Pharmacological effects of ginseng on liver functions and diseases: A minireview

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Huu Tung, Nguyen ^a   Uto, Takuhiro ^a   Morinaga, Osamu ^a   Kim, Young Ho ^b   Shoyama, Yukihiro ^a  

^a NAGASAKI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b Chungnam National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CATALASE; CHIKUSETSU SAPONIN; CYTOCHROME P450; GAMMA INTERFERON; GINSENG EXTRACT; GINSENOSIDE; GINSENOSIDE M 1; GINSENOSIDE RB 1; GINSENOSIDE RD; GINSENOSIDE RE; GINSENOSIDE RG 1; GINSENOSIDE RG 2; GINSENOSIDE RG 3; GLUCOSE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; HEME OXYGENASE 1; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MALONALDEHYDE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE HEPATITIS; ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY; CANCER INHIBITION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; FATTY LIVER; GINSENG; GLYCOGEN LIVER LEVEL; HEPATITIS C; HISTOCHEMISTRY; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER PROTECTION; LIVER REGENERATION; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LUNG TUMOR; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW;

EID: 84867801038     PISSN: 1741427X     EISSN: 17414288     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/173297     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Yun T. K., Brief introduction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2001 16 supplement S3 S5 2-s2.0-0035650950
2. Park J. D., Rhee D. K., Lee Y. H., Biological activities and chemistry of saponins from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Phytochemistry Reviews 2005 4 2-3 159 175 2-s2.0-28644442090 10.1007/s11101-005-2835-8 (Pubitemid 41752174)
3. Ernst E., Panax ginseng: an overview of the clinical evidence. Journal of Ginseng Research 2010 34 4 259 263 2-s2.0-79951777625 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.4.259
4. Choi K. T., Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C A Meyer. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2008 29 9 1109 1118 2-s2.0-51349106992 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00869.x
5. Qi L. W., Wang C. Z., Yuan C. S., Isolation and analysis of ginseng: advances and challenges. Natural Product Reports 2011 28 3 467 495 2-s2.0-79952012614 10.1039/c0np00057d
6. Karmazyn M., Moey M., Gan X. T., Therapeutic potential of ginseng in the management of cardiovascular disorders. Drugs 2011 71 15 1989 2008
7. Buettner C., Yeh G. Y., Phillips R. S., Mittleman M. A., Kaptchuk T. J., Systematic review of the of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2006 40 1 83 95 2-s2.0-32344451301 10.1345/aph.1G216 (Pubitemid 43221479)
8. Radad K., Gille G., Liu L., Rausch W. D., Use of ginseng in medicine with emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 2006 100 3 175 186 2-s2.0-33645058893 10.1254/jphs.CRJ05010X
9. Lee D. C. W., Lau A. S. Y., Effects of Panax ginseng on tumor necrosis factor- α -mediated inflammation: a mini-review. Molecules 2011 16 4 2802 2816 2-s2.0-79955545463 10.3390/molecules16042802
10. Attele A. S., Wu J. A., Yuan C. S., Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochemical Pharmacology 1999 58 11 1685 1693 2-s2.0-0344549853 10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00212-9 (Pubitemid 29505408)
11. Kim W. R., Brown R. S., Terrault N. A., El-Serag H., Burden of liver disease in the United States: summary of a workshop. Hepatology 2002 36 1 227 242 2-s2.0-18444393386 10.1053/jhep.2002.34734 (Pubitemid 34700782)
12. De Smet P. A. G. M., Herbal remedies. The New England Journal of Medicine 2002 347 25 2046 2056 2-s2.0-0037137560 10.1056/NEJMra020398 (Pubitemid 35461662)
13. Kessler R. C., Davis R. B., Foster D. F., Van Rompay M. I., Walters E. E., Wilkey S. A., Kaptchuk T. J., Eisenberg D. M., Long-term trends in the use of complementary and alternative medical therapies in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001 135 4 262 268 2-s2.0-0035928640 (Pubitemid 32799340)
