The role of chemokines in mediating graft versus host disease: Opportunities for novel therapeutics

Frontiers in Pharmacology

Volumn 3 FEB, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Castor, Marina G M ^a   Pinho, Vanessa ^a   Teixeira, Mauro M ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Chemokines; GVHD; Inflammation; Therapy

Indexed keywords

2 CYANO N (2,5 DIBROMOPHENYL) 3 HYDROXYCROTONAMIDE; 4 (4 HYDROXYANILINO) 6,7 DIMETHOXYQUINAZOLINE; 4(3' HYDROXYPHENYL)AMINO 6,7 DIMETHOXYQUINAZOLINE; CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR3; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR7; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR9 ANTAGONIST; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4 ANTAGONIST; CXCL1 CHEMOKINE; DACLIZUMAB; ETANERCEPT; EVASIN 1; FRACTALKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLIXIMAB; JANEX 3; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MARAVIROC; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NR 58 3143; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE GAMMA; PLERIXAFOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALLOGENIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CROHN DISEASE; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BINDING; DRUG TARGETING; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; GRAFT VERSUS LEUKEMIA EFFECT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION; LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION; LYMPHOCYTE MIGRATION; LYMPHOID ORGAN; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROPHYLAXIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN TARGETING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPLEEN CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 84865988546     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16639812     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00023     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Addison,C. L.,Daniel,T. O.,Burdick,M. D., Liu, H., Ehlert, J. E., and Xue,Y. Y. (2000). The CXC chemokine recep-tor 2,CXCR2,is the putative receptor for ELR + CXC chemokine-induced angiogenic activity. J. Immunol. 165, 5269-5277.
2. Alcami, A. (2003). Viral mimicry of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 36-50.
3. Asavaroengchai,W.,Wang, H.,Wang, S., Wang, L., Bronson, R., Sykes, M., and Yang, Y. (2007). An essential role for IFN-γ in regulation of alloreactive CD8 T cells following an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 13, 46-55.
4. Baker, M. B., Altman, N. H., Podack, E. R., and Levy, R. B. (1996). The role of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in acute GVHD after MHC-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplan-tation in mice. J. Exp. Med. 183, 2645-2656.
5. Berger, M., Wettstein, P. J., and Korngold, R. (1994). T cell sub-sets involved in lethal graft-versus-host disease directed to immun-odominant minor histocompatibil-ity antigens. Transplantation 57, 1095-1102.
6. Bogunia-Kubik,K.,Duda,D.,Suchnicki, K., and Lange, A. (2006). CCR5 deletion mutation and its associ-ation with the risk of developing acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 91, 1628-1634.
7. Bouazzaoui, A., Spacenko, E., Mueller, G., Miklos, S., Huber, E., and Holler, E. (2009). Chemokine and chemokine receptor expres-sion analysis in target organs of acute graft-versus-host disease. Genes Immun. 10, 687-701.
8. Braun, M. Y., Lowin, B., French, L., Acha-Orbea, H., and Tschopp, J. (1996) Cytotoxic T cells defi-cient in both functional fas lig-and and perforin show residual cytolytic activity yet lose their capac-ity to induce lethal acute graft-versus-host disease. J. Exp. Med. 183, 657-661.
9. Broxmeyer, H. E. (2008). Chemokines in hematopoiesis. Curr. Opin. Hema-tol. 15, 49-58.
10. Broxmeyer, H. E., Orschell, C. M., and Clapp, D. W. (2005). Rapid mobilization of murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist. J. Exp. Med. 201, 1307-1318.
11. Calcaterra, C., Sfondrini, L., Rossini, A., Sommariva, M., Rumio, C., Menard, S., and Balsari, A. (2008). Critical role of TLR9 in acute graft-versus-host disease. J. Immunol. 181, 6132-6139.
12. Carlson,M. J.,Fulton,L. M.,Coghillm,J. M., West, M. L., Burgents, J. E., Wan, Y., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Tedder, T. F., Blazar, B. R., and Serody, J. S. (2010). L-selectin is dispens-able for T regulatory cell function postallogeneic bone marrow trans-plantation. Am. J. Transplant. 10, 2596-2603.
13. Castor, M. G. M., Rezende, B., Bernardes, P. T. T., Vieira, T. A., Arantes, R. M. E., Souza, D. G., Silva Teixeira, M. M., and Pinho, V. (2011). PI3Kγ controls leukocyte recruitment,tissue injury and lethal-ity in a model of graft versus host disease in mice. J. Leukoc. Biol. 89, 955-964.
