Red ginseng extract protects against aflatoxin B1 and fumonisins-induced hepatic pre-cancerous lesions in rats

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 733-742

  Abdel Wahhab, Mosaad A ^a   Hassan, Nabila S ^a   El Kady, Ahmed A ^a   Khadrawy, Yasser A ^a   El Nekeety, Aziza A ^a   Mohamed, Sherif R ^a   Sharaf, Hafiza A ^a   Mannaa, Fathia A ^a  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Aflatoxin; Chemoprevention; Fumonisin; Ginseng; Liver

Indexed keywords

AFLATOXIN B1; FUMONISIN; GINSENG EXTRACT; MYCOTOXIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BODY WEIGHT; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOPLASM; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FEMALE; FOOD INTAKE; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; INTOXICATION; LIVER; LIVER CELL; MORPHOMETRICS; NONHUMAN; PRECANCER; RAT;

AFLATOXIN B1; ANIMALS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; BODY WEIGHT; CHEMOPREVENTION; FEMALE; FUMONISINS; GINSENOSIDES; LIVER; LIVER NEOPLASMS; PANAX; PLANT EXTRACTS; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY;

PANAX GINSENG; RATTUS;

EID: 74749087792     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.006     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Abdel-Aziz T.A.M., Fouad H.H., Rashed L.A., Salama H.A.S., Abdel-Wahhab M.A., and Ahmed T. Interferon-α gene therapy prevents aflatoxin and carbon tetrachloride promoted hepatic carcinogenesis in rats. Int. J. Mol. Med. 15 (2005) 21-26
2. Abdel-Wahhab M.A., and Ahmed H.H. Protective effects of Korean Panax ginseng against chromium VI toxicity and free radical generation in rats. J. Ginseng Res. 28 (2004) 11-17
3. Abdel-Wahhab M.A., and Aly S.E. Antioxidants and radical scavenging properties of vegetable extracts in rats fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2003) 2409-2414
4. Abdel-Wahhab M.A., and Aly S.E. Antioxidant property of Nagilia sativa (Black cumin) and Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) in rats during aflatoxicosis. J. Appl. Toxicol. 25 (2005) 218-223
5. Abdel-Wahhab M.A., Nada S.A., Farag I.M., Abbas N.F., and Amra H.A. Potential protective effect of HSCAS and bentonite against dietary aflatoxicosis in rat: with special reference to chromosomal aberrations. Nat. Toxins 6 (1998) 211-218
6. Abdel-Wahhab M.A., Nada S.A., and Amra H.A. Effect of aluminosilicates and bentonite on aflatoxin-induced developmental toxicity in the rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 19 (1999) 199-204
7. Abdel-Wahhab M.A., Amer H.A., Hassan N.S., Hassan A.M., and Naguib K. Effects of garlic and cabbage extracts on fuminisin-induced toxicity in rats. J. Egypt. Soc. Toxicol. 26 (2002) 1-12
8. Abdel-Wahhab M.A., Nada S.A., and Khalil F.A. Physiological and toxicological responses in rats fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet with or without sorbent materials. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 10740 (2002) 1-11
9. Abdel-Wahhab M.A., Hassan A.M., Amer H.A., and Naguib K.M. Prevention of fumonisin-induced maternal and developmental toxicity in rats by certain plant extracts. J. Appl. Toxicol. 24 (2004) 469-474
10. 1. Pharm. Biol. 43 6 (2005) 515-525
11. 1-initiated hepatotoxicity in rat by marine algae extracts. J. Appl. Toxicol. 26 3 (2006) 229-238
12. 1-intitiated hepatic carcinogenicity. Afr. J. Trad. CAM 4 3 (2007) 248-256
13. 1-induced toxicity in primary rat hepatocytes and rat liver in vivo. Toxicology 131 2-3 (1998) 121-131
14. Balla G., Jacob H.S., Balla J., Rosenberg M., Nath K., Apple F., Eaton J.W., and Vercellotti G.M. Ferritin: a cytoprotective antioxidant strategem of endothelium. J. Biol. Chem. 267 25 (1992) 18148-18153
15. Barber M.D., McMillan D.C., Wallace A.M., Ross J.A., Preston T., and Fearon K.C. The response of leptin, interleukin-6 and fat oxidation to feeding in weight-losing patients with pancreatic cancer. Br. J. Cancer 90 (2004) 1129-1132
16. Chang M.S., Lee S.G., and Rho H.M. Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng. Phytother. Res. 13 8 (1999) 641-644
17. Chung E., Lee K.Y., Lee Y.J., Lee Y.H., and Lee S.K. Ginsenoside Rg1 down-regulates glucocorticoid receptor and displays synergistic effects with cAMP. Steroids 63 7-8 (1998) 421-424
18. da Silva, T.C., Paula da Silva, A., Akisue, G., Luis Avanzo, J., Kazumi, Nagamine, M., Fukumasu, H., Matsuzaki, P., César Raspantini, P., Haraguchi, M., Lima Górniak, S., Dagli, M.L., 2005. Inhibitory effects of Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng) on preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in a mouse hepatocarcinogenesis model. Cancer Lett. 226(2), 107-113.
