Cold DC-operated air plasma jet for the inactivation of infectious microorganisms

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science

Volumn 40, Issue 11 PART2, 2012, Pages 3007-3026

  Kolb, Juergen F ^a,b   Mattson, Amber M ^b   Edelblute, Chelsea M ^b   Hao, Xiaolong ^c   Malik, Muhammad Arif ^b   Heller, Loree C ^b  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c JIANGNAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Nonthermal plasma; plasma medicine; skin disinfection; wound healing

Indexed keywords

ACINETOBACTERS; AGAR PLATES; AIR PLASMAS; AMBIENT AIR; BAUMANNII; CELL VIABILITY; COLONY FORMING UNITS; DIRECT CURRENT; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; KEFYR; MICROHOLLOW CATHODE DISCHARGES; NONTHERMAL PLASMA; P.AERUGINOSA; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; S. AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; TREATMENT AREA; WOUND HEALING;

ELECTRIC DISCHARGES; MICROBIOLOGY; NITRIC OXIDE; OZONE; PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS; PLASMA JETS; REDUCTION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; YEAST;

BACTERIA;

EID: 84870052072     PISSN: 00933813     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2012.2216292     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. G. Fridman, G. Friedman, A. Gutsol, A. B. Shekhter, V. N. Vasilets, and A. Fridman, "Applied plasma medicine," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 503-533, Aug. 2008.
2. M. Laroussi, "Low-temperature plasmas for medicine?" IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 714-725, Jun. 2009..
3. M. G. Kong, G. Kroesen, G. Morfill, T. Nosenko, T. Shimizu, J. van Dijk, and J. L. Zimmermann, "Plasma medicine: An introductory review," New J. Phys., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 115012-1-115012-35, Nov. 2009.
4. J. Ehlbeck, U. Schnabel, M. Polak, J. Winter, Th. von Woedtke, R. Brandenburg, T. von dem Hagen, and K.-D. Weltmann, "Low temperature atmospheric pressure plasma sources for microbial decontamination," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 013002-1-013002-18, Jan. 2011.
5. K. Kelly-Wintenberg, T. C. Montie, C. Brickman, J. R. Roth, A. K. Carr, K. Sorge, L. C. Wadsworth, and P. P. Tsai, "Room temperature sterilization of surfaces and fabrics with a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma," J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 69-74, Jan. 1998. (Pubitemid 28116602)
6. T. C. Montie, K. Kelly-Wintenberg, and J. R. Roth, "An overview of research using the one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma (OAUGDP) for sterilization of surfaces and materials," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 41-50, Feb. 2000.
7. M. Vleugels, G. Shama, X. T. Deng, E. Greenacre, T. Brocklehurst, and M. G. Kong, "Atmospheric plasma inactivation of biofilm-forming bacteria for food safety control," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 824-828, Apr. 2005. (Pubitemid 40679343)
8. M. Thiyagarajan, I. Alexeff, S. Parameswaran, and S. Beebe, "Atmospheric pressure resistive barrier cold plasma for biological decontamination," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 322-323, Apr. 2005. (Pubitemid 40679395)
9. H. Yu, Z. L. Xiu, C. S. Ren, J. L. Zhang, D. Z. Wang, Y. N. Wang, and T. C. Ma, "Inactivation of yeast by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in helium at atmospheric pressure," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1405-1409, Aug. 2005. (Pubitemid 41554527)
10. M. Laroussi, "Low temperature plasma-based sterilization: Overview and state-of-the-art," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 391-400, Jun. 2005. (Pubitemid 41064407)
11. L. F. Gaunt, C. B. Beggs, and G. E. Georghiou, "Bactericidal action of the reactive species produced by gas-discharge nonthermal plasma at atmospheric pressure: A review," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1257-1269, Aug. 2006. (Pubitemid 44283319)
12. K. Lee, K. H. Paek, W.-T. Ju, and Y. Lee, "Sterilization of bacteria, yeast, and bacterial endospores by atmospheric-pressure cold plasma using helium and oxygen," J. Microbiol., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 269-275, Jun. 2006. (Pubitemid 44874775)
13. J. Choi, I. Han, H. Baik, M. H. Lee, D.-W. Han, J. C. Park, I. S. Lee, K. M. Song, and Y. S. Lim, "Analysis of sterilization effect by pulsed dielectric barrier discharge," J. Electrostat., vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 17-22, Jan. 2006. (Pubitemid 43024631)
14. Y. Jin, C. Ren, Z. Xiu, D. Wang, Y. Wang, and H. Yu, "Comparison of yeast inactivation treated in He, air and N2 DBD plasma," Plasma Sci. Technol., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 720-723, Nov. 2006. (Pubitemid 46222352)
15. G. Fridman, A. D. Brooks, M. Balasubramanian, A. Fridman, A. Gutsol, V. N. Vasilets, H. Ayan, and G. Friedman, "Comparison of direct and indirect effects of non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma on bacteria," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 370-375, May 2007. (Pubitemid 46902308)
16. H. Ayan, D. Staack, G. Fridman, A. Gutsol, Y. Mukhin, A. Starikovskii, A. Fridman, and G. Friedman, "Application of nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharge for biomedical treatment of topographically non-uniform surfaces," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 125 202-125 206, Jun. 2009.
