991) 151.
177. For an overview of the practice, see Maresceau (n 6 above) 314-422;
178. D Hanf and P Dengler, 'Les accords d'association' in J-V Louis and M Dony (eds), Commentaire J Megret-Relations extérieures (Etudes européennes, 2005) 293.
179. Stein (n 7 above) 151.
180. Lenaerts and De Smijter (n 6 above) 17.
181. E.g. the Europe Agreements: see M Maresceau and E Montaguti, 'The Relations between the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe: A Legal Appraisal' (1995) 32 CML Rev 1327.
182. see C Flaesch-Mougin, 'Differentiation and Association within the Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Area' in M Maresceau and E Lannon (eds), The EU's Enlargement and Mediterranean Strategies-A Comparative Analysis (Palgrave, 2001) 63-96.
183. According to the Commission the EU and its Member States provide over half of all international official development assistance, see #http://ec.europa.eu/development/how/monterrey_en.cfm#.
184. T Tridimas and P Eeckhout, 'The External Competence of the Community and the Case-Law of the Court of Justice: Principle versus Pragmatism' (1994)
185. Cf JHH Weiler, The Constitution of Europe (CUP, 1999) 54, footnote 117.
186. Peers (n 6 above) 163.
187. For analysis see A Ward, 'Community Development Aid and the Evolution of the Inter-institutional Law of the European Union' in Dashwood and Hillion (n 6 above) 42-7.
188. For academic comment see S Peers, 'Fragmentation or Evasion in the Community's Development Policy? The Impact of Portugal v. Council' in Dashwood and Hillion (n 6 above) 100-12.
189. E.g. E Fierro, The EU's Approach to Human Rights Conditionality in Practice (Martinus Nijhoff, 2003) 263-6.
190. P Alston and JHH Weiler, 'An "Ever Closer Union" in Need of a Human Rights Policy: The European Union and Human Rights' in P Alston (ed), The EU and Human Rights (OUP, 1999) 1, in particular 9-14.
191. Cf M Cremona, 'External Relations and External Competence: The Emergence of an Integrated Policy' in P Craig and G de Búrca, The Evolution of EU Law (OUP, 1999) 161.
192. See also B Martenczuk, 'Cooperation with Developing and Other Third Countries: Elements of a Community Foreign Policy' in S Griller and B Weidel (eds), External Economic Relations and Foreign Policy in the European Union (Springer, 2002) 399-410.
193. Cf A Dashwood, Annotation Opinion 2/00 (2002) 39 CML Rev 368.
194. See for further analysis ELM ö, Barriers to External and Internal Community Trade (Kluwer, 1993) ch 5.
195. For further reflections see P Eeckhout, 'Constitutional Concepts for Free Trade in Services' in G de Búrca and J Scott, The EU and the WTO-Legal and Constitutional Issues (Hart Publishing, 2001) 221-3.
196. for further analysis see I Macleod, ID Hendry, and S Hyett, The External Relations of the European Communities (OUP, 1996) Ch 10.
197. C Zilioli and M Selmayr, 'The External Relations of the Euro Area: Legal Aspects' (1999) 36 CML Rev 289.
198. Zilioli and Selmayr (n 117 above) 299-301;
199. see also J Dutheil de la Rochrre, 'EMU: Constitutional Aspects and External Representation' (1999-2000) 19 YEL 441.
200. Contra Zilioli and Selmayr (n 117 above) 297;
201. Dutheil de la Rochrre (n 119 above) 441-3.
202. See e.g. S Peers, EU Justice and Home Affairs Law (3rd edn, OUP, 2011).
203. M Wilderspin and A-M Rouchaud, 'La compétence externe de la Communauté européenne en droit international privé' [2004] Revue Critique de Droit International Privé 1.