14. Castor, M. G. M., Rezende, B., Resende, C. B., Alessandri, A. L., Fagundes, C. T., de Sousa, L. P., Arantes, R. M. E., Souza, D. G., Silva, T. A., Proudfoot, A. E., Teixeira, M. M., and Pinho, V. (2010). The CCL3/MIP-1α bind-ing protein evasin-1 protects from graft-versus-host disease but does not modify graft-versus-leukemia in mice. J. Immunol. 184, 2646-2654.
15. Cetkovic-Cvrlje, M., Roers, B. A., Schonhoff, D., Waurzyniak, B., Liu, X. P., and Uckun, F. M. (2002). Treatment of post-bone marrow transplant acute graft-versus-host disease with a rationally designed JAK3 inhibitor. Leuk. Lymphoma 43, 1447-1453.
16. Cetkovic-Cvrlje, M., Roers, B. A., Wau-rzyniak, B., Liu, X., and Uckun, F. M. (2001). Targeting Janus kinase 3 to attenuate the sever-ity of acute graft-versus-host dis-ease across the major histocompat-ibility barrier in mice. Blood 98, 1607-1613.
17. Cetkovic-Cvrlje, M., and Uckun, F. M. (2004). Dual targeting of Bru-ton's tyrosine kinase and Janus kinase 3 with rationally designed inhibitors prevents graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a murine allo-geneic bone marrow transplanta-tion model. Br. J. Haematol. 126, 821-827.
18. Chakraverty, R., Coté, D., Buchli, J., Cotter, P., Hsu, R., Zhao, G., Sachs, T., Pitsillides, C. M., Bronson, R., Means, T., Lin, C., and Sykes, M. (2006). An inflammatory check-point regulates recruitment of graft-versus-host reactive T cells to phe-ripheral tissues. J. Exp. Med. 203, 2021-31.
19. Charo, I. F., and Ransohoff, R. M. (2006). The many roles of chemokines and chemokines recep-tors in inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 610-621.
20. Choi, J. H., Yoon, H., Min, C., and Choi, E. Y. (2011). Effects of pre-conditioning dose on the immune kinetics and cytokine production in the leukocytes infiltrating GVHD tissues after MHC-matched trans-plantation. Immune Netw. 1, 68-78
21. Choi, S. W., Hildebrandt, G. C., Olkiewicz, K. M., Hanauer, D. A., Chaudhary, M. N., Silva, I. A., Rogers, C. E., Deurloo, D. T., Fisher, J. M., Liu, C., Adams, D., Chen-sue, S. W., and Cooke, K. R. (2007). CCR1:CCL5 (RANTES) receptor ligand interactions modulates allo-geneic T cell responses and reduces graft-versus-host disease following stem cell transplantation. Blood 110, 3447-3455.
22. Choi, S. W., Levine, J. E., and Fer-rara, J. L. M. (2010). Pathogenesis and management of graft-versus-host disease. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 30, 75-101.
23. Cooke, K. R., Krenger, W., Hill, G., Mar-tin, T. R., Kobzik, L., and Brewer, J. (1998). Host reactive donor T cells are associated with lung injury after experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 92, 2571-2580.
24. Cyster, J. G. (1999). Chemokines, and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs. Science 286, 2098-2102.
25. Déruaz, M., Frauenschuh, A., Alessan-dri, A. L., Dias, J. M., Coelho, F. M., Russo, R. C., Ferreira, B. R., Gra-ham, G. J., Shaw, J. P., Wells, T. N., Teixeira, M. M., Power, C. A., and Proudfoot, A. E. (2008). Ticks pro-duce highly selective CBPs with anti-inflammatory activity. J. Exp. Med. 205, 2019-2031.
26. Devetten, M. P., and Vose, J. M. (2004). Graft-versus-host disease: how to translate new insights into new ther-apeutic strategies. Biol. Blood Mar-row Transplant. 10, 815-825.
27. Devine,S. M.,Vij,R.,Rettig,M.,Todt,L., McGlauchlen, K., Fisher, N., Devine, H.,Link,D. C.,Calandra,G.,Bridger, G., Westervelt, P., and Dipersio, J. F. (2008). Rapid mobilization of func-tional donor hematopoietic cells without G-CSF using AMD3100, an antagonist of the CXCR4/SDF-1 interaction. Blood 112, 990-998.