14. Strader D. B., Bacon B. R., Lindsay K. L., La Brecque D. R., Morgan T., Wright E. C., Allen J., Khokar M. F., Hoofnagle J. H., Seeff L. B., Use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with liver disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2002 97 9 2391 2397 2-s2.0-0036735666 10.1016/S0002-9270(02)04350-2
15. Flora K. D., Rosen H. R., Benner K. G., The use of naturopathic remedies for chronic liver disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1996 91 12 2654 2655 2-s2.0-0029902865 (Pubitemid 26406346)
16. 4-treated mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2012 13 2 2314 2330
17. Zuin M., Battezzati P. M., Camisasca M., Riebenfeld D., Podda M., Effects of a preparation containing a standardized ginseng extract combined with trace elements and multivitamins against hepatotoxin-induced chronic liver disease in the elderly. Journal of International Medical Research 1987 15 5 276 281 2-s2.0-0023631316 (Pubitemid 18031217)
18. 2+ and suppression of the MAPK pathway. Proceedings of the Spring International Ginseng Conference April 2012 Jeju, Korea The Korean Society of Ginseng 93
19. El Denshary E. S., Al-Gahazali M. A., Mannaa F. A., Salem H. A., Hassan N. S., Abdel-Wahhab M. A., Dietary honey and ginseng protect against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatonephrotoxicity in rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology,. In press 10.1016/j.etp.2011.01.012
20. Chang H. F., Lin Y. H., Chu C. C., Wu S. J., Tsai Y. H., Chao J. C. J., Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, and Schizandra chinensis extract on liver injury in rats. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2007 35 6 995 1009 2-s2.0-37849028016 10.1142/S0192415X07005466
21. Kim H. J., Chun Y. J., Park J. D., Kim S. I., Roh J. K., Jeong T. C., Protection of rat liver microsomes against carbon tetrachloride-lnduced lipid peroxidation by red ginseng. Planta Medica 1997 63 5 415 418 2-s2.0-0030767339 10.1055/s-2006-957724 (Pubitemid 27399978)
22. Jeong T. C., Kim H. J., Park J. I., Ha C. S., Park J. D., Kim S. I., Roh J. K., Protective effects of red ginseng saponins against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Planta Medica 1997 63 2 136 140 2-s2.0-0030898379 (Pubitemid 27196081)
23. 1-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Journal of Ginseng Research 2011 35 2 243 249 2-s2.0-79959886636 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.243
24. 1 and fumonisins-induced hepatic pre-cancerous lesions in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010 48 2 733 742 2-s2.0-74749087792 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.006
25. Lee H. J., Kim J. H., Lee S. Y., Park J. H., Hwang G. S., Processed ginseng protects t-BHP-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Proceedings of the Spring International Ginseng Conference April 2012 Jeju, Korea The Korean Society of Ginseng 99
26. Shukla R., Kumar M., Role of Panax ginseng as an antioxidant after cadmium-induced hepatic injuries. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2009 47 4 769 773 2-s2.0-60849109190 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.002
27. Karadeniz A., Cemek M., Simsek N., The effects of Panax ginseng and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2009 72 1 231 235 2-s2.0-54049103275 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.021
28. Gum S. I., Jo S. J., Ahn S. H., Kim S. G., Kim J. T., Shin H. M., Cho M. K., The potent protective effect of wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) against benzo[ α ]pyrene-induced toxicity through metabolic regulation of CYP1A1 and GSTs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2007 112 3 568 576 2-s2.0-34347346161 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.014 (Pubitemid 47016888)
29. Lee H. C., Hwang S. G., Lee Y. G., Sohn H. O., Lee D. W., Hwang S. Y., Kwak Y. S., Wee J. J., Joo W. H., Cho Y. K., Moon J. Y., In vivo effects of Panax ginseng extracts on the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system in the liver of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-exposed guinea pig. Life Sciences 2002 71 7 759 769 2-s2.0-0037025060 10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01742-3 (Pubitemid 34632689)