17. Y. F. Hong, J. G. Kang, H. Y. Lee, H. S. Uhm, E. Moon, and Y. H. Park, "Sterilization effect of atmospheric plasma on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis endospores," Lett. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 33-37, Jan. 2009.
18. K. G. Kostov, V. Rocha, C. Y. Koga-Ito, B. M. Matos, M. A. Algatti, R. Y. Honda, M. E. Kayama, and R. P. Mota, "Bacterial sterilization by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in air," Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 204, no. 18/19, pp. 2954-2959, Jun. 2010.
19. H. Chen, F. Bai, and Z. Xiu, "Oxidative stress induced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to dielectric barrier discharge plasma in air at atmospheric pressure," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1885- 1891, Aug. 2010.
20. I. Koban, R. Matthes, N.-O. Hübner, A. Welk, P. Meisel, B. Holtfreter, R. Sietmann, E. Kindel, K.-D. Weltmann, A. Kramer, and T. Kocher, "Treatment of Candida albicans biofilms with low-temperature plasma induced by dielectric barrier discharge and atmospheric pressure plasma jet," New J. Phys., vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 073039-1-073039-16, Jul. 2010.
21. K. Oehmigen, M. Haëhnel, R. Brandenburg, Ch. Wilke, K.-D. Weltmann, and Th. vonWoedtke, "The role of acidification for antimicrobial activity of atmospheric pressure plasma in liquids," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 250-257, Mar. 2010.
22. A. S. Chiper, W. Chen, O. Mejlholm, P. Dalgaard, and E. Stamate, "Atmospheric pressure plasma produced inside a closed package by a dielectric barrier discharge in Ar/CO2 for bacterial inactivation of biological samples," Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 2, p. 025008, Apr. 2011.
23. H. Koinuma, H. Ohkubo, T. Hashimoto, K. Inomata, T. Shiraishi, A. Miyanaga, and S. Hayashi, "Development and application of a microbeam plasma generator," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 816- 817, Feb. 1992.
24. A. Schuetze, J. Y. Jeong, S. E. Babayan, J. Park, G. S. Selwyn, and R. F. Hicks, "The atmospheric-pressure plasma jet. A review and comparison to other plasma sources," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1685-1694, Dec. 1998. (Pubitemid 128739682)
25. H.W. Herrmann, I. Henins, J. Park, and G. S. Selwyn, " Decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2284-2289, May 1999. (Pubitemid 129606749)
26. E. E. Kunhardt, "Generation of large-volume atmospheric-pressure nonequilibrium plasmas," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 189-200, Feb. 2000.
27. E. Stoffels, A. J. Flikweert, W. W. Stoffels, and G. M. W. Kroesen, "Plasma needle: A non-destructive atmospheric plasma source for fine surface treatment of (bio)materials," Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 383-388, Nov. 2002. (Pubitemid 35433980)
28. I. E. Kieft, E. P. v.d Laan, and E. Stoffels, "Electrical and optical characterization of the plasma needle," New J. Phys., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 149, Oct. 2004, (14pp).
29. R. Stonies, S. Schermer, E. Voges, and J. A. C. Broekaert, "A new small microwave plasma torch," Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 604-611, Nov. 2004.
30. S. Förster, C. Mohr, and W. Viöl, "Investigations of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy," Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 200, no. 1-4, pp. 827-830, Oct. 2005. (Pubitemid 41269023)
31. Y. Duan, C. Huang, and Q. Yu, "Low-temperature direct current glow discharge at atmospheric pressure," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 328-329, Apr. 2005. (Pubitemid 40679398)
32. Y. C. Hong and H. S. Uhm, "Microplasma jet at atmospheric pressure," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, no. 22, pp. 221504-1-221504-3, Nov. 2006.