204. See Peers (n 122 above) 288-93.
205. See Peers (n 122 above) 306.
206. Wilderspin and Rouchaud (n 126 above).
207. Cf V Mitsilegas, 'The External Dimension of EU Action in Criminal Matters' (2007) 12 EFA Rev 457.
208. Peers (n 122 above) 943, with further references.
209. R Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (Alfred Knopf, 2003).
210. E Denza, The Intergovernmental Pillars of the European Union (OUP, 2002) 85-6.
211. R Holdgaard, External Relations of the European Community-Legal Reasoning and Legal Discourses (Kluwer, 2008)
212. G De Baere, Constitutional Principles of EU External Relations (OUP, 2008).
213. P Koutrakos, EU International Relations Law (Hart Publishing, 2006).
214. S Peers, EU Justice and Home Affairs Law (3rd edn, OUP, 2011).
215. Cf JHH Weiler, The Constitution of Europe (CUP, 1999) 186-7.
216. E.g. I Macleod, ID Hendry, and S Hyett, The External Relations of the European Communities (OUP, 1996) 142;
217. D McGoldrick, International Relations Law of the European Union (Longman, 1997) 78;
218. C Kaddous, Le droit des relations extérieures dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes (Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1998) 263;
219. PJG Kapteyn and P VerLoren van Themaat, Introduction to the Law of the European Communities (3rd edn, by LW Gormley, Kluwer Law International, 1998) 1263;
220. M Cremona, 'External Relations and External Competence: The Emergence of an Integrated Policy' in P Craig and G de Búrca (eds), The Evolution of EU Law (OUP, 1999) 154;
221. K Lenaerts and P Van Nuffel, Constitutional Law of the European Union (R Bray (ed and trans), Sweet & Maxwell, 1999) 648;
222. J Helikoski, Mixed Agreements as a Technique for Organizing the International Relations of the European Community and its Member States (Kluwer Law International, 2001) 3 and Appendix 1 (list of mixed agreements);
223. M Dony, 'Les accords mixtes' in J-V Louis and M Dony (eds), Commentaire J Megret-Relations extérieures (Etudes européennes, 2005) Ch 6;
224. P Koutrakos, EU International Relations Law (Hart Publishing, 2006) Ch 4;
225. E Neframi, Les accords mixtes de la Communauté européenne: aspects communautaires et internationaux (Bruylant, 2007);
226. R Holdgaard, External Relations Law of the European Community-Legal Reasoning and Legal Discourses (Wolters Kluwer, 2008) ch 8;
227. G De Baere, Constitutional Principles of EU External Relations (OUP, 2008) Ch 7;
228. C Hillion and P Koutrakos (eds), Mixed Agreements Revisited-The EU and its Member States in the world (Hart Publishing, 2010).
229. See for such a classification A Rosas, 'The European Union and Mixed Agreements' in A Dashwood and C Hillion (eds), The General Law of EC External Relations (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000) 203-7.
230. NA Neuwahl, 'Joint Participation in International Treaties and the Exercise of Power by the EEC and its Member States: Mixed Agreements' (1991) 28 CML Rev 717.
231. But see, for a valiant attempt at classification, M Maresceau, 'A Typology of Mixed Bilateral Agreements' in Hillion and Koutrakos (n 1 above) 11.
232. CD Ehlermann, 'Mixed Agreements-A List of Problems' in D O'Keeffe and HG Schermers (eds), Mixed Agreements (Kluwer, 1983) 6.
233. Rosas (n 2 above) 206.
234. M Cremona, 'The Doctrine of Exclusivity and the Position of Mixed Agreements in the External Relations of the European Community' (1982) 12 OJLS 414.
235. CWA Timmermans, 'Division of External Powers between Community and Member States in the Field of Harmonization of National Law-A Case Study' in CWA Timmermans and ELM ö (eds), Division of Powers between the European Communities and their Member States in the Field of External Relations (Kluwer, 1981) 20.
236. JHH Weiler, 'The External Legal Relations of Non-Unitary Actors: Mixity and the Federal Principle' in O'Keeffe and Schermers (n 5 above) 72, idem in The Constitution of Europe (CUP, 1999) 174;
237. Kapteyn and VerLoren van Themaat (n 1 above) 1281;
238. Cremona (n 15 above) 418-19.
239. For comments see Ehlermann (n 5 above) 8-9;
240. J Groux, 'Mixed Negotiations' in O'Keeffe and Schermers (n 5 above) 96;
241. KR Simmonds, 'The European Community and the New Law of the Sea' (1989/VI) 218 Hague Recueil 39-40;
242. J Sack, 'The European Community's Membership of International Organizations' (1995) 32 CML Rev 1253.
243. Ehlermann (n 5 above).
244. See Simmonds (n 20 above);
245. M Ederer, Die Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft und die Seerechtskonvention der Vereinten Nationen von 1982 (Verlag V. Florentz, 1988).
246. P Van den Bossche, 'The European Community and the Uruguay Round Agreements' in JH Jackson and AO Sykes (eds), Implementing the Uruguay Round (OUP, 1997) 53-9.
247. N Neuwahl, 'The WTO Opinion and Implied External Powers of the Community-A Hidden Agenda?' in Dashwood and Hillion (n 2 above) 141.
248. CWA Timmermans, 'Organising Joint Participation of EC and Member States' in Dashwood and Hillion (n 2 above) 240.
249. E.g. J de la Rochrre, 'L'rre des compétences partagées' (1995) 390 RMCUE 446;
250. JHJ Bourgeois, 'The EC in the WTO and Advisory Opinion 1/94: An Echternach Procession' (1995) 32 CML Rev 780;
251. M Hilf, 'The ECJ's Opinion 1/94 on the WTO-No Surprise, but Wise?' (1995) 6 EJIL 254 and 258.
252. Rosas (n 2 above) 218.
253. Ehlermann (n 5 above) 4-9. The author was at the time Director-General of the Commission's Legal Service.
254. See also JHJ Bourgeois, 'Mixed Agreements: A New Approach?' in JHJ Bourgeois, J-L Dewost, and M-A Gaiffe (eds), La Communauté européenne et les accords mixtes-Quelles Perspectives? (Interuniversity Press, 1997) 83-6;
255. Helikoski (n 1 above) 9-21.
256. Ehlermann (n 5 above) 6.
257. Rosas (n 2 above) 202; the author was at the time Director for External Relations in the Commission's Legal Service.