30. Kang K. S., Yamabe N., Kim H. Y., Yokozawa T., Effect of sun ginseng methanol extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats. Phytomedicine 2007 14 12 840 845 2-s2.0-34748876914 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.01.002 (Pubitemid 350016823)
31. Wu X. G., Zhu D. H., Li X., Anticarcinogenic effect of red ginseng on the development of liver cancer induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2001 16 S61 65 2-s2.0-18844468519
32. Matsuda H., Samukawa K. I., Kubo M., Anti-hepatitic activity of ginsenoside Ro. Planta Medica 1991 57 6 523 526 2-s2.0-0026321979
33. Hikino H., Kiso Y., Kinouchi J., Sanada S., Shoji J., Antihepatotoxic actions of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng roots. Planta Medica 1985 51 1 62 64 2-s2.0-0021954659 (Pubitemid 15146417)
34. Song J. H., Park M. J., Kim E., Kim Y. C., Effects of Panax ginseng on galactosamine-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Yakhak Hoeji 1990 34 5 341 347 2-s2.0-0025597150
35. Huh K., Jang B. S., Park J. M., Protective effect of ginseng on bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Korean Journal of Ginseng Science 1988 12 2 114 120
36. Lee F. C., Park J. K., Kim E. K., Ko J. H., Lee J. S., Kim K. Y., The role of Panax ginseng in detoxification of xenobiotics. Proceedings of the 4th International Ginseng Symposium 1984 Seoul, Korea Korean Society of Ginseng
37. Saxena P. N., Mahour K., Analysis of hepatoprotection by Panax ginseng following mercuric chloride intoxication in albino rat. Proceedings of the 9th International Ginseng Symposium 2006 Chungnam, Korea Korean Society of Ginseng
38. Kim T. S., Kim Y. J., Jang S. A., Yang K. H., Seung N. K., Sohn E. H., Protective effects of red ginseng against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Proceedings of the Spring International Ginseng Conference April 2012 Jeju, Korea The Korean Society of Ginseng 100
39. Abdel-Wahhab M. A., Gamil K., El-Kady A. A., El-Nekeety A. A., Naguib K. M., Therapeutic effects of Korean red ginseng extract in Egyptian patients with chronic liver diseases. Journal of Ginseng Research 2011 35 1 69 79
40. Xu X., Ling Q., Wei Q., Korean red ginseng: a new approach for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 2011 43 7 2651 2655
41. Kwon Y. S., Jang K. H., The effect of Korean red ginseng on liver regeneration after 70 hepatectomy in rats. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2004 66 2 193 195 2-s2.0-2342586600 10.1292/jvms.66.193 (Pubitemid 41380336)
42. Kwon Y. S., Jang K. H., Jang I. H., The effects of Korean red ginseng (Ginseng Radix Rubra) on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Science (Suwon-si, Korea) 2003 4 1 83 92 2-s2.0-0041806888
43. Yokozawa T., Seno H., Oura H., Effect of ginseng extract on lipid and sugar metabolism. I. Metabolic correlation between liver and adipose tissue. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1975 23 12 3095 3100 2-s2.0-0016683367
44. Yokozawa T., Kanai K., Takefuji M., Oura H., Effect of Ginseng saponin on liver glycogen content. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1976 24 12 3202 3204 2-s2.0-0017047940 (Pubitemid 8026123)
45. Yamamoto M., Uemura T., Nakama S., Uemiya M., Kumagai A., Serum HDL-cholesterol-increasing and fatty liver-improving actions of Panax ginseng in high cholesterol diet-fed rats with clinical effect on hyperlipidemia in man. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 1983 11 14 96 101 2-s2.0-0021011176
46. El-Serag H. B., Rudolph K. L., Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2007 132 7 2557 2576 2-s2.0-34250020201 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.061 (Pubitemid 46890874)
47. Helms S., Cancer prevention and therapeutics: Panax ginseng. Alternative Medicine Review 2004 9 3 259 274 2-s2.0-4644356962 (Pubitemid 39299200)
48. Ginseng-HCC Chemopreventive Study Osaka Group, Study on chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by ginseng: an introduction to the protocol. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2001 16 supplement S70 S74
