Targeting the Tumor Stroma as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Prostate Cancer

Advances in Pharmacology

Volumn 65, Issue , 2012, Pages 267-313

  Franco, Omar E ^a   Hayward, Simon W ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

CAF; Microenvironment; Prostate cancer; Treatment; Tumor stroma

Indexed keywords

5 CHLORO N2 [1 (5 FLUORO 2 PYRIMIDINYL)ETHYL] N4 (5 METHYL 1H PYRAZOL 3 YL) 2,4 PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE; ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN; BEVACIZUMAB; CALVASCULIN; CAVEOLIN 1; CELECOXIB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; METFORMIN; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTOR; PLERIXAFOR; SILTUXIMAB; TOCILIZUMAB; VIMENTIN;

ARTICLE; CANCER GROWTH; CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED FIBROBLAST; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL HETEROGENEITY; CELL INTERACTION; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CYTOLOGY; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; EPITHELIUM CELL; FIBROBLAST; HUMAN; MESENCHYMAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; MYOFIBROBLAST; NEOPLASM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; ONTOGENY; PERICYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; SENESCENCE; STROMA CELL; TUMOR CELL; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 84865846892     PISSN: 10543589     EISSN: 15578925     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-397927-8.00009-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (186)

1. Aarabi S., Bhatt K.A., Shi Y., Paterno J., Chang E.I., Loh S.A., et al. Mechanical load initiates hypertrophic scar formation through decreased cellular apoptosis. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2007, 21(12):3250-3261.
2. Abdollah F., Sun M., Thuret R., Jeldres C., Tian Z., Briganti A., et al. A competing-risks analysis of survival after alternative treatment modalities for prostate cancer patients: 1988-2006. European Urology 2011, 59(1):88-95.
3. Acloque H., Adams M.S., Fishwick K., Bronner-Fraser M., Nieto M.A. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: the importance of changing cell state in development and disease. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't review]. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009, 119(6):1438-1449.
4. Akhmetshina A., Dees C., Pileckyte M., Maurer B., Axmann R., Jungel A., et al. Dual inhibition of c-abl and PDGF receptor signaling by dasatinib and nilotinib for the treatment of dermal fibrosis. FASEB Journal 2008, 22(7):2214-2222.
5. Ao M., Williams K., Bhowmick N.A., Hayward S.W. Transforming growth factor-beta promotes invasion in tumorigenic but not in nontumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cells. Cancer Research 2006, 66(16):8007-8016.
6. Arribillaga L., Dotor J., Basagoiti M., Riezu-Boj J.I., Borras-Cuesta F., Lasarte J.J., et al. Therapeutic effect of a peptide inhibitor of TGF-beta on pulmonary fibrosis. Cytokine 2011, 53(3):327-333.
7. Ayala G., Tuxhorn J.A., Wheeler T.M., Frolov A., Scardino P.T., Ohori M., et al. Reactive stroma as a predictor of biochemical-free recurrence in prostate cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 2003, 9(13):4792-4801.
8. Ayala G.E., Muezzinoglu B., Hammerich K.H., Frolov A., Liu H., Scardino P.T., et al. Determining prostate cancer-specific death through quantification of stromogenic carcinoma area in prostatectomy specimens. American Journal of Pathology 2011, 178(1):79-87.
9. Bandyopadhyay A., Zhu Y., Malik S.N., Kreisberg J., Brattain M.G., Sprague E.A., et al. Extracellular domain of TGFbeta type III receptor inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth in human cancer cells. [Research support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Oncogene 2002, 21(22):3541-3551.
10. Bergfeld S.A., DeClerck Y.A. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and the tumor microenvironment. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural review]. Cancer Metastasis Reviews 2010, 29(2):249-261.
11. Bernardo M.E., Locatelli F., Fibbe W.E. Mesenchymal stromal cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2009, 1176:101-117.
12. Bierie B., Moses H.L. Tumour microenvironment: TGFbeta: the molecular Jekyll and Hyde of cancer. Nature Reviews. Cancer 2006, 6(7):506-520.
13. Bogdahn U., Hau P., Stockhammer G., Venkataramana N.K., Mahapatra A.K., Suri A., et al. Targeted therapy for high-grade glioma with the TGF-beta2 inhibitor trabedersen: results of a randomized and controlled phase IIb study. [Clinical Trial, Phase II Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial]. Neuro-oncology 2011, 13(1):132-142.
14. Boorjian S.A., Eastham J.A., Graefen M., Guillonneau B., Karnes R.J., Moul J.W., et al. A critical analysis of the long-term impact of radical prostatectomy on cancer control and function outcomes. European Urology 2012, 61(4):664-675.
15. Brigstock D.R. Strategies for blocking the fibrogenic actions of connective tissue growth factor (CCN2): from pharmacological inhibition in vitro to targeted siRNA therapy in vivo. Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling 2009, 3(1):5-18.
16. Bushman W. Etiology, epidemiology, and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [Review]. The Urologic Clinics of North America 2009, 36(4):403-415. v.