258. General literature includes: Sack (n 20 above);
259. R Frid, The Relations between the EC and International Organizations-Legal Theory and Practice (Kluwer, 1995);
260. E Denza, 'The Community as a Member of International Organizations' in N Emiliou and D O'Keeffe, The EU and World Trade Law after the GATT Uruguay Round (John Wiley & Sons, 1996);
261. Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 1 above) Ch 7;
262. I Govaere, J Capiau, and A Vermeersch, 'In-Between Seats: The Participation of the European Union in International Organizations' (2004) 9 EFA Rev 155;
263. C Flaesch-Mougin, 'Les relations avec les organisations internationales et la participation à celles-ci' in Louis and Dony (n 1 above) 337;
264. F Hoffmeister, 'Outsider or Frontrunner? Recent Developments under International and European Law on the Status of the European Union in International Organizations and Treaty Bodies' (2007) 44 CML Rev 41.
265. See further J Wouters, S de Jong, A Marx, and P De Man, Study for the Assessment of the EU's Role in International Maritime Organizations, April 2009, available at #http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/studies/eu_role_international_organisations_en.pdf#.
266. See also A Tavares de Pinho, 'L'admission de la Communauté économique européenne comme membre de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture' (1993) 370 RMCUE 656;
267. R Frid, 'The European Economic Community A Member of a Specialized Agency of the United Nations' (1993) 4 EJIL 239;
268. J Schwob, 'L'amendement à l'acte constitutif de la FAO visant à permettre l'admission en qualité de membre d'organisations d'intégration économique régionale de la Communauté économique européenne' (1993) 29 RTDE 1;
269. Frid (n 44 above) ch 5.
270. See also I Govaere, 'Beware of the Trojan Horse: Dispute Settlement in (Mixed) Agreements and the Autonomy of the EU Legal Order' in Hillion and Koutrakos (n 1 above) 187;
271. R Holdgaard, External Relations Law of the European Community-Legal Reasoning and Legal Discourses (Wolters Kluwer, 2008) 79-88.
272. PM Olson, 'Mixity from the Outside: the Perspective of a Treaty Partner' in Hillion and Koutrakos (n 1 above) 335-7.
273. See for an overview J Monar, 'Interinstitutional Agreements: the Phenomenon and its New Dynamics after Maastricht' (1994) 31 CML Rev 693. See now Art 295 TFEU.
274. Timmermans (n 33 above) 244.
275. See also M Cremona, 'Defending the Community Interest: the Duties of Co-operation and Compliance' in M Cremona and B De Witte (eds), EU Foreign Relations Law-Constitutional Fundamentals (Hart Publishing, 2008) 147-52.
276. Helikoski (n 1 above) 95-6;
277. Timmermans (n 33 above) 241;
278. Hillion (n 108 above) 88-92.
279. Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 1 above) 151-3;
280. Helikoski (n 1 above) 78-80.
281. Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 1 above) 149-50.
282. Cf C Franklin, 'Norway' in XL Xenopoulos (ed), FIDE-External Relations of the EU and the Member States: Competence, Mixed Agreements, International Responsibility and Effects of International Law (Theopress Nicosia, 2006) 165.
283. see A Rosas, 'The Future of Mixity' in Hillion and Koutrakos (n 1 above) 368-70.
284. Rosas (n 2 above) 204.
285. Kapteyn and VerLoren van Themaat (n 1 above) 1263.
286. On the consequences under international law of a declaration of competences see Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 1 above) 161-2.
287. See e.g., with respect to ratification of the WTO Agreement, P Eeckhout, 'Belgium' in Jackson and Sykes (n 29 above) 108-10;
288. See also J Czuczai, 'Mixity in Practice: Some Problems and Their (Real or Possible) Solution' in Hillion and Koutrakos (n 1 above) 241-5.
289. Rosas (n 2 above) 208.
290. See, however, Helikoski (n 1 above) 93, pointing to derogations from this practice;
291. F Hoffmeister, 'Curse or Blessing? Mixed Agreements in the Recent Practice of the European Union and its Member States' in Hillion and Koutrakos (n 1 above) 256.
292. E.g. Europe Agreements with Central and East European countries, see M Maresceau, 'On Association, Partnership, Pre-Accession and Accession' in M Maresceau (ed), Enlarging the European Union (Longman, 1997) 7.
293. See also M Björklund, 'Responsibility in the EC for Mixed Agreements-Should Non-Member Countries Care?' (2001) 70 Nord J Int L 373;
294. PJ Kuijper and E Paasivirta, 'Further Exploring International Responsibility: The European Community and the ILC's Project on Responsibility of International Organizations' (2004) 1 IOLR 111;
295. P Eeckhout, 'The EU and its Member States in the WTO-Issues of Responsibility' in L Bartels and F Ortino (eds), Regional Trade Agreements and the WTO Legal System (OUP, 2006) 449;
296. F Hoffmeister, 'The Contribution of EU Practice to International Law' in M Cremona (ed), Developments in EU External Relations Law (OUP, 2008) 64-9;
297. PJ Kuijper, 'International Responsibility for EU Mixed Agreements' in Hillion and Koutrakos (n 1 above) 208;
298. P Eeckhout, 'General Report' in Xenopoulos (n 151 above) 209-303;
299. E Stein, 'External Relations of the European Community: Structure and Process' in Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law (1990) -Community Law, Vol I, Book 1 (Martinus Nijhoff, 1991) 162;
300. G Gaja, 'The European Community's Rights and Obligations under Mixed Agreements' in O'Keeffe and Schermers (n 5 above) 135;
301. C Tomuschat, 'The International Responsibility of the European Union' in E Cannizzaro (ed), The European Union as an Actor in International Relations (Kluwer Law International, 2002) 185.