19. Dayan A.D., and Paine A.J. Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the literature from 1985 to 2000. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 20 (2001) 439-451
20. 1-containing Fusarium moniliforme culture material in weaned piglets. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41 10 (2003) 1345-1353
21. Drury R.A.V., and Wallington E.A. Carltons Histological techniques. fifth ed. (1980), Oxford University Press, New York, Pronto p. 206SY
22. Edrington T.S., Kamps-Holtzapple C.A., Harvey R.B., Kubena L.F., Elissalde M.H., and Rottinghaus G.E. Acute hepatic and renal toxicity in lambs dosed with fumonisin containing culture materials. J. Anim. Sci. 73 (1995) 508-515
23. El-Kady, A.A., Hosain, A.M., Park, M.H., Kim, Y.T., Park, H.H., Abdel-Wahhab, M.A., 2006. Efficacy of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenosides Rg3 against oxidative stress of PCBs in rats. In: Proceeding of the Ninth International Symposium on Ginseng, Korea, 25-28. pp 599-615.
24. El-Nekeety A.A., El-Kholy W., Abbas N.F., Ebaid A., Amra H.A., and Abdel-Wahhab M.A. Efficacy of royal jelly against the oxidative stress of fumonisin in rats. Toxicon 50 (2007) 256-269
25. El-Serag H.B., and Mason A.C. Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. New Engl. J. Med. 340 (1999) 745-750
26. El-Zayadi A., Abaza H., Shawky S., Mohamed M.K., Selim O.E., and Badran H.M. Prevalence and epidemiological features of hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt - a single center experience. Hepatol. Res. 19 (2001) 70-179
27. Gelderblom W.C.A., Jaskiewicz K., Marasas W.C.A., Thiel P.G., Horak R., Vleggaar R., and Kriek N.P.J. Fumonisins-novel mycotoxins with cancer promoting activity produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54 (1988) 1806-1811
28. Gelderblom W.C.A., Lebepe-Mazur S., Snijman P.W., Abel S., Swanevelder S., Kriek N.P.J., and Marasas W.F.O. Toxicological effects in rats chronically fed low dietary levels of fumonisin B1. Toxicology 161 (2001) 39-51
29. 1 in rat liver-role of cell proliferation. Cancer Lett. 169 (2001) 127-137
30. 1 in a short-termcarcinogenesis model in rat liver. Toxicology 171 (2002) 161-173
31. Gierek T., Kokot F., Pilch J., Wiecek A., Paluch J., and Franek E. The concentration of ferritin in blood serum of patients with neoplasms of the larynx and the maxillary-ethmoidal complex. Otolaryngol. Pol. 49 Suppl. 20 (1995) 81-83
32. Hassan A.M., and Abdel-Wahhab M.A. Antioxidant effect of parsley oil and Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenosides Rg3 against alteration induced in reproductive functions in male mice. Egypt. J. Hospit. Med. 22 (2006) 60-72
33. 1-induced enzyme altered hepatic foci in rats and hamsters. Carcinogenesis 17 (1996) 2495-2499
34. 1 carcinogenicity in a two-year feeding study using F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 (2001) 277-282
35. Howe H.L., Wingo P.A., Thun M.J., Ries L.A., Rosenberg H.M., Feigal E.G., and Edwards B.K. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer (1973 through 1998), featuring cancers with recent increasing trends. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93 (2001) 824-842
36. IARC, 1993. Aflatoxins. In: IRAC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 56. IRAC, Lyon, France, pp. 243-395.