17. Campbell I., Polyak K., Haviv I. Clonal mutations in the cancer-associated fibroblasts: the case against genetic coevolution. Cancer Research 2009, 69(17):6765-6768. discussion 6769.
18. Cancer: A Problem of Developmental Biology. (1978). In G. Barry Pierce, Robert Shikes, Louis M. Fink. (Series Ed) & Clement L. Markert, Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
19. Castellsague X., Bosch F.X., Munoz N. Environmental co-factors in HPV carcinogenesis. Virus Research 2002, 89(2):191-199.
20. Cat B., Stuhlmann D., Steinbrenner H., Alili L., Holtkotter O., Sies H., et al. Enhancement of tumor invasion depends on transdifferentiation of skin fibroblasts mediated by reactive oxygen species. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Journal of Cell Science 2006, 119(Pt 13):2727-2738.
21. Cat B., Stuhlmann D., Steinbrenner H., Alili L., Holtkotter O., Sies H., et al. Enhancement of tumor invasion depends on transdifferentiation of skin fibroblasts mediated by reactive oxygen species. Journal of Cell Science 2006, 119(Pt 13):2727-2738.
22. Chen X.F., Zhang H.J., Wang H.B., Zhu J., Zhou W.Y., Zhang H., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human lung cancer cells via PI3K/Akt and MEK/Erk1/2 signaling pathways. Molecular Biology Reports 2012, 39(4):3549-3556.
23. Cho J.A., Park H., Lim E.H., Lee K.W. Exosomes from breast cancer cells can convert adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells into myofibroblast-like cells. International Journal of Oncology 2012, 40(1):130-138.
24. Chung L.W. The role of stromal-epithelial interaction in normal and malignant growth. Cancer Surveys 1995, 23:33-42.
25. Conery A.R., Cao Y., Thompson E.A., Townsend C.M., Ko T.C., Luo K. Akt interacts directly with Smad3 to regulate the sensitivity to TGF-beta induced apoptosis. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Nature Cell Biology 2004, 6(4):366-372.
26. Coppe J.P., Patil C.K., Rodier F., Sun Y., Munoz D.P., Goldstein J., et al. Senescence-associated secretory phenotypes reveal cell-nonautonomous functions of oncogenic RAS and the p53 tumor suppressor. PLoS Biology 2008, 6(12):2853-2868.
27. Cowin A.J., Holmes T.M., Brosnan P., Ferguson M.W. Expression of TGF-beta and its receptors in murine fetal and adult dermal wounds. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. European Journal of Dermatology: EJD 2001, 11(5):424-431.
28. Crawford Y., Kasman I., Yu L., Zhong C., Wu X., Modrusan Z., et al. PDGF-C mediates the angiogenic and tumorigenic properties of fibroblasts associated with tumors refractory to anti-VEGF treatment. Cancer Cell 2009, 15(1):21-34.
29. Culig Z. Cytokine disbalance in common human cancers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2011, 1813(2):308-314.
30. Cunha G.R. Urogenital development: a four-part story of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. [Editorial introductory]. Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity 2010, 80(2-3):79-80.
31. Cunha G.R., Battle E., Young P., Brody J., Donjacour A., Hayashi N., et al. Role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the differentiation and spatial organization of visceral smooth muscle. Epithelial Cell Biology 1992, 1(2):76-83.
32. Cunha G.R., Cooke P.S., Kurita T. Role of stromal-epithelial interactions in hormonal responses. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review]. Archives of Histology and Cytology 2004, 67(5):417-434.
33. Cunha G.R., Hayward S.W., Dahiya R., Foster B.A. Smooth muscle-epithelial interactions in normal and neoplastic prostatic development. Acta Anatomica (Basel) 1996, 155(1):63-72.
34. Dang C.M., Beanes S.R., Lee H., Zhang X., Soo C., Ting K. Scarless fetal wounds are associated with an increased matrix metalloproteinase-to-tissue-derived inhibitor of metalloproteinase ratio. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2003, 111(7):2273-2285.
35. Darby I.A., Hewitson T.D. Fibroblast differentiation in wound healing and fibrosis. [Review]. International Review of Cytology 2007, 257:143-179.
36. De Marzo A.M., Marchi V.L., Epstein J.I., Nelson W.G. Proliferative inflammatory atrophy of the prostate: implications for prostatic carcinogenesis. American Journal of Pathology 1999, 155(6):1985-1992.
37. Derynck R., Akhurst R.J., Balmain A. TGF-beta signaling in tumor suppression and cancer progression. Nature Genetics 2001, 29(2):117-129.
38. Desmouliere A., Guyot C., Gabbiani G. The stroma reaction myofibroblast: a key player in the control of tumor cell behavior. [Review]. The International Journal of Developmental Biology 2004, 48(5-6):509-517.
39. Desmouliere A., Redard M., Darby I., Gabbiani G. Apoptosis mediates the decrease in cellularity during the transition between granulation tissue and scar. American Journal of Pathology 1995, 146(1):56-66.
40. Dogne J.M., Hanson J., Supuran C., Pratico D. Coxibs and cardiovascular side-effects: from light to shadow. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006, 12(8):971-975.