49. Nishino H., Tokuda H., Ii T., Takemura M., Kuchide M., Kanazawa M., Mou X. Y., Bu P., Takayasu J., Onozuka M., Masuda M., Satomi Y., Konoshima T., Kishi N., Baba M., Okada Y., Okuyama T., Cancer chemoprevention by ginseng in mouse liver and other organs. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2001 16 supplement S66 69 2-s2.0-0035650874
50. Kamangar F., Gao Y. T., Shu X. O., Kahkeshani K., Ji B. T., Yang G., Li H. L., Rothman N., Chow W. H., Zheng W., Ginseng intake and gastric cancer risk in the Shanghai women's health study cohort. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 2007 16 3 629 630 2-s2.0-34047249739 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-1009 (Pubitemid 46548674)
51. Yun T. K., Experimental and epidemiological evidence on non-organ specific cancer preventive effect of Korean ginseng and identification of active compounds. Mutation Research 2003 523-524 63 74 2-s2.0-0037293971 10.1016/S0027-5107(02)00322-6 (Pubitemid 36293233)
52. Yun T. K., Yun Y. S., Han I. W., Anticarcinogenic effect of long-term oral administration of red ginseng on newborn mice exposed to various chemical carcinogens. Cancer Detection and Prevention 1983 6 6 515 525 2-s2.0-0021008728
53. Kim H. G., Yoo S. R., Park H. J., Lee N. H., Shin J. W., Sathyanath R., Cho J. H., Son C. G., Antioxidant effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in healthy subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2011 49 9 2229 2235 2-s2.0-79960848384 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.020
54. Ramesh T., Kim S. W., Sung J. H., Effect of fermented Panax ginseng extract (GINST) on oxidative stress and antioxidant activities in major organs of aged rats. Experimental Gerontology 2012 47 1 77 84 10.1016/j.exger.2011.10. 007
55. Shim J. Y., Kim M. H., Kim H. D., Ahn J. Y., Yun Y. S., Song J. Y., Protective action of the immunomodulator ginsan against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury via control of oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2010 242 3 318 325 2-s2.0-73449110468 10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.005
56. Yokozawa T., Kang K. S., Yamabe N., Kim H. Y., Therapeutic potential of heat-processed Panax ginseng with respect to oxidative tissue damage. Drug Discovery & Therapeutics 2007 1 1 30 44
57. Voces J., Alvarez A. I., Vila L., Ferrando A., Cabral De Oliveira C., Prieto J. G., Effects of administration of the standardized Panax ginseng extract G115 on hepatic antioxidant function after exhaustive exercise. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 1999 123 2 175 184 2-s2.0-0033011578 10.1016/S0742-8413(99)00025-0 (Pubitemid 29241801)
58. Song S. B., Tung N. H., Quang T. H., Ngan N. T. T., Kim K. E., Kim Y. H., Inhibition of TNF- α -mediated NF- κ B transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells by dammarane-type saponins from Panax ginseng leaves. Journal of Ginseng Research 2012 36 2 146 152
59. Liu Y., Zhang J. W., Li W., Ma H., Sun J., Deng M. C., Yang L., Ginsenoside metabolites, rather than naturally occurring ginsenosides, lead to inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Toxicological Sciences 2006 91 2 356 364 2-s2.0-33744799726 10.1093/toxsci/kfj164 (Pubitemid 43827288)
60. 1 and compound K on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury. Liver International 2005 25 5 1069 1073 2-s2.0-26044454091 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01068.x (Pubitemid 41404031)
61. 1 in HepG2 cells. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008 601 13 73 78 2-s2.0-56949098411 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.057
62. 1 on rat liver phosphoproteins induced by carbon tetrachloride. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1996 19 6 834 838 2-s2.0-0029659026
63. 1 inhibits cell activation and liver fibrosis in rat hepatic stellate cells. Journal of Medicinal Food 2011 14 10 1135 1143 10.1089/jmf.2010.1485