37. Imam A., Abdel-Rahim F., Hassan N.S., Shallan M., and Abdel-Wahhab M.A. Biochemical studies on the protective role of Aquilegia vulgaris L. during fumonisin toxicity. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. 23 (2008) 502-519
38. Jeong T.C., Kim H.J., Park J.I., Ha C.S., Kim S.I., and Rho J.K. Protective effects of red ginseng saponins against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Planta Med. 63 (1997) 136-140
39. Keum Y.S., Park K.K., Lee J.M., Chun K.S., Park J.H., Lee S.K., Kwon H., and Surh Y.J. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Lett. 150 (2000) 41-48
40. Keum Y.S., Han S.S., Chun K.S., Park K.K., Park J.H., Lee S.K., and Surh Y.J. Inhibitory effects of the ginsenoside Rg3 on phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression, NF-kappa B activation and tumor promotion. Mutat. Res. 523-524 (2003) 75-85
41. Khalil W.K.B., Hassan A.M., Ahmed K.A., Park M.H., Kim Y., Park H.H., and Abdel-Wahhab M.A. Protective effects of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 against EDTA-induced toxicity in male rats. Arch. Toxicol. 82 3 (2008) 183-195
42. Kim H.J., Chun Y.J., Park J.D., Kim S.I., Roh J.K., and Jeong T.C. Protection of rat liver microsomes against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation by red ginseng saponin through cytochrome P450 inhibition. Planta Med. 63 (1997) 415-418
43. Kim Y.W., Song D.K., Kim V.V.H., Lee K.M., Wie M.B., Kim Y.H., Kee S.H., and Cho M.K. Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract decreases serum gamma-globulin and IgG1 iso-type in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 58 (1997) 55-58
44. Kim S.E., Lee Y.H., Park J.H., and Lee S.K. Ginsenoside-Rs4, a new type of ginseng saponin concurrently induces apoptosis and selectively elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAF1 in human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells. Eur. J. Cancer. 35 3 (1999) 507-511
45. Kirkali Z., Esen A.A., Kirkali G., and Güner G. Ferritin: a tumor marker expressed by renal cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol. 28 2 (1995) 131-134
46. Ko R.J. Adulterants in Asian patent medicines. N. Engl. J. Med. 39 (1998) 847
47. Ko S.R., Choi K.J., Kim S.C., and Kim M.W. Contents of crude saponin and ginsenosides in white ginsengs. Korean J Pharmacol. 20 (1989) 170-174
48. Konoshima T., Takasaki M., Ichiishi E., Murakami T., Tokuda H., Nishino H., Duc N.M., Kasai R., and Yamasaki K. Cancer chemopreventive activity of majonoside-R2 from Vietnamese ginseng, Panax vietnamensis. Cancer Lett. 147 (1999) 11-16
49. Lee, F.C., Park, J.K., Kim, E.K., Ko, J.H., Lee, J.S., Kim, K.Y., 1984. The role of Panax ginseng in detoxification of xenobiotics. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Ginseng Symposium, pp. 21-26.
50. Levi S., Luzzago A., Cesareni G., Cozzi A., Franceschinelli F., Albertini A., and Arosio P. Mechanism of ferritin iron uptake: activity of the H-chain and deletion mapping of the ferro-oxidase site. A study of iron uptake and ferro-oxidase activity of human liver, recombinant H-chain ferritins, and of two H-chain deletion mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 263 34 (1988) 18086-18092
51. Li L., Qi F.Y., Liu J.R., and Zuo L.F. Effects of ginsenoside Rh2 (GS-Rh2) on cell cycle of Eca-109 esophageal carcinoma cell line. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 30 20 (2005) 1617-1621
52. Li Q., Shi S., Liu Q., Tang J., Song J., and Liang Y. Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg1, cinnamic acid, and tanshinone in osteosarcoma MG-63 cells: Nuclear matrix down regulation and cytoplasmic trafficking of nucleophosmin. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 40 9 (2008) 1918-1929
53. Lin J.H., Wu L.S., Tsai K.T., Leu S.P., Jeang Y.F., and Hsieh M.T. Effects of ginseng on the blood chemistry profile of dexamethasone-treated male rats. Am. J. Clin. Med. 23 (1995) 167-172
54. Liu S.J., and Zhou S.W. Panax notoginseng saponins attenuated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 21 3 (2000) 257-265
55. Mannaa F., Abdel-Wahhab M.A., Ahmed H.H., and Park M.H. Protective role of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 26 (2006) 198-206