28. Duffner, U., Lu, B., Hildebrandt, G. C., Teshima, T., Williams, D. L., and Reddy, P. (2003). Role of CXCR3-induced donor T-cell migration in acute GVHD. Exp. Hematol. 31, 897-902.
29. Durakovic, N., Bezak, K. B., Skarica, M., Radojcic, V., Fuchs, E. J., Mur-phy, G. F., and Luznik, L. (2006). Host-derived Langerhans cells per-sist after MHC-matched allograft-ing independent of donor T cells and critically influence the allore-sponses mediated by donor lym-phocyte infusions. J. Immunol. 177, 4414-4425.
30. Faaij, C. M., Lankester, A. C., Spierings, E., Hoogeboom, M., Bowman, E. P., and Bierings, M. (2006). A possi-ble role for CCL27/CTACK-CCR10 interaction in recruiting CD4 T cells to skin in human graft-versus-host disease. Br. J. Haematol. 133, 538-549.
31. Ferrara, J. L. (1993). Cytokine dysreg-ulation as a mechanism of graft-versus-host disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 5, 794-799.
32. Ferrara, J. L., Levine, J. E., Reddy, P., and Holler, E. (2009). Graft-versus-host disease. Lancet 373, 1550-1561.
33. Ferrara, J. L. M., and Reddy, P. (2006). Pathophysiology of graft-versus-host disease. Semin. Hematol. 43, 3-10.
34. Flier, J., Boorsma, D. M., van Beek, P. J., Nieboer, C., Stoof, T. J., and Willemze, R. (2001). Differen-tial expression of CXCR3 target-ing chemokines CXCL10, CXCL9, and CXCL11 in different types of skin inflammation. J. Pathol. 194, 398-405.
35. Frauenschuh, A., Power, A. C., Déruaz, M., Ferreira, B., Teixeira, M. M., Martin, T., Wells, T. N. C., and Proudfoot, A. E. I. (2007). Mole-cular cloning and characterization of a highly selective chemokine-binding protein from the tick Rhipi-cephalus sanguineus. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 27250-27258.
36. Garin, A., and Proudfoot, A. E. (2011). Chemokines as targets for therapy. Exp. Cell Res. 10, 602-612.
37. Goker, H., Hanznedaroglu, I. C., and Chao, N. J. (2001). Acute graft-vs-host disease: pathobiology and man-agement. Exp. Hematol. 29,259-277
38. Gonzalo, J. A., Lloyd, C. M., Wen, D., Albar, J. P., Wells, T. N., Proud-foot, A., Martinez-A, C., Dorf, M., Bjerke,T.,Coyle,A. J.,and Gutierrez-Ramos,J. C. (1998). The coordinated action of CC chemokines in the lung orchestrates allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. J. Exp. Med. 188, 157-167.
39. Grainger, D. J., and Reckless, J. (2003). Broad-spectrum chemokine inhibitors (BSCIs) and their anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Biochem. Pharmacol. 65, 1027-1034
40. Greenbaum, A. M., and Link, D. C. (2011). Mechanisms of G-CSF mediated hematopoietic stem and progenitor mobilization. Leukemia 25, 211-217.
41. Hadeiba, H., Sato, T., Habtezion, A., Oderup, C., Pan, J., and Butcher, E. C. (2008). CCR9 expression defines tolerogenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells able to suppress acute graft-versus-host disease. Nat. Immunol. 9, 1253-1260.
42. Hasegawa, H., Inoue, A., Kohno, M., Lei, J., Miyazaki, T., and Yoshie, O. (2008). Therapeutic effect of CXCR3-expressing regulatory T cells on liver, lung and intestinal damages in a murine acute GVHD model. Gene Ther. 15, 171-182.
43. Hesselgesser, J., Ng, H. P., Liang, M., Zheng, W., May, K., Bauman, J. G., Monahan, S., Islam, I., Wei, G. P., Ghannam, A., Taub, D. D., Rosser, M., Snider, R. M., Morrissey, M. M., Perez, H. D., and Horuk, R. (1998). Identification and characterization of small molecule functional antago-nists of the CCR1 chemokine recep-tor. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 15687-15692
44. Hildebrandt, G. C., Corrion, L. A., Olkiewicz, K. M., Lu, B., Lowler, K., and Duffner, U. A. (2004a). Block-ade of CXCR3 receptor:ligand inter-actions reduces leukocyte recruit-ment to the lung and the sever-ity of experimental idiopathic pneu-monia syndrome. J. Immunol. 173, 2050-2059.