41. Dorff T.B., Goldman B., Pinski J.K., Mack P.C., Lara P.N., Van Veldhuizen P.J., et al. Clinical and correlative results of SWOG S0354: a phase II trial of CNTO328 (siltuximab), a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6, in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 2010, 16(11):3028-3034.
42. Dvorak H.F. Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. The New England Journal of Medicine 1986, 315(26):1650-1659.
43. Dwyer R.M., Potter-Beirne S.M., Harrington K.A., Lowery A.J., Hennessy E., Murphy J.M., et al. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 secreted by primary breast tumors stimulates migration of mesenchymal stem cells. Clinical Cancer Research 2007, 13(17):5020-5027.
44. Eastham J.A., Truong L.D., Rogers E., Kattan M., Flanders K.C., Scardino P.T., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta 1: comparative immunohistochemical localization in human primary and metastatic prostate cancer. [Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology 1995, 73(5):628-635.
45. Eng C., Leone G., Orloff M.S., Ostrowski M.C. Genomic alterations in tumor stroma. Cancer Research 2009, 69(17):6759-6764.
46. Enzerink A., Rantanen V., Vaheri A. Fibroblast nemosis induces angiogenic responses of endothelial cells. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Experimental Cell Research 2010, 316(5):826-835.
47. Enzerink A., Salmenpera P., Kankuri E., Vaheri A. Clustering of fibroblasts induces proinflammatory chemokine secretion promoting leukocyte migration. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Molecular Immunology 2009, 46(8-9):1787-1795.
48. Enzerink A., Salmenpera P., Kankuri E., Vaheri A. Clustering of fibroblasts induces proinflammatory chemokine secretion promoting leukocyte migration. Molecular Immunology 2009, 46(8-9):1787-1795.
49. Epstein J.I. Precursor lesions to prostatic adenocarcinoma. [Review]. Virchows Archiv: An International Journal of Pathology 2009, 454(1):1-16.
50. Erez N., Truitt M., Olson P., Arron S.T., Hanahan D. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are activated in incipient neoplasia to orchestrate tumor-promoting inflammation in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. Cancer Cell 2010, 17(2):135-147.
51. Estes J.M., Vande Berg J.S., Adzick N.S., MacGillivray T.E., Desmouliere A., Gabbiani G. Phenotypic and functional features of myofibroblasts in sheep fetal wounds. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity 1994, 56(3):173-181.
52. Eyden B., Banerjee S.S., Shenjere P., Fisher C. The myofibroblast and its tumours. [Review]. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2009, 62(3):236-249.
53. Eyman D., Damodarasamy M., Plymate S.R., Reed M.J. CCL5 secreted by senescent aged fibroblasts induces proliferation of prostate epithelial cells and expression of genes that modulate angiogenesis. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2009, 220(2):376-381.
54. Ezquerro I.J., Lasarte J.J., Dotor J., Castilla-Cortazar I., Bustos M., Penuelas I., et al. A synthetic peptide from transforming growth factor beta type III receptor inhibits liver fibrogenesis in rats with carbon tetrachloride liver injury. Cytokine 2003, 22(1-2):12-20.
55. Fang C.Y., Fuh C.S., Yen P.S., Cherng S., Chen S.W. An automatic road sign recognition system based on a computational model of human recognition processing. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 2004, 96(2):237-268.
56. Feng B., Chen L. Review of mesenchymal stem cells and tumors: executioner or coconspirator?. Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals 2009, 24(6):717-721.
57. Franco O.E., Jiang M., Strand D.W., Peacock J., Fernandez S., Jackson R.S., et al. Altered TGF-beta signaling in a subpopulation of human stromal cells promotes prostatic carcinogenesis. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't research support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.]. Cancer Research 2011, 71(4):1272-1281.
58. Fuchs E. Das Sarkom des Uvealtractus. Graefe's Archiv für Ophthalmologie 1882, XII(2):233.
59. Ganapathy V., Ge R., Grazioli A., Xie W., Banach-Petrosky W., Kang Y., et al. Targeting the transforming growth factor-beta pathway inhibits human basal-like breast cancer metastasis. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Molecular Cancer 2010, 9:122.
60. Garnero P., Thompson E., Woodworth T., Smolen J.S. Rapid and sustained improvement in bone and cartilage turnover markers with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: results from a substudy of the multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tocilizumab in inadequate responders to methotrexate alone. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2010, 62(1):33-43.
61. George J., Roulot D., Koteliansky V.E., Bissell D.M. In vivo inhibition of rat stellate cell activation by soluble transforming growth factor beta type II receptor: a potential new therapy for hepatic fibrosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999, 96(22):12719-12724.
62. Ghosh A.K., Nagpal V., Covington J.W., Michaels M.A., Vaughan D.E. Molecular basis of cardiac endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT): Differential expression of microRNAs during EndMT. Cell Signaling 2012, 24(5):1031-1036.
63. Giannoni E., Bianchini F., Masieri L., Serni S., Torre E., Calorini L., et al. Reciprocal activation of prostate cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts stimulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Cancer Research 2010, 70(17):6945-6956.