33. M. Laroussi and X. Lu, "Room-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma plume for biomedical applications," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 87, no. 11, pp. 113902-1-113902-3, Sep. 2005.
34. M. Laroussi, C. Tendero, X. Lu, A. Sudhakar, and W. L. Hynes, "Inactivation of bacteria by the plasma pencil," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 3, no. 6/7, pp. 470-473, Aug. 2006. (Pubitemid 44340306)
35. V. Léveillé and S. Coulmbe, "Atomic oxygen production and exploration of reaction mechanisms in a He-O2 atmospheric pressure glow discharge torch," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 587-596, Oct. 2006. (Pubitemid 44613912)
36. J. L. Walsh, J. J. Shi, and M. G. Kong, "Contrasting characteristics of pulsed and sinusoidal cold atmospheric plasma jets," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 88, no. 17, pp. 171501-1-171501-3, Apr. 2006.
37. M. Laroussi and T. Akan, "Arc-free atmospheric pressure cold plasma jets: A review," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 777-788, Nov. 2007. (Pubitemid 350143157)
38. N. Bibinov, D. Dudek, P. Awakowicz, and J. Engemann, " Characterization of an atmospheric pressure dc plasma jet," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 40, no. 23, pp. 7372-7378, Dec. 2007. (Pubitemid 350146609)
39. J. L. Walsh and M. G. Kong, "Room-temperature atmospheric argon plasma jet sustained with submicrosecond high-voltage pulses," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 22, pp. 221502-1-221502-3, Nov. 2007.
40. R. Brandenburg, J. Ehlbeck, M. Stieber, T. von Woedtke, J. Zeymer, O. Schlüter, and K.-D. Weltmann, "Antimicrobial treatment of heat sensitive materials by means of atmospheric pressure RF-driven plasma jet," Contrib. Plasma Phys., vol. 47, no. 1/2, pp. 72-79, Feb. 2007.
41. C. Huang, Q. Yu, F.-H. Hsieh, and Y. Duan, "Bacterial deactivation using a low temperature argon atmospheric plasma brush with oxygen addition," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 77-87, Jan. 2007. (Pubitemid 46190026)
42. S. D. Anghel and A. Simon, "An alternative source for generating atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasmas," Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. B1-B4, Aug. 2007. (Pubitemid 47241033)
43. D. Dudek, N. Bibinov, J. Engemann, and P. Awakowicz, "Direct current plasma jet needle source," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 40, no. 23, pp. 7367-7371, Dec. 2007. (Pubitemid 350146608)
44. A. Yanguas-Gil, K. Focke, J. Benedikt, and A. von Keudell, "Optical and electrical characterization of an atmospheric pressure microplasma jet for Ar/CH4 and Ar/C2H2 mixtures," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 101, no. 10, pp. 103307-1-103307-8, May 2007.
45. R. Foest, E. Kindel, H. Lange, A. Ohl, M. Stieber, and K.-D. Weltmann, "RF capillary jet-A tool for localized surface treatment," Contrib. Plasma Phys., vol. 47, no. 1/2, pp. 119-128, Feb. 2007.
46. X. Lu, Z. Jiang, Q. Xiong, Z. Tang, and Y. Pan, "A single electrode roomtemperature plasma jet device for biomedical applications," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 92, no. 15, pp. 151504-1-151504-3, Apr. 2008.
47. K.-D. Weltmann, R. Brandenburg, T. vonWoedtke, J. Ehlbeck, R. Foest, M. Stieber, and E. Kindel, "Antimicrobial treatment of heat sensitive products by miniaturized atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs)," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 41, no. 19, pp. 194008-1-194008-6, Oct. 2008.
48. X. Lu, Z. Jiang, Q. Xiong, Z. Tang, X. Hu, and Y. Pan, "An 11 cm long atmospheric pressure cold plasma plume for applications of plasma medicine," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 92, no. 8, pp. 081502-1-081502-2, Feb. 2008.
49. J. F. Kolb, A. A. H. Mohamed, R. O. Price, R. J. Swanson, A. Bowman, R. L. Chiavarini, M. Stacey, and K. H. Schoenbach, "Cold atmospheric pressure air plasma jet for medical applications," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 92, no. 24, pp. 241501-1-241501-3, Jun. 2008.