45. Hildebrandt, G. C., Duffner, U. A., Olkiewicz, K. M., Corrion, L. A., Willmarth, N. E., and Williams, D. L. (2004b). A critical role for CCR2/MCP-1 interactions in the development of idiopathic pneumo-nia syndrome after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 103, 2417-2426.
46. Hildebrandt, G. C., Olkiewicz, K. M., Corrion, L. A., Chang, Y., Clouthier, S. G., and Liu, C. (2004c). Donor derived TNF-alpha regulates pul-monary chemokine expression and the development of idiopathic pneu-monia syndrome after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 104, 586-593.
47. Hildebrandt, G. C., Olkiewicz, K. M., Choi, S., Corrion, L. A., Clouthier, S. G., Liu, C., Serody, J. S., and Cooke, K. R. (2005). Donor T-cell produc-tion of RANTES significantly con-tributes to the development of idio-pathic pneumonia syndrome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 105, 2249-2257.
48. Hildebrandt, G. C., Olkiewicz, K. O., Corrion, L. A., Chang,Y., Liu, C., and Ferrara, J. L. M. (2003). Secretion of TNF-alpha by donor effector cells is critical in the development of idio-pathic pneumonia syndrome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 102, 3529.
49. Hill, G. R., Crawford, J. M., Cooke,K. R., Brinson, Y. S., Pan, L., and Ferrara, J. L. (1997). Total body irradiation and acute graft-versus-host disease: the role of gastrointestinal damage and inflammatory cytokines. Blood 90, 3204-3213.
50. Hill, G. R., Kuns, R. D., Raffelt, N. C., Don, A. L., Olver, S. D., Markey, K. A., Wilson, Y. A., Tocker, J., Alexan-der, W. S., Clouston, A. D., Roberts, A. W., and MacDonald, K. P. (2010). SOCS3 regulates graft-versus-host disease. Blood 116, 287-296.
51. Hogg, N., Henderson, R., Leitinger, B., McDowall, A., Porter, J., and Stanley, P. (2002). Mechanisms contributing to the activity of integrins on leuko-cytes. Immunol. Rev. 186, 164-171.
52. Hogg, N., Laschinger, M., Giles, K., and McDowall, A. (2003). T cell inte-grins: more than just sticking points. J. Cell. Sci. 116, 4695-4705.
53. Horuk, R., and Proudfoot, A. E. (2009). Drug discovery targeting the chemokine system -where are we? Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.) 1, 209-219
54. Howard, J. G., and Woodruff, M. F. A. (1961). Effect of the graft-versus-host reaction on the immunolog-ical responsiveness on the mouse. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 154, 532-539.
55. Ichiba, T., Teshima, T., Kuick, R., Misek, D. E., Liu, C., and Takada, Y. (2003). Early changes in gene expression profiles of hepatic GVHD uncov-ered by oligonucleotide microarrays. Blood 102, 763-771.
56. Jaksch, M., and Mattsson, J. (2005). The pathophysiology of acute graft-versus-host disease. Scand. J. Immunol. 61, 398-409.
57. Johnson, B. D., Becker, E. E., and Truitt, R. L. (1999). Graft-vs.-host and graft-vs.-leukemia reac-tions after delayed infusions of donor T-subsets. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 5, 123-132.
58. Johnson, B. D., Hanke, C. A., and Tru-itt, R. L. (1996). The graft-versus-leukemia effect of post-transplant donor leukocyte infusion. Leuk. Lymphoma 23, 1-9.
59. Kittan, N. A., and Hildebrandt, G. C. (2010). The chemokine system: a possible therapeutic target in acute graft-versus-host disease. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 341, 97-120.
60. Kolb, H. J. (2008). Graft-versus-leukemia effects of transplantation and donor lymphocytes. Blood 112, 4371-4379.
61. Krenger, W., Hill, G. R., and Ferrara, J. L. M. (1997). Cytokine cascades in acute graft-versus-host disease. Transplantation 27, 553-558.
62. Krenger, W., Rossi, S., Piali, L. and Hol-lander, G. A. (2000). Thymic atro-phy in murine acute graft-versus-host disease is effected by impaired cell cycle progression of host pro-T and pre-T cells. Blood 96, 347-354.
63. Lapp, W. S., Ghayur, T., Mendes, M., Seddik, M., and Seemayer, T. A. (1985). The functional and histological basis for graft-versus-host induced immunosuppression. Immunol. Rev. 88, 107-133.