302. Hermrs (n 173 above) para 24;
303. J. Groux and P. Manin, The European Communities in the International Order (Brussels, 1984) 143.
304. see further Kuijper and Paasivirta (n 176 above) 116-23.
305. Cf Olson (n 15 above) 343-4.
306. Eeckhout (n 176 above) 451-6.
307. JHH Weiler, The Constitution of Europe (CUP, 1999) 184-6.
308. See also Cremona (n 121 above) 1126, where she defends the flexibility which mixed agreements offer.
309. See C Eckes, EU Counter-Terrorist Policies and Fundamental Rights-The Case of Individual Sanctions (OUP, 2009);
310. see also C Murphy, The European Union Rule of Law in the 'War on Terrorism', PhD, King's College London, 2010;
311. P Koutrakos, EU International Relations Law (Hart Publishing, 2006) Ch 12.
312. P Koutrakos, Trade, Foreign Policy and Defence in EU Constitutional Law (Hart Publishing, 2001) 58.
313. PJ Kuijper, 'Trade Sanctions, Security and Human Rights and Commercial Policy' in M Maresceau (ed), The European Community's Commercial Policy after 1992: The Legal Dimension (Kluwer, 1993) 390.
314. Koutrakos (n 5 above) 64.
315. See also P Koutrakos, 'Legal Basis and Delimitation of Competence in EU External Relations' in M Cremona and B De Witte (eds), EU Foreign Relations Law-Constitutional Fundamentals (Hart Publishing, 2008) 188-197.
316. Kadi and Al Barakaat (n 18 above) paras 197-230. It may be noted that a third position, with equal result, was defended by Maduro AG.
317. Cf T Tridimas, 'Terrorism and the ECJ; Empowerment and Democracy in the EC Legal Order' (2009) 34 ELR 106.
318. I Canor, '"Can Two Walk Together, Except They be Agreed"-The Relationship Between International Law and European Law: The Incorporation of United Nations Sanctions Against Yugoslavia Into Community Law Through the Perspective of the European Court of Justice' (1998) 35 CML Rev 137-87.
319. Kadi (n 24 above) para 226.
320. See also G della Cananea, 'Return to the due process of law: the European Union and the fight against terrorism' (2007) 32 ELR 895.
321. Cf K Lenaerts and E De Smijter, 'The United Nations and the European Union: Living Apart Together', in Wellens (ed) (n 32 above) 449.
322. Ahmed and Others (n 70 above), referred to in Kadi II (n 65 above) para 36.
323. Kadi and Al Barakaat (n 18 above) Opinion of Maduro AG, para 30.
324. MA Gaudissart, J-V Louis, and L Van den Hende, 'Les clauses de règlement des différends dans les accords internationaux conclus par les communautés européennes' in Arbitration and European Law (Bruylant, 1997) 141-81.
325. See also P Koutrakos, EU International Relations Law (Hart Publishing, 2006) ch 5.
326. See, inter alia, V Christianos, 'La compétence consultative de la Cour de justice à la lumière du Traité sur l'Union européenne' (1994) 374 RMCUE 37;
327. C Kaddous, Le droit des relations extérieures dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes (Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1998) 112-25;
328. R Plender, 'The European Court's Pre-Emptive Jurisdiction: Opinions under Article 300(6) EC' in D O'Keeffe and A Bavasso (eds), Judicial Review in European Union Law -Liber Amicorum in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley (Kluwer Law International, 2000) i, 203-20;
329. G Gattinara, 'La compétence consultative de la Cour de justice après les avis 1/00 et 2/00' (2003) RMCUE 687;
330. A De Walsche, 'Le contrôle juridictionnel des accords internationaux' in J-V Louis and M Dony (eds), Commentaire J Megret-Relations extérieures (Etudes européennes, 2005) 141-55.
331. See also Plender (n 4 above) 213-15;
332. I Macleod, ID Hendry, and S Hyett, The External Relations of the European Communities (OUP, 1996) 113.
333. See A Dashwood, Annotation Opinion 2/00 (2002) 39 CML Rev 366
334. See also Kaddous (n 4 above) 70-86.
335. TC Hartley, The Foundations of European Community Law (4th edn, OUP, 1998) 263.
336. D Anderson and M Demetriou, References to the European Court (2nd edn, Sweet & Maxwell, 2002) 58.
337. Cf I Cheyne, 'International Instruments as a Source of Community Law' in A Dashwood and C Hillion (eds), The General Law of EC External Relations (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000) 257-8;
338. Kaddous (n 4 above) 72.
339. P Koutrakos, 'The Interpretation of Mixed Agreements under the Preliminary Reference Procedure' (2002) 7 EFA Rev 25
340. A Dashwood, 'Preliminary Rulings on the Interpretation of Mixed Agreements' in O'Keeffe and Bavasso (eds) (n 4 above) 167-75.