50. C. Jiang, M.-T. Chen, A. Gorur, C. Schaudinn, D. E. Jaramillo, J. W. Costerton, P. P. Sedghizadeh, P. T. Vernier, and M. A. Gundersen, "Nanosecond pulsed plasma dental probe," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 479-483, Aug. 2009.
51. E. Robert, E. Barbosa, S. B. Dozias, M. Vandamme, C. Cachoncinlle, R. Viladrosa, and J. M. Pouvesle, "Experimental study of a compact nanosecond plasma gun," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 795-802, Dec. 2009.
52. S. Reuter, K. Niemi, V. Schulz-von der Gathen, and H. F. Döbele, "Generation of atomic oxygen in the effluent of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet," Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 015006-1- 015006-9, Feb. 2009.
53. S. Rupf, A. Lehmann, M. Hannig, B. Schaëfer, A. Schubert, U. Feldmann, and A. Schindler, "Killing of adherent oral microbes by a non-thermal atmospheric plasma jet," J. Med. Microbiol., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 206-212, Feb. 2010.
54. J. Choi, A.-A. H. Mohamed, S. K. Kang, K. C. Woo, K. T. Kim, and J. K. Lee, "900-MHz nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet for biomedical applications," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 258-263, Mar. 2010.
55. J. O. Kamgang, R. Briandet, J. M. Herry, J. L. Brisset, and M. Naiëtali, "Destruction of planktonic, adherent and biofilm cells of Staphylococcus epidermidis using a gliding discharge in humid air," J. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 621-628, Sep. 2007. (Pubitemid 47256332)
56. Z. Machala, L. Chládeková, and M. Pelach, "Plasma agents in biodecontamination by dc discharges in atmospheric air," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 43, no. 22, pp. 222001-1-222001-7, Jun. 2010.
57. V. Scholtz, J. Julák, and V. Kríha, "The microbicidal effect of low-temperature plasma generated by corona discharge: Comparison of various microorganisms on an agar surface or in aqueous suspension," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 237-243, Mar. 2010.
58. R. A. Venezia, M. Orrico, E. Houston, S. M. Yin, and Y. Y. Naumova, "Lethal activity of nonthermal plasma sterilization against microorganisms," Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 430-436, May 2008. (Pubitemid 351589978)
59. J. C. Joaquin, C. Kwan, N. Abramzon, K. Vandervoort, and G. Brelles-Mariño, "Is gas-discharge plasma a new solution to the old problem of biofilm inactivation?" Microbiology, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 724- 732, Mar. 2009.
60. L. Xu, H. Nonaka, H. Y. Zhou, A. Ogino, T. Nagata, Y. Koide, S. Nanko, I. Kurawaki, and M. Nagatsu, "Characteristics of surfacewave plasma with air-simulated N2-O2 gas mixture for low-temperature sterilization," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 803-808, Feb. 2007. (Pubitemid 46485782)
61. E. Martines, M. Zuin, R. Cavazzana, E. Gazza, G. Serianni, S. Spagnolo, M. Spolaore, A. Leonardi, V. Deligianni, P. Brun, M. Aragona, I. Castagliuolo, and P. Brun, "A novel plasma source for sterilization of living tissues," New J. Phys., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 115014- 1-115014-8, Nov. 2009.
62. Q.-Y. Nie, C.-S. Ren, D.-Z. Wang, and J.-L. Zhang, "A simple cold Ar plasma jet generated with a floating electrode at atmospheric pressure," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 011503-1-011503-3, Jul. 2008.
63. A. Poiata, I. Motrescu, A. Nastuta, D. E. Creanga, and G. Popa, "Microorganism response to atmospheric pressure helium plasma DBD treatment," J. Electrostat., vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 128-131, Apr. 2010.
64. F. Sohbatzadeh, A. Hosseinzadeh Colagar, S. Mirzanejhad, and S. Mahmodi, "E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and B. cereus bacteria sterilization using afterglow of non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure," Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 160, no. 7, pp. 1978-1984, Apr. 2010.
65. G.-M. Xu, Y. Ma, and G.-J. Zhang, "DBD plasma jet in atmospheric pressure argon," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1352-1353, Aug. 2008.
66. G. Daeschlein, T. von Woedtke, E. Kindel, R. Brandenburg, K.-D. Weltmann, and M. Jünger, "Antibacterial activity of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet against relevant wound pathogens in vitro on a simulated wound environment," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 224-230, Mar. 2010.