56. Matsuda H., Namba K., Fukuda S., Tani T., and Kubo M. Pharmacological study on Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. IV. Effects of red ginseng on experimental disseminated intravascular coagulation. (3). Effect of ginsenoside-Ro on the blood coagulative and fibrinolytic system. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 34 5 (1986) 2100-2104
57. Mayura K., Abdel-Wahhab M.A., McKenzie K.S., Sarr A.B., Edwards J.F., Naguib K., and Phillips T.D. Prevention of maternal and developmental toxicity in rats via dietary inclusion of common aflatoxin sorbents: potential for hidden risks. Toxicol. Sci. 41 (1998) 175-182
58. Mitchell J.R., Jollow D.J., Potter W.Z., Gillette J.R., and Brodie B.B. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 187 (1973) 211-217
59. Mokhles M., Abdel-Wahhab M.A., Tawfik M., Ezzat W., Gamil K., and Mohamed M.I. Detection of aflatoxin among hepatocellular carcinoma patients in Egypt. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10 9 (2007) 1422-1429
60. Moroz C., Chetrit A., Kahn M., and Modan B. FBL blood test as a predictive marker of breast cancer in high risk women. Med. Oncol. 14 1 (1997) 39-42
61. 1. Cancer Res. 40 (1980) 4739-4743
62. Norred W.P., and Voss K.A. Toxicity and role of fumonisins in animal and human esophagal cancer. J. Food Prot. 57 (1994) 522-527
63. Ogunbiyi J.O. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the developing world. Semin. Oncol. 28 (2001) 179-987
64. Oh S.H., and Lee B.H. A ginseng saponin metabolite-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells involves a mitochondria-mediated pathway and its downstream caspase-8 activation and Bid cleavage. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 194 (2004) 221-229
65. Oh M., Choi Y.H., Choi S., Chung H., Kim K., Kim S.I., Kim D.K., and Kim N.D. Anti-proliferating effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Int. J. Oncol. 14 5 (1999) 869-875
66. Ola S.O., Akanji A.O., and Ayoola E.A. The diagnostic utility of serum ferritin. Estimation in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Trop. Geogr. Med. 47 6 (1995) 302-304
67. Ozen H., Uygur C., Sahin A., Tekgül S., Ergen A., and Remzi D. Clinical significance of serum ferritin in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urology 46 4 (1995) 494-498
68. 1 stimulates cPLA(2) phosphorylation, the arachidonic acid cascade and cAMP production. Carcinogenesis 20 9 (1999) 1683-1688
69. Qureshi A.A., Abuirmeileh N., Din Z.Z., Ahmad I.Y., Burger W.C., and Elson C.E. Suppression of cholesterogenesis and reduction of LDL cholesterol by dietary ginseng and its fractions in chicken liver. Atherosclerosis 48 (1983) 81-94
70. 1-treated male Wister rats: preventive effect of picroliv. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 88 (2001) 53-58
71. Rheeder J.P., Marasas W.F.O., Thiel P.G., Sydenham E.W., Shephard G.S., and Van Schalkwyk D.J. Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisins in maize in relation to human esophageal cancer in Transkei. Phytopathology 82 (1992) 353-357
72. SAS Institute Inc., 1982. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
73. Schinella G.R., Tournier H.A., Prieto J.M., Mordujovich de Buschiazzo P., and Rios J.L. Antioxidant activity of anti-inflammatory plant extracts. Life Sci. 70 (2002) 1023-1033
74. Schultz F.H., Lowe R., and Woodley R.A. A possible effect of ginseng on serum HDL cholesterol. Fed. Proc. 39 (1980) 554-558
75. Sell S., Xy K.L., Huff W.E., Kubena L.F., Harvey R.B., and Dunsford H.A.A. Aflatoxin exposure produces serum alphafetoprotein elevations and marked oval cell proliferation in young male pekin ducklings. Pathology 30 (1998) 34-39
76. Shephard G.S., Thiel P.G., Stockenstrom S., and Sydenham E.W. Worldwide survey of fumonisin contamination of corn and corn-based products. J. AOAC Int. 79 (1996) 671-687
77. Sherif S.O., Salama E.E., and Abdel-Wahhab M.A. Mycotoxins and child health: the need for health risk assessment. (Review) Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 212 (2009) 347-368
78. Slifman N.R., Obermeyer W.R., Aloi B.K., Musser S.M., Correll Jr. W.A., Cichowicz S.M., Betz J.M., and Love L.A. Contamination of botanical dietary supplements by Digitalis lanata. New Engl. J. Med. 17,339 12 (1998) 806-811
79. Surh Y.J. Molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor promoting activities of heat-processed ginseng. J. Korean Med. Sci. 16 Suppl. (2001) S38-S41