64. Ley, K., and Kansas, G. S. (2004). Selectins in T-cell recruitment to non-lymphoid tissues and sites of inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 325-335.
65. Liu, R., Paxton, W. A., Choe, S., Cera-dini, D., Martin, S. R., Horuk, R., Macdonald, M. E., Stuhlmann, H., Koup, R. A., and Landau, N. R. (1996). Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individ-uals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86, 367-377.
66. Lu, S. X., Alpdogan, O., Lin, J., Balderas, R., Campos-Gonzalez, R., Wang, X., Gao, G., Suh, D., King, C., Chow, M., Smith, O., Hubbard, V. M., Bautista, J. L., Perez, J. C., Zakrzewski, J. L., Kochman, A. A., Chow, A., Altan-Bonnet, G., and van den Brink, M. R. (2008). STAT-3 and ERK 1/2 phos-phorylation are critical for T-cell alloactivation and graft-versus-host disease. Blood 112, 5254-5258.
67. Lu, S. X., Holland, A. M., Na, I. K., Terwey, T. H., Alpdogan, O., Bautista, J. L., Smith, O. M., Suh, D., King, C., Kochman, A., Hub-bard, V. M., Rao, U. K., Yim, N., Liu, C., Laga, A. C., Murphy, G., Jenq, R. R., Zakrzewski, J. L., Penack, O., Dykstra, L., Bampoe, K., Perez, L., Furie, B., Furie, B., and van den Brink, M. R. (2010). Absence of P-selectin in recipients of allo-geneic bone marrow transplanta-tion ameliorates experimental graft-versus-host disease. J. Immunol. 185, 1912-1919.
68. Luster,A. D.,Alon, R., and Von Andrian, U. H. (2005). Immune cell migration in inflammation: present and future therapeutic targets. Nat. Immunol. 6, 1182-1190.
69. Ma, H., Ziegler, J., Li, C., Sepulveda, A., Bedeir, A., Grandis, J., Lentzsch, S., and Mapara, Y. M. (2011). Sequen-tial activation of inflammatory sig-naling pathways during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): early role for STAT1 and STAT3. Cell. Immunol. 268, 37-46.
70. Mackay, C. R. (2001). Chemokines: immunology's high impact factors. Nat. Immunol. 2, 95-101.
71. Mapara, M. Y., Leng, C., Kim, Y., Bronson, R., Lokshin, A., Luster, A., and Sykes, M. (2006). Expres-sion of chemokines in GVHD target organs in influenced by condition-ing and genetic factors and ampli-fied by GVHR. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 12, 623-634.
72. Merad, M., Hoffmann, P., Ranheim, E., Slaymaker, S., Manz, M. G., and Lira, S. A. (2004). Depletion of host Langerhans cells before transplanta-tion of donor alloreactive T cells pre-vents skin graft versus-host disease. Nat. Med. 10, 510-517.
73. Merad, M., Manz, M. G., Karsunky, H., Wagers, A., Peters, W., and Charo, I. (2002). Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under steady-state conditions. Nat. Immuol. 3, 1135-1141.
74. Miklos, S., Mueller, G., Chang, Y., Bouazzaoui, A., Spacenko, E., and Schubert, T. E. (2009). Preventive usage of broad spectrum chemokine inhibitor NR58-3.14.3 reduces the severity of pulmonary and hepatic graft-versus-host disease. Int. J. Hematol. 89, 383-397.
75. Moll, N. M., and Ransohoff, R. M. (2010). CXCL12 and CXCR4 in bone marrow physiology. Expert Rev. Hematol. 3, 315-322.
76. Moser, B., Wolf, M., Walz, A., and Loetscher, P. (2004). Chemokines: multiple levels of leukocyte migra-tion control. Trends Immunol. 25, 75-84.
77. Muller, G., Hopken, U. E., and Lipp, M. (2003). The impact of CCR7 and CXCR5 on lymphoid organ development and systemic immu-nity. Immunol. Rev. 195, 117-135.
78. Murai, M., Yoneyama, H., Harada, A., Yi, Z., Vestergaard, C., and Guo, B. (1999). Active participation of CCR5(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of liver injury in graft-versus-host disease. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 49-57.
79. Murai, M., Yoneyama, H., Ezaki, T., Suematsu, M., Terashima, Y., and Harada, A. (2003). Peyer's patch is the essential site in initiating murine acute and lethal graft-versus-host reaction. Nat. Immunol. 4, 154-160
80. Murphy, P. M. (2002). International Union of Pharmacology. XXX. Update on chemokine receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol. Rev. 54, 227-229.