67. H. Yasuda, T. Miura, H. Kurita, K. Takashima, and A. Mizuno, "Biological evaluation of DNA damage in bacteriophages inactivated by atmospheric pressure cold plasma," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 301-308, Mar. 2010.
68. M. Laroussi and F. Leipold, "Evaluation of the roles of reactive species, heat, and UV radiation in the inactivation of bacterial cells by air plasmas at atmospheric pressure," Int. J. Mass Spectrom., vol. 233, no. 1-3, pp. 81-86, Apr. 2004.
69. R. E. J. Sladek, E. Stoffels, R. Walraven, P. J. A. Tielbeek, and R. A. Koolhoven, "Plasma treatment of dental cavities: A feasibility study," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1540-1543, Aug. 2004.
70. C. Jiang, M.-T. Chen, C. Schaudinn, A. Gorur, P. T. Vernier, J. W. Costerton, D. E. Jaramillo, P. P. Sedghizadeh, and M. A. Gundersen, "Pulsed atmospheric-pressure cold plasma for endodontic disinfection," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 1190-1195, Jul. 2009.
71. H. W. Lee, S. H. Nam, A.-A. H. Mohamed, G. C. Kim, and J. K. Lee, "Atmospheric pressure plasma jet composed of three electrodes: Application to tooth bleaching," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 274-280, Mar. 2010.
72. X. Zhou, Z. Xiong, Y. Cao, X. Lu, and D. Liu, "The antimicrobial activity of an atmospheric-pressure room-temperature plasma in a simulated root-canal model infected with Enterococcus faecalis," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 3370-3374, Dec. 2010.
73. G. B. McCombs and M. L. Darby, "New discoveries and directions for medical, dental and dental hygiene research: Low temperature atmospheric pressure plasma," Int. J. Dental Hygiene, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 10-15, Feb. 2010.
74. X. Lu, Q. Xiong, Z. Tang, Z. Jiang, and Y. Pan, "A cold plasma jet device with multiple plasma plumes merged," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 990-991, Aug. 2008.
75. Q. Y. Nie, Z. Cao, C. S. Ren, D. Z. Wang, and M. G. Kong, "A twodimensional cold atmospheric plasma jet array for uniform treatment of large-area surfaces for plasma medicine," New J. Phys., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 115015-1-115015-14, Nov. 2009.
76. Z. Cao, J. L. Walsh, and M. G. Kong, "Atmospheric plasma jet array in parallel electric and gas flow fields for three-dimensional surface treatment," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 021501-1-021501-3, Jan. 2009.
77. Y. Cao, P. Yang, X. Lu, Z. Xiong, T. Ye, Q. Xiong, and Z. Sun, "Efficacy of atmospheric pressure plasma as an antibacterial agent against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro," Plasma Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 93-98, Feb. 2011.
78. A.-A. H. Mohamed, J. F. Kolb, and K. H. Schoenbach, "Low temperature, atmospheric pressure, direct current microplasma jet operated in air, nitrogen and oxygen," Eur. Phys. J. D, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 517-522, Dec. 2010.
79. H. Fen, P. Sun, Y. Chai, G. Tong, J. Zhang, W. Zhu, and J. Fang, "The interaction of a direct-current cold atmospheric-pressure air plasma with bacteria," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 121-127, Jan. 2009.
80. P. Sun, Y. Sun, H. Wu, W. Zhu, J. L. Lopez, W. Liu, J. Zhang, R. Li, and J. Fang, "Atmospheric pressure cold plasma as an antifungal therapy," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 021501-1-021501-3, Jan. 2011.
81. F. Liu, P. Sun, N. Bai, Y. Tian, H. Zhou, S. Wei, Y. Zhou, J. Zhang, W. Zhu, K. Becker, and J. Fang, "Inactivation of bacteria in an aqueous environment by a direct-current, cold-atmospheric-pressure air plasma microjet," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 231-236, Mar. 2010.
82. N. Bai, P. Sun, H. Zhou, H. Wu, R. Wang, F. Liu, W. Zhu, J. L. Lopez, J. Zhang, and J. Fang, "Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in water by a cold, He/O2 atmospheric pressure plasma microjet," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 424-431, May 2011.
83. M. Bai, Z. Zhang, X. Xue, X. Yang, L. Hua, and D. Fan, "Killing effects of hydroxyl radical on algae and bacteria in ship's ballast water and on their cell morphology," Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 831-840, Dec. 2010.