341. E.g. HG Schermers, 'The Internal Effect of Community Treaty-making' in HG Schermers and D O'Keeffe (eds), Essays in European Law and Integration (Kluwer, 1982) 174-5;
342. E Stein, 'External Relations of the European Community: Structure and Process' in Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law (1990)-Community Law, Vol I, Book 1 (Martinus Nijhoff, 1991) 165;
343. L Hancher, 'Constitutionalism, the Community Court and International Law' [1994] NYIL 284;
344. CWA Timmermans, 'The Implementation of the Uruguay Round by the EC' in JHJ Bourgeois, F Berrod, and E Gippini Fournier (eds), The Uruguay Round Results-A European Lawyers' Perspective (European Interuniversity Press, 1995) 507;
345. Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 15 above) 157.
346. M Brealey and M Hoskins, Remedies in EC Law (2nd edn, Sweet & Maxwell, 1998) 228.
347. see Kaddous (n 4 above) 40-61.
348. Brealey and Hoskins (n 6 above) 329.
349. Cf K Lenaerts and E de Smijter, 'The European Union as an Actor under International Law' (1999/2000) 19 YEL 102.
350. see Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 15 above) 130-1.
351. M Maresceau, 'The GATT in the Case Law of the European Court of Justice' in M Hilf, FG Jacobs, and E-U Petersmann, The European Community and GATT (Kluwer, 1986) 114-18;
352. PJG Kapteyn, 'Quelques réflexions surles effets des accords internationaux liant la Communauté dans l'ordre juridique communautaire' in Pérez González Eta_l (eds), Hacia un nuevo orden internacional y Europeo-Estudios en homenaje al Professor Don Manual Diez de Velasco (Tecnos, 1993) 1014-15;
353. Hancher (n 32 above) 280.
354. J Vanhamme, Volkenrechtelijke beginselen in het Europees recht (Europa Law Publishing, 2001) 192.
355. Cf M Waelbroeck, 'Effect of GATT within the Legal Order of the EEC' (1974) 8 JWTL 622.
356. MJ Hahn and G Schuster, 'Le droit des Etats membres de se prévaloiren justice d'un accord liant la Communauté' (1995) 99 RGDIP 367;
357. U Everling, 'Will Europe Slip on Bananas? The Bananas Judgment of the Court of Justice and National Courts' (1996) 33 CML Rev 421;
358. Kaddous (n 4 above) 68-9.
359. See A Arnull, 'Liability for Legislative Acts under Article 215(2) EC' in T Heukels and A McDonnell, The Action for Damages in Community Law (Kluwer Law International, 1997) 129.
360. Cf D McRae, 'The WTO in International Law: Tradition Continued or New Frontier?' (2000) 3 JIEL 35.
361. E.g. R Jennings and A Watts (eds), Oppenheim's International Law (9th edn, Longman, 1992) 1271;
362. I Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (6th edn, OUP, 2003) 602;
363. P-M Dupuy, Droit international public (6th edn, Dalloz, 2002) 309.
364. Cf M Slotboom, 'The Elimination of Discriminatory Internal Taxes in EC and WTO Law' (2001) 4 JIEL 557.
365. See also JHJ Bourgeois, 'The European Court of Justice and the WTO: Problems and Challenges' in JHH Weiler, The EU, the WTO and the NAFTA (OUP, 2000) 85-88.
366. Koutrakos (n 31 above) 52;
367. see also J Helikoski, Mixed Agreements as a Technique for Organizing the International Relations of the European Community and its Member States (Kluwer Law International, 2001) 59-61.
368. PJG Kapteyn and P VerLoren van Themaat, Introduction to the Law of the European Communities (3rd edn, by LW Gormley, Kluwer Law International, 1998) 1257.
369. Dashwood and Helikoski (n 2 above) 8
370. See K Lenaerts, 'Les répercussions des compétences de la Communauté européenne sur les compétences externes des Etats membres et la question de "preemption"'
371. Demaret (n 2 above) 447-72.
372. Cf Dashwood and Helikoski (n 2 above) 13-14;
373. J Helikoski, Mixed Agreements as a Technique for Organizing the International Relations of the European Community and its Member States (Kluwer Law International, 2001) 43-4.
374. Dashwood and Helikoski (n 2 above) 13.
375. CWA Timmermans, 'Division of External Powers between Community and Member States in the Field of Harmonization of National Law-A Case Study' in CWA Timmermans and ELM Völker (eds), Division of Powers between the European Communities and their Member States in the Field of External Relations (Kluwer, 1981) 20.
376. J Groux, 'Le parallèlisme des compétences internes et externes de la Communauté économique européenne' (1978) 14 CDE 1;
377. Dashwood and Helikoski (n 2 above) 12.
378. Dashwood and Helikoski (n 2 above) 15.
379. See also N Neuwahl, 'The WTO Opinion and Implied External Powers of the Community-A Hidden Agenda?' in A Dashwood and C Hillion (eds), The General Law of EC External Relations (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000) 139-51.