64. Giannoni E., Bianchini F., Masieri L., Serni S., Torre E., Calorini L., et al. Reciprocal activation of prostate cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts stimulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness. Cancer Research 2010, 70(17):6945-6956.
65. Goumans M.J., van Zonneveld A.J., Ten Dijke P. Transforming growth factor beta-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: a switch to cardiac fibrosis?. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 2008, 18(8):293-298.
66. Grehn F., Hollo G., Khaw P., Overton B., Wilson R., Vogel R., et al. Factors affecting the outcome of trabeculectomy: an analysis based on combined data from two phase III studies of an antibody to transforming growth factor beta2, CAT-152. Ophthalmology 2007, 114(10):1831-1838.
67. Hashimoto N., Phan S.H., Imaizumi K., Matsuo M., Nakashima H., Kawabe T., et al. Endothelial-mesenchymal transition in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2010, 43(2):161-172.
68. Hau P., Jachimczak P., Bogdahn U. Treatment of malignant gliomas with TGF-beta2 antisense oligonucleotides. [Review]. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 2009, 9(11):1663-1674.
69. Haviv I., Polyak K., Qiu W., Hu M., Campbell I. Origin of carcinoma associated fibroblasts. [Review]. Cell Cycle 2009, 8(4):589-595.
70. Hayward S.W., Cunha G.R., Dahiya R. Normal development and carcinogenesis of the prostate. A unifying hypothesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1996, 784:50-62.
71. Hayward S.W., Haughney P.C., Rosen M.A., Greulich K.M., Weier H.U., Dahiya R., et al. Interactions between adult human prostatic epithelium and rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme in a tissue recombination model. Differentiation 1998, 63(3):131-140.
72. Hayward S.W., Rosen M.A., Cunha G.R. Stromal-epithelial interactions in the normal and neoplastic prostate. British Journal of Urology 1997, 79(Suppl. 2):18-26.
73. Hayward S.W., Wang Y., Cao M., Hom Y.K., Zhang B., Grossfeld G.D., et al. Malignant transformation in a nontumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cell line. Cancer Research 2001, 61(22):8135-8142.
74. Hedvat M., Huszar D., Herrmann A., Gozgit J.M., Schroeder A., Sheehy A., et al. The JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480 potently blocks Stat3 signaling and oncogenesis in solid tumors. Cancer Cell 2009, 16(6):487-497.
75. Henneman S., Bildt M.M., DeGroot J., Kuijpers-Jagtman A.M., Von Den Hoff J.W. Relaxin stimulates MMP-2 and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression by human periodontal ligament cells. Archives of Oral Biology 2008, 53(2):161-167.
76. Hill R., Song Y., Cardiff R.D., van Dyke T. Selective evolution of stromal mesenchyme with p53 loss in response to epithelial tumorigenesis. Cell 2005, 123(6):1001-1011.
77. Hinz B., Gabbiani G. Mechanisms of force generation and transmission by myofibroblasts. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2003, 14(5):538-546.
78. Hu M., Peluffo G., Chen H., Gelman R., Schnitt S., Polyak K. Role of COX-2 in epithelial-stromal cell interactions and progression of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106(9):3372-3377.
79. Ikushima H., Miyazono K. TGFbeta signalling: a complex web in cancer progression. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review]. Nature Reviews. Cancer 2010, 10(6):415-424.
80. Ingber D.E. Tensegrity-based mechanosensing from macro to micro. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review]. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2008, 97(2-3):163-179.
81. Jinnin M., Ihn H., Mimura Y., Asano Y., Yamane K., Tamaki K. Regulation of fibrogenic/fibrolytic genes by platelet-derived growth factor C, a novel growth factor, in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2005, 202(2):510-517.
82. Johnson P.Y., Potter-Perigo S., Gooden M.D., Vernon R.B., Wight T.N. Decorin synthesized by arterial smooth muscle cells is retained in fibrin gels and modulates fibrin contraction. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2007, 101(2):281-294.
83. Kalluri R., Neilson E.G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2003, 112(12):1776-1784.
84. Kalluri R., Weinberg R.A. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009, 119(6):1420-1428.
85. Kankuri E., Cholujova D., Comajova M., Vaheri A., Bizik J. Induction of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor by fibroblast clustering directly promotes tumor cell invasiveness. Cancer Research 2005, 65(21):9914-9922.
86. Khaw P., Grehn F., Hollo G., Overton B., Wilson R., Vogel R., et al. A phase III study of subconjunctival human anti-transforming growth factor beta(2) monoclonal antibody (CAT-152) to prevent scarring after first-time trabeculectomy. Ophthalmology 2007, 114(10):1822-1830.
87. Kiaris H., Chatzistamou I., Trimis G., Frangou-Plemmenou M., Pafiti-Kondi A., Kalofoutis A. Evidence for nonautonomous effect of p53 tumor suppressor in carcinogenesis. [Comparative study research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Cancer Research 2005, 65(5):1627-1630.