81. Murphy, P. M., Baggiolini, M., Charo, I. F.,Hebert,C. A.,Horuk,R.,and Mat-sushima, K. (2000). International Union of Pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine recep-tors. Pharmacol. Rev. 52, 145-176.
82. New, J. Y., Li, B., Koh, W. P., Ng, H. K., Tan,S.Y.,andYap,E. H. (2002). T cell infiltration and chemokine expres-sion: relevance to the disease local-ization in murine graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 29, 979-986.
83. Ohl, L., Henning, G., Krautwald, S., Lipp,M.,Hardtke,S.,and Bernhardt, G. (2003). Cooperating mechanisms of CXCR5 and CCR7 in develop-ment and organization of secondary lymphoid organs. J. Exp. Med. 197, 1199-1204.
84. Palmer, L. A., Sale, G. E., Balogun, J. I., Li, D., Jones, D., Molldrem, J.J.,Storb,R.F.,and Ma,Q. (2010). Chemokine receptor CCR5 mediates alloimmune responses in graft-versus-host disease. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 16, 311-319.
85. Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Strieter, R. M., Hermanson, J. R., Fegeding, K. V., Murphy, W. J., and Farrell, C. L. (2000). Induction of monocyte-and T-cell-attracting chemokines in the lung during the generation of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome following allogeneic murine bone marrow transplantation. Blood 96, 834-839.
86. Park, H. B., Oh, K., Garma, N., Seo, M. W., Byoun, O. J., Lee, H. Y., and Lee, D. S. (2010). CP-690550, a Janus kinase inhibitor, suppresses CD4+ T-cell-mediated acute graft-versus-host disease by inhibiting the interferon-γ pathway. Transplanta-tion 90, 825-835.
87. Pease, J. E., and Horuk, R. (2009). Chemokine receptor antagonists: part 2. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 19, 199-221.
88. Piper, K. P., Horlock, C., Curnow, S. J., Arrazi, J., Nicholls, S., and Mahendra, P. (2007). CXCL10-CXCR3 interactions play an impor-tant role in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease in the skin following allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Blood 110, 3827-3832.
89. Proudfoot, A. E., Buser, R., Bor-lat, F., Alouani, S., Soler, D., Offord, R. E., Schroder, J. M., Power, C. A., and Wells, T. N. (1999). Amino-terminally modi-fied RANTES analogues demon-strate differential effects on RANTES receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 32478-32485.
90. Proudfoot, A. E., Power, C. A., and Schwarz, M. K. (2010). Anti-chemokine small molecule drugs: a promising future? Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 19, 345-355.
91. Pusic, I., and DiPersio, J. F. (2008). The use of growth factors in hematopoi-etic stem cell transplantation. Curr. Pharm. Des. 14, 1950-1961.
92. Rao, A. R., Quinones, M. P., Garavito, E., Kalkonde, Y., Jimenez, F., and Gibbons, C. (2003). CC chemokine receptor 2 expression in donor cells serves an essential role in graft-versus-hostdisease. J. Immunol. 171, 4875-4885.
93. Reckless, J., Tatalick, L. M., and Grainger, D. J. (2001). The pan-chemokine inhibitor NR58-3.14.3 abolishes tumour necrosis factor-alpha accumulation and leucocyte recruitment induced Chemokines and graft versus host disease by lipopolysaccharide in vivo. Immunology 103, 244-254.
94. Reiss, Y., Proudfoot, A. E., Power, C. A., Campbell, J. J., and Butcher, E. C. (2001). CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4 and the CCR10 ligand cuta-neous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK) in lymphocyte trafficking to inflamed skin. J. Exp. Med. 194, 1541-1547.
95. Rezvani, K., and Barrett, J. (2008). Char-acterizing, and optimizing immune responses to leukemia antigens after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 21, 437-453.
96. Ribas, C., Penela, P., Murga, C., Salcedo, A., García-Hoz, C., Jurado-Pueyo, M., Aymerich, I., and Mayor, F. Jr. (2007). The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) interactome: role of GRKs in GPCR regulation and signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1768, 913-922.
97. Rolink, A. G., and Gleichmann, E. (1983). Allosuppressor-and allohelper-T cells in acute and chronic graft-vs.-host (GVH) disease. III. Different Lyt subsets of donor T cells induce different pathological syndromes. J. Exp. Med. 158, 546-558.