380. See on that question Y Loussouarn, 'Le droit d'établissement des sociétés' (1990) 26 RTDE 229.
381. Cf R Schütze, 'Federalism and Foreign Affairs: Mixity as a (Inter)national Phenomenon' in C Hillion and P Koutrakos (eds), Mixed Agreements Revisited-The EU and its Member States in the World (Hart Publishing, 2010) 78-9.
382. see P Eeckhout, The European Internal Market and International Trade-A Legal Analysis (OUP, 1994) Ch 2.
383. A Dashwood, 'The Attribution of External Competence' in Dashwood and Hillion (n 2 above) 130.
384. J de la Rochère, 'L'ère des compétences partagées' (1995) 390 RMCUE 466;
385. JHJ Bourgeois, 'The EC in the WTO and Advisory Opinion 1/94: An Echternach Procession' (1995) 32 CML Rev 780;
386. M Hilf, 'The ECJ's Opinion 1/94 on the WTO-No Surprise, but Wise?' (1995) 6 EJIL 254 and 258.
387. H Steiner, P Alston, and R Goodman, International Human Rights in Context-Law, Politics, Morals (3rd edn, OUP, 2007).
388. See, however, Bosphorus Hava Yollari{dotless} Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi
389. P Eeckhout, 'The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Federal Question' (2002) 39 CML Rev 984c.
390. Cf Arnull (n 88 above) 71-2
391. See Eeckhout (n 79 above) Ch 3.
392. Koutrakos (n 74 above) 160.
393. see Schütze (n 2 above) 297-302.
394. Cf M Cremona, 'External Relations and External Competence: The Emergence of an Integrated Policy' in P Craig and G de Búrca, The Evolution of EU Law (OUP, 1999) 147-8.
395. See J Maslen, 'European Community-CMEA: institutional relations' in M Maresceau (ed), The Political and Legal Framework of Trade Relations between the European Community and Eastern Europe (Martinus Nijhoff, 1989) 85-92.
396. A Dashwood, 'The Limits of European Community Powers' (1996) 21 ELR 113.
397. Cf A Dashwood, 'The Attribution of External Relations Competence' in Dashwood and Hillion (n 2 above) 128.
398. Cf D McGoldrick, International Relations Law of the European Union (Longman, 1997) 61.
399. CWA Timmermans, 'The EU and Public International Law' (1999) 4 EFA Rev 181;
400. see also D McGoldrick, International Relations Law of the European Union (Longman, 1997) 23-5.
401. Cf J Klabbers, 'International Law in Community Law: The Law and Politics of Direct Effect' (2002) 21 YEL 263.
402. I Macleod, ID Hendry, and S Hyett, The External Relations of the European Communities (OUP, 1996) 125-8;
403. R Schütze, 'Federalism and Foreign Affairs: Mixity as a (Inter)national Phenomenon' in C Hillion and P Koutrakos (eds), Mixed Agreements Revisited-The EU and its Member States in the World (Hart Publishing, 2010) 76;
404. A De Walsche, 'La procédure de conclusion des accords internationaux' in J-V Louis and M Dony (eds), Commentaire J Megret-Relations extérieures (Etudes européennes, 2005) 106-9.
405. see e.g. FG Jacobs, 'Introduction' in FG Jacobs and S Roberts (eds), The Effect of Treaties in Domestic Law (Sweet & Maxwell, 1987) xxiv-xxvi;
406. JH Jackson, 'Status of Treaties in Domestic Legal Systems: A Policy Analysis' (1992) 86 AJIL 313;
407. L Henkin, International Law: Politics and Values (Martinus Nijhoff, 1995) 64
408. Cf J Rideau, 'Les accords internationaux dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes' (1990) 94 RGDIP 308.
409. Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 5 above) 128.
410. Cf P Eeckhout, 'The Domestic Legal Status of the WTO Agreement: Interconnecting Legal Systems' (1997) 34 CML Rev 25.
411. See also P Koutrakos, EU International Relations Law (Hart Publishing, 2006) chs 6, 7, and 8;
412. C Kaddous, Le droit des relations extérieures dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes (Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1998) 353-80
413. Cheyne, 'Haegeman, Demirel and their Progeny' in A Dashwood and C Hillion (eds), The General Law of EC External Relations (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000) 20-41;
414. Klabbers (n 4 above) 274-85;
415. M Maresceau, 'Bilateral Agreements Concluded by the European Community' (2004) 309 Recueil des Cours 246.
416. D McGoldrick, International Relations Law of the European Union (Longman, 1997)
417. See e.g. J Scott, 'GATT and Community Law: Rethinking the "Regulatory Gap"' in J Shaw and G More (eds), New Legal Dynamics of European Union (Clarendon Press, 1995) 153.
418. JHH Weiler, 'The Rule of Lawyers and the Ethos of Diplomats: Reflections on the Internal and External Legitimacy of WTO Dispute Settlement' (2001) 35 JWT 202.