84. D. Purevdorj, N. Igura, O. Ariyada, and I. Hayakawa, "Effect of feed gas composition of gas discharge plasmas on Bacillus pumilus spore mortality," Lett. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 31-34, Jul. 2003. (Pubitemid 36783076)
85. M. K. Boudam, M. Moisan, B. Saoudi, C. Popovici, N. Gherardi, and F. Massines, "Bacterial spore inactivation by atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the presence or absence of UV photons as obtained with the same gas mixture," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 39, no. 16, pp. 3494-3507, Aug. 2006. (Pubitemid 44192012)
86. M. Moisan, J. Barbeau, S. Moreau, J. Pelletier, M. Tabrizian, and L. H. Yahia, "Low-temperature sterilization using gas plasmas: A review of the experiments and an analysis of the inactivation mechanisms," Int. J. Pharmaceutics, vol. 226, no. 1/2, pp. 1-21, Sep. 2001. (Pubitemid 32800778)
87. A. von Keudell, P. Awakowicz, J. Benedikt, V. Raballand, A. Yanguas-Gil, J. Opretzka, C. Flötgen, R. Reuter, L. Byelykh, H. Halfmann, K. Stapelmann, B. Denis, J. Wunderlich, P. Muranyi, F. Rossi, O. Kylián, N. Hasiwa, A. Ruiz, H. Rauscher, L. Sirghi, E. Comoy, C. Dehen, L. Challier, and J. P. Deslys, "Inactivation of bacteria and biomolecules by low-pressure plasma discharges," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 327-352, Mar. 2010.
88. M. Moisan, J. Barbeau, M.-C. Crevier, J. Pelletier, N. Philip, and B. Saoudi, "Plasma sterilization. Methods and mechanisms," Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 349-358, 2002.
89. H. S. Uhm, J. P. Lim, and S. Z. Li, "Sterilization of bacterial endospores by an atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, no. 26, pp. 261501-1-261501-3, Jun. 2007.
90. S. Li and J. Lim, "Comparison of sterilizing effect of nonequilibrium atmospheric-pressure He/O2 and Ar/O2 plasma jets," Plasma Sci. Technol., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 61-64, Feb. 2008. (Pubitemid 351587995)
91. A. Yousefi Rad, H. Ayhan, U. Kisa, and E. Piskin, "Adhesion of different bacterial strains to low-temperature plasma treated biomedical PVCcatheter surfaces," J. Biomater. Sci. Polym., vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 915-929, 1998. (Pubitemid 28416700)
92. A.-M. Pointu, A. Ricard, E. Odic, andM. Ganciu, "Nitrogen atmospheric pressure post discharges for surface biological decontamination inside small diameter tubes," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 559- 568, 2008.
93. G. Isbary, G. Morfill, H. U. Schmidt, M. Georgi, K. Ramrath, J. Heinlin, S. Karrer, M. Landthaler, T. Shimizu, B. Steffes, W. Bunk, R. Monetti, J. L. Zimmermann, R. Pompl, andW. Stolz, "A first prospective randomized controlled trial to decrease bacterial load using cold atmospheric argon plasma on chronic wounds in patients," Brit. J. Dermatol., vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 78-82, Jul. 2010.
94. J. Heinlin, G. Isbary, W. Stolz, G. Morfill, M. Landthaler, T. Shimizu, B. Steffes, T. Nosenko, J. Zimmermann, and S. Karrer, "Plasma applications in medicine with a special focus on dermatology," J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-11, Jan. 2011.
95. D. Dobrynin, G. Fridman, G. Friedman, and A. Fridman, "Physical and biological mechanisms of direct plasma interaction with living tissue," New J. Phys., vol. 11, no. 11, p. 115 020, Nov. 2009.
96. T. Nosenko, T. Shimizu, and G. E. Morfill, "Designing plasmas for chronic wound disinfection," New J. Phys., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 115013- 1-115013-19, Nov. 2009.
97. G. Lloyd, G. Friedman, S. Jafri, G. Schultz, A. Fridman, and K. Harding, "Gas plasma: Medical uses and developments in wound care," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 3/4, pp. 194-211, Mar. 2010.
98. A. V. Nastuta, I. Topala, C. Grigoras, V. Pohoata, and G. Popa, "Stimulation of wound healing by helium atmospheric pressure plasma treatment," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 105204-1-105204-9, Mar. 2011.
99. S. A. Ermolaeva, A. F. Varfolomeev, and M. Y. Chernukha, "Bactericidal effects of non-thermal argon plasma in vitro, in biofilms and in the animal model of infected wounds," J. Med. Microbiol., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 75-83, Jan. 2011.