98. Rollins, B. J. (1997). Chemokines. Blood 90, 909-928
99. Rot, A., and Von Andrian, U. H. (2004). Chemokines in innate and adaptive host defense: basic chemokinese grammar for immune cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22, 891-928.
100. Russo, R. C., Garcia, C. C., and Teixeira, M. M. (2010). Anti-inflammatory drug development: broad or spe-cific chemokine receptor antagonists? Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. 13, 414-427.
101. Samson, M., Libert, F., Doranz, B. J., Rucker, J., Liesnard, C., Farber, C. M., Saragosti, S., Lapoumer-oulie, C., Cognaux, J., Forceille, C., Muyldermans, G., Verhofstede, C., Burtonboy, G., Georges, M., Imai, T., Rana, S.,Yi,Y., Smyth, R. J., Collman, R. G., Doms, R. W., Vassart, G., and Parmentier, M. (1996). Resistance to HIV-1 infection in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alle-les of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature 382, 722-725.
102. Saruta, M., Yu, Q. T., Avanesyan, A., Fleshner, P. R., Targan, S. R., and Papadakis, K. A. (2007). Pheno-type and effector function of CC chemokine receptor 9-expressing lymphocytes in small intestinal Crohn's disease. J. Immunol. 178, 3293-3300.
103. Sasaki, M., Hasegawa, H., Kohno, M., Inoue, A., Ito, M. R., and Fujita, S. (2003). Antagonist of secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (CCR ligand 21) prevents the develop-ment of chronic graft versus-host disease in mice. J. Immunol. 170, 588-596.
104. Sato, T., Thorlacius, H., Johnston, B., Staton, T. L., Xiang, W., and Littman, D. R. (2005). Role for CXCR6 in recruitment of activated CD8{thorn}lymphocytes to inflamed liver. J. Immunol. 174, 277-283.
105. Schleuning, M. (2000). Adoptive allo-geneic immunotherapy: history and future perspectives. Transfus. Sci. 23, 133-150.
106. Schmaltz, C., Alpdogan, O., and Horn-dasch, K. J. (2001). Differential use of Fas ligand and perforin cyto-toxic pathways by donor T cells in graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia effect. Blood 97, 2886-2895.
107. Schroeder, M. A., and DiPersio, J. F. (2011). Mouse models of graft-versus-host disease: advances and limitations. Dis. Model Mech. 4, 378-333.
108. Semerad, C. L., Christopher, M. J., and Liu, F. (2005). G-CSF potently inhibits osteoblast activ-ity and CXCL12 mRNA expression in the bone marrow. Blood 106, 3020-3027.
109. Serody, J. S., Burkett, S. E., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Ng-Cashin, J., McMahon, E., Matsushima, G. R., Lira, S. A., Cook, D. N., and Blazar, B. R. (2000). T-lymphocyte produc-tion of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α is critical to recruitment of CD8+ T cells to the liver, lung, and spleen during graft-versus-host disease. Blood 96, 2973-2980.
110. Serody, J. S., Cook, D. N., Kirby, S. L., Reap, E., Shea, T. C., and Frelinger, J. A. (1999). Murine T lymphocytes incapable of producing macrophage inhibitory protein-1α are impaired in causing graft-versus-host disease across a class I but not class II major histocompatibility complex barrier. Blood 93, 43-50.
111. Shlomchik, W. D. (2007). Graft-versus-host disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7, 340-352.
112. Smith, P., Fallon, R. E., Mangan, N. E., Walsh, C. M., Saraiva, M., Say-ers, J. R., Mckenzie, A. N., Alcami, A., and Fallon, P. G. (2005). Schisto-soma mansoni secretes a chemokine binding protein with antiinflam-matory activity. J. Exp. Med. 202, 1319-25.
113. Socié, G., and Blazar, B. R. (2009). Acute graft-versus-host disease; from the bench to the bedside. Blood 114, 4327-4336.
114. Sprent, J., Schaefer, M., Lo, D., and Korngold, R. (1986). Properties of purified T cell subsets. II. In vivo responses to class I vs. class II H-2 differences. J. Exp. Med. 163, 998-1011.
115. Strieter, R. M., Burdick, M. D., Gomperts, B. N., Belperio, J. A., and Keane, M. P. (2005). CXC chemokines in angiogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16, 593-609.