64. Sakakibara K., Shibata Y., Higashi T., Sanada S., Shoji J., Effect of Ginseng saponins on cholesterol metabolism. I. The level and the synthesis of serum and liver cholesterol in rats treated with ginsenosides. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1975 23 5 1009 1016 2-s2.0-0016806097
65. 1 on cholesterol synthesis in rats fed on high-fat diet. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1978 26 9 2844 2849 2-s2.0-0018087757 (Pubitemid 9028007)
66. 1 on regulation of rat liver triglycerides. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2002 25 4 457 460 2-s2.0-11144305181 10.1248/bpb.25.457 (Pubitemid 40036735)
67. 1 from Panax notoginseng prevents hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2010 634 13 162 169 2-s2.0-77951207151 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.02.022
68. 1 suppresses hepatic glucose production via AMP-activated protein kinase in HepG2 cells. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2010 33 2 325 328 2-s2.0-76049120447 10.1248/bpb.33.325
69. Yuan H. D., Kim S. J., Quan H. Y., Kim D. Y., Kim G. W., Chung S. H., Ginsenoside Re attenuates alcoholic fatty liver disease via regulation of AMPK and MAPK pathways in alcohol-fed ICR mice. Proceedings of the Spring International Ginseng Conference April 2012 Jeju, Korea The Korean Society of Ginseng 114
70. Quan H. Y., Yuan H. D., Jung M. S., Ko S. K., Park Y. G., Chung S. H., Ginsenoside Re lowers blood glucose and lipid levels via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in HepG2 cells and high-fat diet fed mice. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2012 29 1 73 80
71. 2 induces orphan nuclear receptor SHP gene expression and inactivates GSK3 β via AMP-activated protein kinase to inhibit hepatic glucose production in HepG2 cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2012 195 1 35 42 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.10.006
72. Cho S. H., Chung K. S., Choi J. H., Kim D. H., Lee K. T., Compound K, a metabolite of ginseng saponin, induces apoptosis via caspase-8-dependent pathway in HL-60 human leukemia cells. BMC Cancer 2009 9, article 149 1 13 2-s2.0-74549165964 10.1186/1471-2407-9-149
73. 3 inhibits colorectal tumor growth through the down-regulation of Wnt/ β -catenin signaling. International Journal of Oncology 2011 38 2 437 445 2-s2.0-78651246162 10.3892/ijo.2010.858
74. 3 in human colorectal cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology 2008 32 5 975 983 2-s2.0-45849092251
75. 3 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth via intrinsic apoptotic pathway. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011 17 31 3605 3613 10.3748/wjg.v17.i31.3605
76. 3 on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Molecular Medicine Reports 2012 5 5 1295 1298
77. Song G., Guo S., Wang W., Hu C., Mao Y., Zhang B., Zhang H., Hu T., Intestinal metabolite compound K of ginseng saponin potently attenuates metastatic growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by augmenting apoptosis via a bid-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2010 58 24 12753 12760 2-s2.0-78650410644 10.1021/jf103814f
78. Kim D. Y., Yuan H. D., Chung I. K., Chung S. H., Compound k, intestinal metabolite of ginsenoside, attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation via AMPK Activation in human hepatoma cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2009 57 4 1532 1537 2-s2.0-64549086074 10.1021/jf802867b
79. 2 on tert -butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2005 28 10 1992 1994 2-s2.0-26444610004 10.1248/bpb.28.1992 (Pubitemid 41437098)
80. Nobili V., Carter-Kent C., Feldstein A. E., The role of lifestyle changes in the management of chronic liver disease. BMC Medicine 2011 9, article 70 1 7 2-s2.0-79957917060 10.1186/1741-7015-9-70
81. Scott-Luper N. D., A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part 1. Alternative Medicine Review 1998 3 6 410 421 2-s2.0-0032239998
82. Loguercio C., Festi D., Silybin and the liver: from basic research to clinical practice. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011 17 18 2288 2301 2-s2.0-79957833378 10.3748/wjg.v17.i18.2288