100. T. S. Naimi, K. H. LeDell, K. Como-Sabetti, S. M. Borchardt, D. J. Boxrud, J. Etienne, S. K. Johnson, F. Vandenesch, S. Fridkin, C. O'Boyle, R. N. Danila, and R. Lynfield, "Comparison of communityand health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection," J. Amer. Med. Assoc., vol. 290, no. 22, pp. 2976-2984, Dec. 2003. (Pubitemid 37505530)
101. M. Z. David and R. S. Daum, "Community-associated methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic," Clin. Microbiol. Rev., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 616-687, Jul. 2010.
102. F. Perez, A. M. Hujer, K. M. Hujer, B. K. Decker, P. N. Rather, and R. A. Bonomo, "Global challenge of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 3471- 3484, Oct. 2007. (Pubitemid 47519332)
103. L. Dijkshoorn, A. Nemec, and H. Seifert, "An increasing threat in hospitals: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii," Nat. Rev. Microbiol., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 939-951, Dec. 2007. (Pubitemid 350131182)
104. A. N. Kunz and I. Brook, "Emerging resistant gram-negative aerobic bacilli in hospital-acquired infections," Chemotherapy, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 492-500, 2010.
105. C. W. M. Reuter, M. A. Morgan, F.-C. Bange, F. Gunzer, M. Eder, B. Hertenstein, and A. Ganser, "Candida kefyr as an emerging pathogen causing nosocomial bloodstream infections in neutropenic leukemia patients," Clin. Infect. Diseases, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1365-1366, 2005. (Pubitemid 41532689)
106. B. Sendid, C. Lecroix, and M.-E. Bougnoux, "Is Candida kefyr an emerging pathogen in patients with oncohematological diseases," Clin. Infect. Diseases, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 666-667, 2006. (Pubitemid 44267134)
107. X. Lu, T. Ye, Y. Cao, Z. Sun, Q. Xiong, Z. Tang, Z. Xiong, J. Hu, Z. Jiang, and Y. Pan, "The roles of the various plasma agents in the inactivation of bacteria," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 104, no. 5, pp. 053309-1-053309-5, Sep. 2008.
108. A. Hamman, N.-O. Huebner, C. Bender, A. Ekkernkamp, B. Hartmann, P. Hinz, E. Kindel, I. Koban, S. Koch, T. Kohlmann, J. Lademann, R. Matthes, G. Müller, R. Titze, K. D. Weltmann, and A. Kramer, "Antiseptic efficacy and tolerance of tissue-tolerable plasma compared with two wound antiseptics on artificially bacterially contaminated eyes from commercially slaughtered pigs," Skin Pharmacol. Physiol., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 328-332, 2010.
109. C. A. Fux, M. Shirtliff, P. Stoodley, J. W. "Costerton, Can laboratory reference strains mirror "real-world" pathogenesis?" Trends Microbiol., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 58-63, Feb. 2005.. (Pubitemid 40174864)
110. T. Sato, T. Miyahara, A. Doi, S. Ochiai, T. Urayama, and T. Nakatani, "Sterilization mechanism for Escherichia coli by plasma flow at atmospheric pressure," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 073902-1- 073902-2, Aug. 2006.
111. S. Ikawa, K. Kitano, and S. Hamaguchi, "Effects of pH on bacterial inactivation in aqueous solutions due to low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma application," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 33-42, Jan. 2010.
112. T. Shimizu, J. L. Zimmermann, and G. E. Morfill, "The bactericidal effect of surface micro-discharge plasma under different ambient conditions," New J. Phys., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 023026-1-023026-7, Feb. 2011.
113. D. Wang, D. Zhao, K. Feng, X. Zhang, D. Liu, and S. Yang, "The cold and atmospheric-pressure air surface barrier discharge plasma for large-area sterilization applications," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 98, no. 16, pp. 161501-1-161501-3, Apr. 2011.
114. R. E. J. Sladek and E. Stoffels, "Deactivation of Escherichia coli by the plasma needle," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1716-1721, Jun. 2005. (Pubitemid 40871948)
115. G. E. Morfill, M. G. Kong, and J. L. Zimmermann, "Focus on plasma medicine," New J. Phys., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 115011-1-115011-8, Nov. 2009.
