The scales of trade - Reflections on the growth and functions of the WTO adjudicative branch

Journal of International Economic Law

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 3-26

  Eeckhout, Piet ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950362582     PISSN: 13693034     EISSN: 14643758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jiel/jgq006     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. See e.g. R Haass, 'The Case for Messy Multilateralism' Financial Times (6 January 2010).
2. See H Horn, PC Mavroidis and A Sapir, Beyond the WTO? An Anatomy of EU and US Preferential Trade Agreements, Brueges Blueprint Series, No 7, accessed 17 February 2010.
3. See now Article 207 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
4. ICSID, Continental Casualty Company v Argentine Republic (ICSID Case No ARB/03/09), paras 192-195
5. WTO Appellate Body Report, China - Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/AB/R, not yet adopted, para 227.
6. WTO Appellate Body Report, Turkey - Textiles, WT/DS34/AB/R, adopted 19 November 1999, para 60.
7. WTO Appellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, WT/DS264/AB/R, adopted 31 August 2004.
8. WTO Appellate Body Report, US - Continued Suspension, WT/DS320/AB/R, adopted 14 November 2008;
9. see equally WTO Appellate Body Report, Canada - Continued Suspension, WT/DS321/AB/R, adopted 14 November 2008.
10. See L Rubini, The Definition of Subsidy and State Aid - WTO Law and EC Law in Comparative Perspective (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009).
11. Article 30 TRIPs, as analysed in WTO Panel Report, Canada - Pharmaceutical Patents, WT/DS114/R, adopted 7 April 2000, paras 7.19-7.84.
12. See JH Jackson, Sovereignty, the WTO, and Changing Fundamentals of International Law (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006) 173-177
13. Respectively WTO Appellate Body Report, Japan - Alcoholic Beverages II, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R and WT/DS11/AB/R, adopted 1 November 1996 and WTO Appellate Body Report, EC - Bananas III, WT/DS27/AB/R, adopted 25 September 1997.
14. Respectively GATT 1947 Panel Reports, US - Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, DS21/R, BISD 39S/155 and DS29/R, both unadopted; and WTO Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp, WT/ DS58/AB/R, adopted 6 November 1998.
15. See e.g. E-U Petersmann, 'Multilevel Judicial Governance of International Trade Requires a Common Conception of Rule of Law and Justice' (2007) 10 JIEL 529, with further references
16. and Jackson (n 11) 222-227 On global constitutionalism
17. see e.g. M Kumm, 'The Legitimacy of International Law: A Constitutionalist Framework of Analysis' (2004) 15 Eur J Int L 907;
18. E de Wet, 'The Emergence of International and Regional Value Systems as a Manifestation of the Emerging International Constitutional Order' (2006) 19 Leiden J Int L 611;
19. and A Peters, 'The Merits of Global Constitutionalism' (2009) 16 Ind J Global Leg Stud 408.
20. See e.g. R Howse and K Nicolaidis, 'Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalization or Global Subsidiarity?' (2003) 16 Governance 73.
21. The term quasi-constitutional is used here because EU law continues to be based in treaties, not in a constitution, but, on the other hand, because the ECJ refers to those treaties with express use of the term constitutional, see e.g. Joined Cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P Kadi and Al Barakaat v Council [2008] ECR I-6351, passim.
22. RE Hudec, 'GATT/WTO Constraints on National Regulation: Requiem for an "Aim and Effects" Test' (1998) 32 Int'l Law 619.
23. See e.g. JHH Weiler, 'The Constitution of the Common Market Place: Text and Context in the Evolution of the Free Movement of Goods' in P Craig and G de Búrca (eds), The Evolution of EU Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999) 349-376
24. For a recent analysis focusing on WTO law, see E Vranes, 'The WTO and Regulatory Freedom: WTO Disciplines on Market Access, Non-Discrimination and Domestic Regulation Relating to Trade in Goods and Services' (2007) 12 JIEL 953.
25. WTO Panel Report, Japan - Film, WT/DS44/R, adopted 22 April 1998. The EU law concept of selling arrangements was introduced by the European Court of Justice in Joined Cases C-267 and 268/91 Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097, para 16.
26. WTO Appellate Body Report, EC - Asbestos, WT/DS135/AB/R, adopted 5 April 2001.
27. Appellate Body Report, EC - Bananas III (n 12).
28. WTO Appellate Body Report, US - Gambling, WT/DS285/AB/R, adopted 20 April 2005, paras 223-39;
29. for a trenchant critique see J Pauwelyn, 'Rien ne va plus? Distinguishing domestic regulation from market access in GATT and GATS' (2005) 4 WTR 131.
30. See e.g. E Montaguti and M Lugard, 'The GATT 1994 and Other Annex 1A Agreements: Four Different Relationships?' (2000) 4 JIEL 473.
31. WTO Panel Reports, EC - Biotech, WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R and WT/DS293/R, adopted 21 November 2006, paras 7.197-7.380.
32. Appellate Body Reports, Japan - Alcoholic Beverages II (n 12) and EC - Bananas III (n 12).
33. Appellate Body Report, EC - Asbestos (n 20).
34. WTO Appellate Body Report, Chile - Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS87/AB/R and WT/DS110/ AB/R, adopted 12 January 2000, paras 62 and 71.
35. Appellate Body Report, Japan - Alcoholic Beverages II (n 12).