88. Kidd S., Spaeth E., Klopp A., Andreeff M., Hall B., Marini F.C. The (in) auspicious role of mesenchymal stromal cells in cancer: be it friend or foe. Cytotherapy 2008, 10(7):657-667.
89. Kim K., Hur Y., Ryu E.K., Rhim J.H., Choi C.Y., Baek C.M., et al. A neutralizable epitope is induced on HGF upon its interaction with its receptor cMet. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2007, 354(1):115-121.
90. Kiskowski M.A., Jackson R.S., Banerjee J., Li X., Kang M., Iturregui J.M., et al. Role for stromal heterogeneity in prostate tumorigenesis. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.]. Cancer Research 2011, 71(10):3459-3470.
91. Kohan M., Muro A.F., White E.S., Berkman N. EDA-containing cellular fibronectin induces fibroblast differentiation through binding to alpha4beta7 integrin receptor and MAPK/Erk 1/2-dependent signaling. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2010, 24(11):4503-4512.
92. Kojima Y., Acar A., Eaton E.N., Mellody K.T., Scheel C., Ben-Porath I., et al. Autocrine TGF-beta and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) signaling drives the evolution of tumor-promoting mammary stromal myofibroblasts. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107(46):20009-20014.
93. Kornfeld D., Ekbom A., Ihre T. Is there an excess risk for colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis and concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis? A population based study. Gut 1997, 41(4):522-525.
94. Kumarswamy R., Volkmann I., Jazbutyte V., Dangwal S., Park D.H., Thum T. Transforming growth factor-beta-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition is partly mediated by microRNA-21. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2012, 32(2):361-369.
95. LeBeau A.M., Brennen W.N., Aggarwal S., Denmeade S.R. Targeting the cancer stroma with a fibroblast activation protein-activated promelittin protoxin. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.]. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2009, 8(5):1378-1386.
96. Li J., Qu X., Yao J., Caruana G., Ricardo S.D., Yamamoto Y., et al. Blockade of endothelial-mesenchymal transition by a Smad3 inhibitor delays the early development of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2010, 59(10):2612-2624.
97. Li X., Placencio V., Iturregui J.M., Uwamariya C., Sharif-Afshar A.R., Koyama T., et al. Prostate tumor progression is mediated by a paracrine TGF-beta/Wnt3a signaling axis. Oncogene 2008, 27(56):7118-7130.
98. Li Z., Jimenez S.A. Protein kinase Cdelta and c-Abl kinase are required for transforming growth factor beta induction of endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2011, 63(8):2473-2483.
99. Llopiz D., Dotor J., Casares N., Bezunartea J., Diaz-Valdes N., Ruiz M., et al. Peptide inhibitors of transforming growth factor-beta enhance the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. International Journal of Cancer 2009, 125(11):2614-2623.
100. Lyons J.G., Lobo E., Martorana A.M., Myerscough M.R. Clonal diversity in carcinomas: its implications for tumour progression and the contribution made to it by epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis 2008, 25(6):665-677.
101. Ma H.B., Chen G., Young J., Cherng S. C-reactive protein (CRP) rise is associated with the development of acute events in a model of plaque rupture and thrombosis. Life Science Journal-Acta Zhengzhou University Overseas Edition 2008, 5(2):21-24.
102. Ma H.B., Yang Y., Cherng S. Interaction of excimer laser with blood components and thrombosis. Life Science Journal-Acta Zhengzhou University Overseas Edition 2008, 5(3):19-26.
103. Mantovani A. The growing diversity and spectrum of action of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. [Comment research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. European Journal of Immunology 2010, 40(12):3317-3320.
104. Mantovani A., Romero P., Palucka A.K., Marincola F.M. Tumour immunity: effector response to tumour and role of the microenvironment. Lancet 2008, 371(9614):771-783.
105. Mantovani A., Sica A., Allavena P., Garlanda C., Locati M. Tumor-associated macrophages and the related myeloid-derived suppressor cells as a paradigm of the diversity of macrophage activation. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review]. Human Immunology 2009, 70(5):325-330.
106. Mareddy S., Crawford R., Brooke G., Xiao Y. Clonal isolation and characterization of bone marrow stromal cells from patients with osteoarthritis. Tissue Engineering 2007, 13(4):819-829.
107. Marker P.C., Donjacour A.A., Dahiya R., Cunha G.R. Hormonal, cellular, and molecular control of prostatic development. Developments in Biologicals 2003, 253(2):165-174.
108. Martinez-Outschoorn U.E., Balliet R.M., Rivadeneira D.B., Chiavarina B., Pavlides S., Wang C., et al. Oxidative stress in cancer associated fibroblasts drives tumor-stroma co-evolution: a new paradigm for understanding tumor metabolism, the field effect and genomic instability in cancer cells. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Cell Cycle 2010, 9(16):3256-3276.
109. Massague J. TGFbeta in cancer. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review]. Cell 2008, 134(2):215-230.
110. McNeal J.E. Origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement. Investigative Urology 1978, 15(4):340-345.