116. R. H. Stark and K. H. Schoenbach, "Direct current high-pressure glow discharges," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 2075-2080, 1999. (Pubitemid 129615225)
117. R. H. Stark and K. H. Schoenbach, "Direct current glow discharges in atmospheric air," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 74, no. 25, pp. 3770-3772, Jun. 1999. (Pubitemid 129561838)
118. I. Kraljic and C. N. Trumbore, "p-Nitrosodimethylaniline as an OH radical scavenger in radiation chemistry," J. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 87, no. 12, pp. 2547-2550, Jun. 1965.
119. D. Wabner and C. Grambow, "Reactive intermediates during oxidation of water at lead dioxide and platinium electrodes," J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem., vol. 195, no. 1, pp. 95-108, Nov. 1985.
120. L. C. Heller, C. M. Edelblute, A. M. Mattson, X Hao, and J. F. Kolb, "Inactivation of bacterial opportunistic pathogens by non-thermal dc operated afterglow atmospheric plasma," Lett. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 126-132, Feb. 2011.
121. R. E. J. Sladek, S. K. Filoche, C. H. Sissons, and E. Stoffels, "Treatment of Streptococcus mutans biofilms with a nonthermal atmospheric plasma," Lett. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 318-323, Sep. 2007. (Pubitemid 47294738)
122. T. Shimizu, B. Steffes, F. Jamitzky, W. Bunk, K. Ramrath, M. Georgi, W. Stolz, H.-U. Schmidt, T. Urayama, S. Fujii, and G. E. Morfill, "Characterization of microwave plasma torch for decontamination," Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 577-582, Aug. 2008.
123. T.G. Products. [Online]. Available: www.technicalglass.com/ fused-quartz-transmission.html
124. R. W. B. Pearse and A. G. Gaydon, The Identification of Molecular Spectra., 3 ed. New York: Wiley, 1963.
125. S. L. Daniels, "On the ionization of air for removal of noxious effluvia" (air ionization of indoor environments for control of volatile and particulate contaminants with nonthermal plasmas generated by dielectric-barrier discharge)," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1471-1481, Aug. 2002.
126. E. Goldam and L. H. Green, Eds., Practical Handbook of Microbiology., 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008.
127. N. Damani, Manual of Infection Prevention and Control. NewYork: Oxford Univ. Press, 2012.
128. T. von Woedtke, A. Kramer, K.-D. Weltmann, "Plasma sterilization: What are the conditions to meet this claim?" Plasma Process. Polym., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 534-539, Jul. 2008..
129. M. Moreau, N. Orange, and M. G. J. Feuilloley, "Non-thermal plasma technologies: New tools for bio-decontamination," Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 610-617, Nov./Dec. 2008.
130. S.-M. Kim and J.-I. Kim, "Decomposition of biological macromolecules by plasma generated with helium and oxygen," J. Microbiol., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 466-471, Aug. 2006.
131. S. J. Knabel, H.W.Walker, P. A. Hartman, and A. F. Mendonca, "Effects of growth temperature and strictly anaerobic recovery on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes during pasteurization," Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 370-376, Feb. 1990. (Pubitemid 20055307)
132. G. Cebrián, N. Sagarzazu, R. Pagán, S. Condón, and P.Mañas, "Heat and pulsed electric field resistance of pigmented and non-pigmented enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus in exponential and stationary phase of growth," Int. J. Food Microbiol., vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 304-311, Sep. 2007. (Pubitemid 47391066)
133. G. Y. Liu, A. Essex, J. T. Buchanan, V. Datta, H. M. Hoffman, J. F. Bastian, J. Fierer, and V. Nizet, "Staphylococcus aureus golden pigment impairs neutrophil killing and promotes virulence through its antioxidant activity," J. Exp. Med., vol. 202, no. 2, pp. 209-215, Jul. 2005. (Pubitemid 41043816)
134. I. Digel, A. Temiz Artmann, K. Nishikawa, M. Cook, E. Kurulgan, and G. M. Artmann, "Bacterial effects of plasma-generated cluster ions," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 800-807, 2005.
135. I. Fridovich, "The biology of oxygen radicals," Science, vol. 201, no. 8, pp. 875-880, Sep. 1978.
136. M. Laroussi, D. A. Mendis, and M. Rosenberg, "Plasma interaction with microbes," New J. Phys., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 41-1-41-10, Apr. 2003.
137. E. Stoffels, Y. Sakiyama, and D. B. Graves, "Cold atmospheric plasma: Charged species and their interactions with cells and tissues," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1441-1457, Aug. 2008