80. Tatsuta M., Yamamura H., Iishi H., Kasugai H., and Okuda S. Value of serum alpha-fetoprotein and ferritin in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 43 5 (1986) 306-310
81. Taylor-Robinson S.D., Foster G.R., Arora S., Hargreaves S., and Thomas H.C. Increase in primary liver cancer in the UK 1979-94. Lancet 350 (1997) 1142-1143
82. 1 on body weight, antibody titres and histology of broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 47 3 (2006) 357-364
83. Ueno Y., Iijima K., Wang S.D., Suguira Y., Sekijima M., Tanaka T., Chen C., and Yu S.Z. Fumonisins as a possible contributing risk factor for primary liver cancer: a 3 year study of corn harvested in Haimen, China by HPLC and ELISA. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35 (1997) 1143-1150
84. Velazquez R.E., Rodriguez M., Navascues C.A., Linares A., Perez R., Sotorrios N.G., Martinez I., and Rodrigo L. Prospective analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 37 (2003) 520-527
85. Waller R.A., and Duncan D.B. A Bayes rule for the symmetric multiple comparison problems. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 64 (1969) 1484-1503
86. WHO, 2002. Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food. Fifty-sixth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO, Technical Report Series 906, WHO, Geneva.
87. Wu X.G., Zhu D.H., and Li X. Anticarcinogenic effect of red ginseng on the development of liver cancer induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats. J. Korean Med. Sci. 16 Suppl. (2001) S61-S65
88. Xiaoguang C., Hongyan L., Xiaohong L., Zhaodi F., Yan L., Lihua T., and Rui H. Cancer chemoprevention and therapeutic activities of red ginseng. J. Ethnopharmacol. 60 (1998) 71-78
89. Yamamoto, M., Kumagai, A., 1984. Long term ginseng effects on hyperlipidemia in man with further study of its actions on atherogenesis and fatty liver in rats. In: Proceedings of Fourth International Ginseng Symposium, pp. 13-20.
90. Yang, L.L., Yu, W.C., Yen, K.Y., 1993. Immunopotentiator in Chinese medicinal ginsengs. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Ginseng Symposium, pp. 49-51.
91. 1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Fisher 344 rats. Carcinogenesis 21 (2000) 2237-2243
92. Yim H.W., Jong H.S., Kim T.Y., Choi H.H., Kim S.G., Song S.H., Kim J., Ko S.G., Lee J.W., Kim T.Y., and Bang Y.J. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibits novel ginseng metabolite-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 1952-1960
93. 1 on lipid peroxidation in membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1371 1 (1998) 134-142
94. Yokozawa, K., 1988. Effect of serial administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 on streptozotocin-diabetic rats. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Ginseng Symposium, pp. 63-69.
95. Yokozawa T., and Liu Z.W. The role of ginsenoside-Rd in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. Ren. Fail. 22 2 (2000) 115-127
96. Yokozawa T., Zhou J.J., Hattori M., Inaba S., Okada T., and Oura H. Effects of ginseng in nephrectomized rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17 11 (1994) 1485-1489
97. Yuan S.S., Tsai K.B., Chung Y.F., Vhan T.F., Yeh Y.T., Tsai L.Y., and Su J.H. Aberrant expression and possible involvement of the leptin receptor in endometrial cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 92 (2004) 769-775
98. Yun Y.S., Jo S.K., Moon H.S., Kimn Y.J., Oh Y.R., and Yun T.K. Effect of red ginseng on natural killer cell activity in mice with lung adenoma induced by urethan and benzo[a]pyrene. Cancer Detect. Prev. (Suppl.) 1 (1987) 301-309
99. Zeng X.L., and Tu Z.G. Effect of telomerase on ginsenoside Rh2-induced differentiation of hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC-7721. Ai Zheng 23 12 (2004) 1655-1659
100. Zeng X.L., and Tu Z.G. Induction of differentiation by ginsenoside Rh2 in hepatocarcinoma cell SMMC-7721. Ai Zheng 23 8 (2004) 879-884
101. Zhang D., Yasuda T., Yu Y., Sheng P., Kawabata T., Ma Y., and Okada S. Ginseng extract scavenges hydroxyl radical and protects unsaturated fatty acids from decomposition caused by iron mediated lipid peroxidation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20 1 (1996) 145-150