111. Mead A.L., Wong T.T., Cordeiro M.F., Anderson I.K., Khaw P.T. Evaluation of anti-TGF-beta2 antibody as a new postoperative anti-scarring agent in glaucoma surgery. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2003, 44(8):3394-3401.
112. Medici D., Hay E.D., Olsen B.R. Snail and Slug promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition through beta-catenin-T-cell factor-4-dependent expression of transforming growth factor-beta3. Molecular Cell Biology 2008, 19(11):4875-4887.
113. Minshall E.M., Leung D.Y., Martin R.J., Song Y.L., Cameron L., Ernst P., et al. Eosinophil-associated TGF-beta1 mRNA expression and airways fibrosis in bronchial asthma. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 1997, 17(3):326-333.
114. Montironi R., Mazzucchelli R., Lopez-Beltran A., Scarpelli M., Cheng L. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: its morphological and molecular diagnosis and clinical significance. [Review]. BJU International 2011, 108(9):1394-1401.
115. Mori Y., Ishida W., Bhattacharyya S., Li Y., Platanias L.C., Varga J. Selective inhibition of activin receptor-like kinase 5 signaling blocks profibrotic transforming growth factor beta responses in skin fibroblasts. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004, 50(12):4008-4021.
116. Moulin V., Auger F.A., O'Connor-McCourt M., Germain L. Fetal and postnatal sera differentially modulate human dermal fibroblast phenotypic and functional features in vitro. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1997, 171(1):1-10.
117. Mueller M.M., Fusenig N.E. Friends or foes - bipolar effects of the tumour stroma in cancer. Nature Reviews. Cancer 2004, 4(11):839-849.
118. Nakanuma Y., Sato Y., Kiktao A. Pathology and pathogenesis of portal venopathy in idiopathic portal hypertension: Hints from systemic sclerosis. Hepatology Research 2009, 39(10):1023-1031.
119. Nakashima Y., Kondo M., Harada H., Horiuchi T., Ishinishi T., Jojima H., et al. Clinical evaluation of tocilizumab for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-TNF biologics: tocilizumab in combination with methotrexate. Modern Rheumatology 2010, 20(4):343-352.
120. Nelson W.G., DeWeese T.L., DeMarzo A.M. The diet, prostate inflammation, and the development of prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Reviews 2002, 21(1):3-16.
121. Niess H., Bao Q., Conrad C., Zischek C., Notohamiprodjo M., Schwab F., et al. Selective targeting of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells to tumor stroma microenvironments using tissue-specific suicide gene expression suppresses growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Annals of Surgery 2011, 254(5):767-774. discussion 774-765.
122. Nonomura N., Takayama H., Nakayama M., Nakai Y., Kawashima A., Mukai M., et al. Infiltration of tumour-associated macrophages in prostate biopsy specimens is predictive of disease progression after hormonal therapy for prostate cancer. BJU International 2011, 107(12):1918-1922.
123. Okada H., Inoue T., Suzuki H., Strutz F., Neilson E.G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. [Review]. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2000, 15(Suppl. 6):44-46.
124. Orimo A., Weinberg R.A. Stromal fibroblasts in cancer: a novel tumor-promoting cell type. Cell Cycle 2006, 5(15):1597-1601.
125. Orr B., Riddick A.C., Stewart G.D., Anderson R.A., Franco O.E., Hayward S.W., et al. Identification of stromally expressed molecules in the prostate by tag-profiling of cancer-associated fibroblasts, normal fibroblasts and fetal prostate. Oncogene 2011.
126. Paget S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1889, 1:571-573.
127. Pavlides S., Whitaker-Menezes D., Castello-Cros R., Flomenberg N., Witkiewicz A.K., Frank P.G., et al. The reverse Warburg effect: aerobic glycolysis in cancer associated fibroblasts and the tumor stroma. Cell Cycle 2009, 8(23):3984-4001.
128. Peehl D.M., Sellers R.G. Induction of smooth muscle cell phenotype in cultured human prostatic stromal cells. [Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Experimental Cell Research 1997, 232(2):208-215.
129. Pierce G., Shikes R., Fink L.M. Cancer: a problem of developmental biology. The Quarterly Review of Biology 1978, 54(2):183-184.
130. Placencio V.R., Sharif-Afshar A.R., Li X., Huang H., Uwamariya C., Neilson E.G., et al. Stromal transforming growth factor-beta signaling mediates prostatic response to androgen ablation by paracrine Wnt activity. Cancer Research 2008, 68(12):4709-4718.
131. Povysil C., Kana R., Dundr P., Tvrdik D., Horak M., Vaculik J., et al. Distribution of chondrocytes containing alpha-smooth muscle actin in human normal, osteoarthrotic, and transplanted articular cartilage. Pathology Research and Practice 2008, 204(12):883-890.
132. Price H., McNeal J.E., Stamey T.A. Evolving patterns of tissue composition in benign prostatic hyperplasia as a function of specimen size. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Human Pathology 1990, 21(6):578-585.
133. Qian B.Z., Pollard J.W. Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural review]. Cell 2010, 141(1):39-51.
134. Quante M., Tu S.P., Tomita H., Gonda T., Wang S.S., Takashi S., et al. Bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts contribute to the mesenchymal stem cell niche and promote tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2011, 19(2):257-272.