116. Sun, K., Welniak, L. A., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., O'Shaughnessy, M. J., Liu, H., Barao, I., Riordan, W., Sitcheran, R., Wysocki, C., Serody, J. S., Blazar, B. B. R., Sayers, T. J., and Murphy, W. J. (2004). Inhibition of acute graft-versus-host disease with retention of graft-versus-tumor effects by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 8120-8125.
117. Sun, K., Wilkins, D. E., Anver, M. R., Sayers, T. J., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Blazar, B. R., Wel-niak, L. A., and Murphy, W. J. (2005). Differential effects of pro-teasome inhibition by bortezomib on murine acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): delayed admin-istration of bortezomib results in increased GVHD-dependent gas-trointestinal toxicity. Blood 106, 3293-3299.
118. Terwey, T. H., Kim, T. D., Kochman, A. A., Hubbard, V. M., Lu, S., and Zakrzewski, J. L. (2005). CCR2 is required for CD8-induced graft-versus-host disease. Blood 106, 3322-3330.
119. Uckun, F. M., Roers, B. A., Waurzy-niak, B., Liu, X., and Cetkovic-Cvrlje, M. (2002). Janus kinase 3 inhibitor WHI-P131/JANEX-1 prevents graft-versus-host disease but spares the graft-versus-leukemia function of the bone marrow allo-grafts in a murine bone marrow transplantation model. Blood 99, 4192-4199.
120. Ueha, S., Murai, M., Yoneyama, H., Kitabatake, M., Imai, T., and Shi-maoka, T. (2007). Intervention of MAdCAM-1 or fractalkine alleviates graft-versus-host reac-tion associated intestinal injury while preserving graft-versus-tumor effects. J. Leukoc. Biol. 81, 176-185.
121. Varona, R., Cadenas, V., Lozano, M., Moreno-Ortiz, M. C., Kremer, L., and Martinez, A. C. (2006). CCR6 regulates the function of alloreactive and regulatory CD4{thorn}T cells during acute graft-versushostdisease. Leuk. Lymphoma 47, 1469-1476.
122. Welniak, L. A., Blazar, B. R., and Murphy, W. J. (2007). Immunobi-ology of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25, 139-170.
123. Welniak, L. A., Wang, Z., and Sun, K. (2004). An absence of CCR5 on donor cells results in acceleration of acute graft-vs-host disease. Exp. Hematol. 32, 318-324.
124. White, J. R., Lee, J. M., Young, P. R., Hertzberg, R. P., Jurewicz, A. J., Chaikin, M. A., Widdowson, K., Foley, J. J., Martin, L. D., Griswold, D. E., and Sarau, H. M. (1998). Identification of a potent, selective non-peptide CXCR2 antagonist that inhibits interleukin-8-induced neu-trophil migration. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 10095-10098.
125. Will, A., and Wynn, R. (2006). Diagno-sis of acute graft-versus-host disease. Transplantation 81, 505-506.
126. Wysocki, C. A., Burkett, S. B., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Kirby, S. L., Luster, A. D., McKinnon, K., Blazar, B. R., and Serody, S. J. (2004). Differential roles for CCR5 expression on donor T cells during graft-versus-host disease based on pretransplant conditioning. J. Immunol. 173, 845-854.
127. Wysocki, C. A., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Blazar, B. R., and Serody, J. S. (2005). Leukocyte migration and graft-versus-host disease. Blood 105, 4191-4199.
128. Yakoub-Agha, I., Saule, P., Depil, S., Micol, J. B., Grutzmacher, C., and Boulanger-Villard, F. (2006). A high proportion of donor CD4+ T cells expressing the lymph node-homing chemokine receptor CCR7 increases incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host disease in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation for hemato-logical malignancy. Leukemia 20, 1557-1565.
129. Yi, T., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Du, G., Huang, D., Zhao, D., Johnston, H., Young, J., Todorov, I., Umetsu, D. T., Chen, L., Iwakura, Y., Kan-deel, F., Forman, S., and Zeng, D. (2009). Reciprocal differentia-tion and tissue-specific pathogene-sis of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells in graft-versus-host disease. Blood 114, 3101-3112.
130. Zhang, Y., Joe, G., Hexner, E., Zhu, J., and Emerson, S. G. (2005). Allore-active memory T cells are respon-sible for the persistence of graft-versus-host disease. J. Immunol. 174, 3051-3058.
131. Zlotnik, A., and Yoshie, O. (2000). Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 12, 121-127.