419. Cf Cheyne (n 22 above) 33.
420. See also Lavranos (n 56 above) Ch 4.
421. See also M Mendez, 'The impact of WTO rulings in the Community legal order' (2004) 29 ELR 517;
422. A von Bogdandy, 'Legal Effects of World Trade Organization Decisions Within European Union Law: A Contribution to the Theory of the Legal Acts of International Organizations and the Action for Damages Under Article 288(2) EC' (2005) 39 JWT 45;
423. M Bronckers, 'The Relationship of the EC Courts with Other International Tribunals: Non-Committal, Respectful or Submissive?' (2007) 44 CML Rev 601.
424. see R Holdgaard, External Relations Law of the European Community-Legal Reasoning and Legal Discourses (Wolters Kluwer, 2008).
425. A von Bogdandy, 'Pluralism, direct effect, and the ultimate say: On the relationship between international and domestic constitutional law' (2008) International Journal of Constitutional Law 397.
426. See e.g. N MacCormick, Questioning Sovereignty (OUP, 1999);
427. N Walker, 'The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism' (2002) 65 MLR 317;
428. M Maduro, 'Contrapunctual Law: Europe's Constitutional Pluralism in Action' in N Walker (ed), Sovereignty in Transition (OUP, 2003) 501.
429. Cf Cheyne (n 22 above) 272
430. Griller (n 68 above) 454 and 460-1.
431. Cheyne (n 22 above) 267-8.
432. J Pauwelyn, 'Europe, America and the "unity" of international law' in Wouters, Nollkaemper, and de Wet (n 68 above) 208-13.
433. See also M Krajewski, Verfassungsperspektiven und Legitimation des Rechts der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) (Duncker & Humblot, 2001) 63-7
434. Rosas (n 68 above) 812.
435. Weiler (n 81 above);
436. R Howse and E Tuerk, 'The WTO Impact on Internal Regulations-A Case Study of the Canada-EC Asbestos Dispute' in de Búrca and Scott (n 68 above) 304-6.
437. Cf von Bogdandy (n 68 above) 31.
438. Cf Bourgeois (n 68 above) 109.
439. Cf Bronckers (n 161 above) 616-18.
440. Cf A Peters, 'Membership in the Global Constitutional Community' in J Klabbers, A Peters, and G Ulfstein (eds), The Constitutionalization of International Law (OUP, 2009) 157-79.
441. see Vanhamme (n 68 above);
442. see also K Lenaerts and E de Smijter, 'The European Union as an Actor under International Law' (1999/2000) 19 YEL 122;
443. J Klabbers, 'Re-Inventing the Law of Treaties: The Contribution of the EC Courts' (1999) 30 NYIL 45;
444. PJ Kuijper, 'Customary international law, decisions of international organizations and other techniques for ensuring respect for international legal rules in Community law' in Wouters, Nollkaemper, and de Wet (n 68 above) 88-96;
445. Uerpmann-Wittzack (n 68 above) 135-7.
446. See further I Butler and O De Schutter, 'Binding the EU to International Human Rights Law' (2008) 27 YEL.
447. P Eeckhout, 'Community Terrorism Listings, Fundamental Rights, and UN Security Council Resolutions-In Search of the Right Fit' (2007) 3 European Constitutional Law Review 183.
448. See also N Lavranos, 'UN sanctions and judicial review' in Wouters, Nollkaemper, and de Wet (n 68 above) 185;
449. A Garde, 'Is it really for the European Community to implement anti-terrorism UN Security Council resolutions?' (2006) 65 CLJ 281.
450. See, inter alia, D Halberstam and E Stein, 'The United Nations, the European Union, and the King of Sweden: Economic sanctions and individual rights in a plural world order' (2009) 46 CML Rev 13;
451. B Kunoy and A Dawes, 'Plate tectonics in Luxembourg: The ménage à trois between EC law, international law and the European Convention on Human Rights following the UN sanctions cases' (2009) 46 CML Rev 73;
452. A Gattini, Annotation of Kadi (2009) 46 CML Rev 213;
453. G de Búrca, 'The European Court of Justice and the International Legal Order after Kadi', Jean Monnet Working Paper 01/09, available at #http://centers.law.nyu.edu/jeanmonnet/papers/09/090101.pdf#;
454. T Tridimas and J Gutierrez-Fons, 'EU Law, International Law and Economic Sanctions against Terrorism: The Judiciary in Distress?' (2008) 32 Fordham International Law Journal 660;
455. S Griller, 'International law, human rights and the European Community's autonomous legal order: notes on the European Court of Justice decision in Kadi' (2008) 4 European Constitutional Law Review 528;
456. G Harpaz, 'Judicial Review by the European Court of Justice of UN "Smart Sanctions" Against Terror in the Kadi Dispute' (2009) 14 EFA Rev 65;
457. JHH Weiler, 'Editorial-Kadi: Europe's Medellin?' (2008) 19 EJIL 895;
458. D Curtin, Executive Power of the European Union-Law, Practices, and the Living Constitution (OUP, 2009) 194-201;
459. P De Sena and MC Vitucci, 'The European Courts and the Security Council: Between Dédoublement Fonctionnel and Balancing of Values' (2009) 20 EJIL 193;
460. P Hilpold, 'EU Law and UN Law in Conflict: The Kadi Case' (2009) 13 Max Planck UNYB 141;
461. T Tridimas, 'Terrorism and the ECJ; Empowerment and Democracy in the EC Legal Order' (2009) 34 ELR 103.
462. see S Poli and M Tzanou, 'The Kadi Rulings: A Survey of the Literature' (2009) 28 YEL 533.