135. Radisky D.C., Kenny P.A., Bissell M.J. Fibrosis and cancer: do myofibroblasts come also from epithelial cells via EMT?. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2007, 101(4):830-839.
136. Rajkumar V.S., Shiwen X., Bostrom M., Leoni P., Muddle J., Ivarsson M., et al. Platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor activation is essential for fibroblast and pericyte recruitment during cutaneous wound healing. American Journal of Pathology 2006, 169(6):2254-2265.
137. Remy I., Montmarquette A., Michnick S.W. PKB/Akt modulates TGF-beta signalling through a direct interaction with Smad3. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Nature Cell Biology 2004, 6(4):358-365.
138. Rhee S., Ho C.H., Grinnell F. Promigratory and procontractile growth factor environments differentially regulate cell morphogenesis. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Experimental Cell Research 2010, 316(2):232-244.
139. Roninson I.B. Tumor cell senescence in cancer treatment. Cancer Research 2003, 63(11):2705-2715.
140. Ronnov-Jessen L., Petersen O.W., Bissell M.J. Cellular changes involved in conversion of normal to malignant breast: importance of the stromal reaction. Physiological Reviews 1996, 76(1):69-125.
141. Rowland-Goldsmith M.A., Maruyama H., Matsuda K., Idezawa T., Ralli M., Ralli S., et al. Soluble type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor attenuates expression of metastasis-associated genes and suppresses pancreatic cancer cell metastasis. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't research support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2002, 1(3):161-167.
142. Rudnick J.A., Arendt L.M., Klebba I., Hinds J.W., Iyer V., Gupta P.B., et al. Functional heterogeneity of breast fibroblasts is defined by a prostaglandin secretory phenotype that promotes expansion of cancer-stem like cells. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't research support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.]. PLoS One 2011, 6(9):e24605.
143. Sampson N., Koziel R., Zenzmaier C., Bubendorf L., Plas E., Jansen-Durr P., et al. ROS signaling by NOX4 drives fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation in the diseased prostatic stroma. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Molecular Endocrinology 2011, 25(3):503-515.
144. Santiago B., Gutierrez-Canas I., Dotor J., Palao G., Lasarte J.J., Ruiz J., et al. Topical application of a peptide inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta1 ameliorates bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005, 125(3):450-455.
145. Sato N., Maehara N., Goggins M. Gene expression profiling of tumor-stromal interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts. Cancer Research 2004, 64(19):6950-6956.
146. Scheel C., Weinberg R.A. Phenotypic plasticity and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in cancer and normal stem cells? [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't research support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.]. International Journal of Cancer. Journal International du Cancer 2011, 129(10):2310-2314.
147. Schmitt-Graff A., Desmouliere A., Gabbiani G. Heterogeneity of myofibroblast phenotypic features: an example of fibroblastic cell plasticity. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't review]. Virchows Archiv: An International Journal of Pathology 1994, 425(1):3-24.
148. Scott A.M., Wiseman G., Welt S., Adjei A., Lee F.T., Hopkins W., et al. A Phase I dose-escalation study of sibrotuzumab in patients with advanced or metastatic fibroblast activation protein-positive cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 2003, 9(5):1639-1647.
149. Serini G., Bochaton-Piallat M.L., Ropraz P., Geinoz A., Borsi L., Zardi L., et al. The fibronectin domain ED-A is crucial for myofibroblastic phenotype induction by transforming growth factor-beta1. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. The Journal of Cell Biology 1998, 142(3):873-881.
150. Shao Z.M., Nguyen M., Barsky S.H. Human breast carcinoma desmoplasia is PDGF initiated. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't research support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Oncogene 2000, 19(38):4337-4345.
151. Siegel R., Naishadham D., Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2012, 62(1):10-29.
152. Siqueira M.F., Li J., Chehab L., Desta T., Chino T., Krothpali N., et al. Impaired wound healing in mouse models of diabetes is mediated by TNF-alpha dysregulation and associated with enhanced activation of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Diabetologia 2010, 53(2):378-388.
153. Skalli O., Schurch W., Seemayer T., Lagace R., Montandon D., Pittet B., et al. Myofibroblasts from diverse pathologic settings are heterogeneous in their content of actin isoforms and intermediate filament proteins. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology 1989, 60(2):275-285.
154. Song J. EMT or apoptosis: a decision for TGF-beta. Cell Research 2007, 17(4):289-290.
155. Spaeth E., Klopp A., Dembinski J., Andreeff M., Marini F. Inflammation and tumor microenvironments: defining the migratory itinerary of mesenchymal stem cells. Gene Therapy 2008, 15(10):730-738.
156. Spaeth E.L., Dembinski J.L., Sasser A.K., Watson K., Klopp A., Hall B., et al. Mesenchymal stem cell transition to tumor-associated fibroblasts contributes to fibrovascular network expansion and tumor progression. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. PLoS One 2009, 4(4):e4992.