36. Appellate Body Report, US - Gambling (n 22), paras 223-239
37. Pauwelyn (n 22).
38. PC Mavroidis, 'Highway XVI Re-visited: The Road from Non-discrimination to Market Access in GATS' (2007) 6 WTR 1.
39. Appellate Body Report, China - Publications and Audiovisual Products (n 5), paras 213-233
40. But they need only be 'relating to' the conservation of exhaustible natural resouces-see Article XX(g) GATT.
41. WTO Appellate Body Report, Korea - Various Measures on Beef, WT/DS161/AB/R and WT/ DS169/AB/R, adopted 10 January 2001, paras 160-161
42. WTO Appellate Body Report, Korea - Various Measures on Beef, WT/DS161/AB/R and WT/ DS169/AB/R, adopted 10 January 2001, Ibid para 164.
43. WTO Appellate Body Report, Korea - Various Measures on Beef, WT/DS161/AB/R and WT/ DS169/AB/R, adopted 10 January 2001 See e.g. ibid para 176.
44. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp (n 13) para 151.
45. WTO Appellate Body Report, US - Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, adopted 20 May 1996, and Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp (n 12) para 171.
46. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp (n 13) para 156.
47. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp (n 13) para 156 Ibid.
48. See e.g. DH Regan, 'The Meaning of 'Necessary' in GATT Article XX and GATS Article XIV: The Myth of Cost-Benefit balancing' (2007) 6 WTR 347, at 348.
49. See e.g. JP Trachtman, 'Trade and . . . Problems, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Subsidiarity' (1998) 9 Eur J Int L 32;
50. K Saito, 'Yardsticks for 'Trade and Environment': Economic Analysis of the WTO Panel and the Appellate Body Reports regarding Environment-oriented Trade Measures', Jean Monnet Working Paper 14/01 accessed 17 February 2010;
51. DH Regan, 'Judicial Review of Member-State Regulation of Trade within a Federal or Quasi-Federal System: Protectionism and Balancing, da capo' (2001) 99 Michigan L Rev 1853;
52. F Ortino, 'From 'Non-Discrimination' to 'Reasonableness': A Paradigm Shift in International Economic Law?', Jean Monnet Working Paper 01/05 accessed 17 February 2010; Regan (n 41);
53. CP Bown and JP Trachtman, 'Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres: A Balancing Act' (2009) 8 WTR 85;
54. G Kapterian, 'A Critique of the WTO Jurisprudence on 'necessity" (2010) 59 Int'l Comp L Q 89.
55. DH Regan, 'What are Trade Agreements For? Two Conflicting Stories Told by Economists, With a Lesson for Lawyers' (2006) 9 JIEL 951.
56. Regan (n 41) 351.
57. WTO Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R, adopted 17 December 2007.
58. D Helm and D Pearce, 'Assessment: Economic Policy towards the Environment' (1990) 6 Oxford Rev Econ Pol 1, at 14-15.
59. Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Retreaded Tyres (n 45) para 156.
60. Appellate Body Report, EC - Asbestos (n 20) para 168.
61. Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Retreaded Tyres (n 45) para 134.
62. Appellate Body Report, US - Gambling (n 22) para 313.
63. Appellate Body Report, Korea - Various Measures on Beef (n 34) para 175.
64. Appellate Body Report, Korea - Various Measures on Beef (n 34) para 178.
65. In Dominican Republic - Import and Sale of Cigarettes, the Appellate Body appears to suggest that in para 70, where it indicates that the weighing-and-balancing factors should be taken into account in the less restrictive alternative analysis; WTO Appellate Body Report, WT/ DS302/AB/R, adopted 19 May 2005.
66. CR Sunstein, 'Incommensurability and Valuation in Law' (1993-1994) 92 Mich L Rev 779.
67. CR Sunstein, 'Incommensurability and Valuation in Law' (1993-1994) 92 Mich L Rev Ibid 784.
68. CR Sunstein, 'Incommensurability and Valuation in Law' (1993-1994) 92 Mich L Rev Ibid 796.
69. CR Sunstein, 'Incommensurability and Valuation in Law' (1993-1994) 92 Mich L Rev Ibid 793.
70. CR Sunstein, 'Incommensurability and Valuation in Law' (1993-1994) 92 Mich L Rev Ibid 798.
71. CR Sunstein, 'Incommensurability and Valuation in Law' (1993-1994) 92 Mich L Rev Ibid 803.
72. CR Sunstein, 'Incommensurability and Valuation in Law' (1993-1994) 92 Mich L Rev Ibid 856.
73. CR Sunstein, 'Incommensurability and Valuation in Law' (1993-1994) 92 Mich L Rev Ibid.
74. CR Sunstein, 'Incommensurability and Valuation in Law' (1993-1994) 92 Mich L Rev Ibid 857.
75. R Dworkin, Law's Empire (Hart Publishing, 1998) 255-256
76. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp (n 13) paras 129-131
77. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp (n 13) Ibid para 131.
78. Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Retreaded Tyres (n 45) para 140 (emphasis added).
79. MP Maduro, We The Court - The European Court of Justice and the European Economic Constitution (Hart Publishing, Oxford 1998).
80. MP Maduro, We The Court - The European Court of Justice and the European Economic Constitution (Hart Publishing, Oxford 1998) Ibid 72.
81. MP Maduro, We The Court - The European Court of Justice and the European Economic Constitution (Hart Publishing, Oxford 1998) Ibid 78.
82. Appellate Body Report, Korea - Various Measures on Beef (n 34) para 180 (emphases added).
83. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp (n 13) para 168.
84. See also Appellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences (n 7) para 163.
85. Regan (n 41); Bown and Trachtman (n 42); JHH Weiler, 'Comment - Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres' (2009) 8 WTR 137.