463. See further Eeckhout (n 269 above).
464. See for an overview with further references #http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/summaries/9_11.htm#.
465. See e.g. de Búrca (n 301 above) 47;
466. Halberstam and Stein (n 301 above) 64-5.
467. See further E. De Wet, The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council (Hart Publishing, 2004) 191-204.
468. de Búrca (n 301 above) 47.
469. Halberstam and Stein (n 301 above) 60.
470. de Búrca (n 301 above) 49.
471. Cf M Kumm, 'The Cosmopolitan Turn in Constitutionalism: On the Relationship between Constitutionalism in and beyond the State' in JL Dunoff and JP Trachtman (eds), Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance (CUP, 2009) 287-8.
472. de Búrca (n 301 above) 4.
473. See further I Butler and O De Schutter, 'Binding the EU to International Human Rights Law' (2008) 27 Yearbook of European Law 275
474. See also Kaddous (n 22 above) 273-300;
475. Lenaerts and de Smijter (n 210 above) 114-22.
476. Pauwelyn (n 193 above).
477. See also J Klabbers, Treaty Conflict and the European Union (CUP, 2009) 129-30.
478. Cf S Prechal, 'Does Direct Effect Still Matter?' (Does Direct Effect Still Matter?) 2000 37 CML Rev 1047.
479. See also I Macleod, ID Hendry, and S Hyett, The External Relations of the European Communities (OUP, 1996) 75-105;
480. M Maresceau, 'Bilateral Agreements Concluded by the European Community' (2004) 309 Recueil des Cours 212;
481. A De Walsche, 'La procédure de conclusion des accords internationaux' in J-V Louis and M Dony (eds), Commentaire J Megret-Relations extérieures (Etudes européennes, 2005) ch 6;
482. G De Baere, Constitutional Principles of EU External Relations (OUP, 2008) 77-92.
483. See e.g. B De Witte, 'Institutional Principles: A Special Category of General Principles of Law' in U Bernitz and J Nergelius (eds), General Principles of European Community Law (Kluwer Law International, 2000) 150-2.
484. But see D Thym, 'Parliamentary Involvement in European International Relations' in M Cremona and B De Witte (eds), EU Foreign Relations Law-Constitutional Fundamentals (Hart Publishing, 2008) 201;
485. R Passos, 'Mixed Agreements from the Perspective of the European Parliament' in C Hillion and P Koutrakos (eds), Mixed Agreements Revisited-The EU and its Member States in the World (Hart Publishing, 2010) 272-86.
486. see R Wessel, 'The EU as a party to international agreements: shared competences, mixed responsibilities' in A Dashwood and M Maresceau, Law and Practice of EU External Relations (CUP, 2008) 152.
487. Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 1 above) 87.
488. P Van den Bossche, 'The European Community and the Uruguay Round Agreements' in JH Jackson and AO Sykes (eds), Implementing the Uruguay Round (OUP, 1997) 62-6.
489. Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 1 above) 90-1.
490. See further C Zilioli and M Selmayr, 'The External Relations of the Euro Area: Legal Aspects' (1999) 36 CML Rev 302.
491. JHJ Bourgeois, 'The European Court of Justice and the WTO: Problems and Challenges' in JHH Weiler, The EU, the WTO and the NAFTA (OUP, 2000) 77.
492. A Rosas, 'The European Union and Mixed Agreements' in A Dashwood and C Hillion (eds), The General Law of EC External Relations (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000) 208.
493. J Sack, 'The European Community's Membership of International Organizations' (1995) 32 CML Rev 1238;
494. Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 1 above) 102;
495. PJG Kapteyn and P VerLoren van Themaat, Introduction to the Law of the European Communities (3rd edn, by LW Gormley, Kluwer Law International, 1998) 1267-8.
496. See K Lenaerts and P Van Nuffel, Constitutional Law of the European Union (R Bray (ed and trans), Sweet & Maxwell, 1999) 659-60.
497. Zilioli and Selmayr (n 19 above) 290-335.
498. CW Herrmann, 'Monetary Sovereignty over the Euro and External Relations of the Euro Area: Competences, Procedures and Practice (2002) 7 EFA Rev 9.
499. See J Helikoski, 'Adoption of Positions under Mixed Agreements (Implementation)' in C Hillion and P Koutrakos (eds), Mixed Agreements Revisited-The EU and its Member States in the World (Hart Publishing, 2010) 138.
500. A Dashwood, 'External Relations Provisions of the Amsterdam Treaty' in D O'Keeffe and P Twomey (eds), Legal Issues of the Amsterdam Treaty (Hart Publishing, 1999) 207.
501. Macleod, Hendry, and Hyett (n 1 above) 98-100.