157. Staack A., Donjacour A.A., Brody J., Cunha G.R., Carroll P. Mouse urogenital development: a practical approach. Differentiation 2003, 71(7):402-413.
158. Stresemann C., Brueckner B., Musch T., Stopper H., Lyko F. Functional diversity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Research 2006, 66(5):2794-2800.
159. Sugimoto H., Mundel T.M., Kieran M.W., Kalluri R. Identification of fibroblast heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Biology & Therapy 2006, 5(12):1640-1646.
160. Sugiura H., Ichikawa T., Koarai A., Yanagisawa S., Minakata Y., Matsunaga K., et al. Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 augments myofibroblast differentiation. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2009, 40(6):654-662.
161. Sun Y., Wang B.E., Leong K.G., Yue P., Li L., Jhunjhunwala S., et al. Androgen deprivation causes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the prostate: implications for androgen-deprivation therapy. Cancer Research 2012, 72(2):527-536.
162. Sutherland R.M. Cell and environment interactions in tumor microregions: the multicell spheroid model. Science 1988, 240(4849):177-184.
163. Thiery J.P., Acloque H., Huang R.Y., Nieto M.A. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't review]. Cell 2009, 139(5):871-890.
164. Thompson E.W., Newgreen D.F., Tarin D. Carcinoma invasion and metastasis: a role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition?. Cancer Research 2005, 65(14):5991-5995. discussion 5995.
165. Tuxhorn J.A., Ayala G.E., Rowley D.R. Reactive stroma in prostate cancer progression. Journal of Urology 2001, 166(6):2472-2483.
166. Tuxhorn J.A., Ayala G.E., Smith M.J., Smith V.C., Dang T.D., Rowley D.R. Reactive stroma in human prostate cancer: induction of myofibroblast phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling. Clinical Cancer Research 2002, 8(9):2912-2923.
167. Tuxhorn J.A., Ayala G.E., Smith M.J., Smith V.C., Dang T.D., Rowley D.R. Reactive stroma in human prostate cancer: induction of myofibroblast phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling. [Research support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2002, 8(9):2912-2923.
168. Uccelli A., Moretta L., Pistoia V. Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease. Nature Reviews. Immunology 2008, 8(9):726-736.
169. Untergasser G., Gander R., Lilg C., Lepperdinger G., Plas E., Berger P. Profiling molecular targets of TGF-beta1 in prostate fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2005, 126(1):59-69.
170. Vaheri A., Enzerink A., Rasanen K., Salmenpera P. Nemosis, a novel way of fibroblast activation, in inflammation and cancer. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't review]. Experimental Cell Research 2009, 315(10):1633-1638.
171. Verhaegen P.D., van Zuijlen P.P., Pennings N.M., van Marle J., Niessen F.B., van der Horst C.M., et al. Differences in collagen architecture between keloid, hypertrophic scar, normotrophic scar, and normal skin: an objective histopathological analysis. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Wound repair and regeneration: Official Publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society 2009, 17(5):649-656.
172. Vinogradova Y., Coupland C., Hippisley-Cox J. Exposure to cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and risk of cancer: nested case-control studies. British Journal of Cancer 2011, 105(3):452-459.
173. Vykhovanets E.V., Maclennan G.T., Vykhovanets O.V., Gupta S. IL-17 Expression by macrophages is associated with proliferative inflammatory atrophy lesions in prostate cancer patients. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 2011, 4(6):552-565.
174. Wallner L., Dai J., Escara-Wilke J., Zhang J., Yao Z., Lu Y., et al. Inhibition of interleukin-6 with CNTO328, an anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody, inhibits conversion of androgen-dependent prostate cancer to an androgen-independent phenotype in orchiectomized mice. Cancer Research 2006, 66(6):3087-3095.
175. Wang A., Hascall V.C. Hyaluronan structures synthesized by rat mesangial cells in response to hyperglycemia induce monocyte adhesion. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279(11):10279-10285.
176. Weber F., Xu Y., Zhang L., Patocs A., Shen L., Platzer P., et al. Microenvironmental genomic alterations and clinicopathological behavior in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA 2007, 297(2):187-195.
177. Werner S., Grose R. Regulation of wound healing by growth factors and cytokines. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't review]. Physiological Reviews 2003, 83(3):835-870.
178. Wu J., Ru N.Y., Zhang Y., Li Y., Wei D., Ren Z., et al. HAb18G/CD147 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition through TGF-beta signaling and is transcriptionally regulated by Slug. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Oncogene 2011, 30(43):4410-4427.
179. Yamada M., Kuwano K., Maeyama T., Yoshimi M., Hamada N., Fukumoto J., et al. Gene transfer of soluble transforming growth factor type II receptor by in vivo electroporation attenuates lung injury and fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2007, 60(8):916-920.
180. Yang Y.A., Dukhanina O., Tang B., Mamura M., Letterio J.J., MacGregor J., et al. Lifetime exposure to a soluble TGF-beta antagonist protects mice against metastasis without adverse side effects. [Research support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002, 109(12):1607-1615.
181. Zeisberg E.M., Potenta S., Xie L., Zeisberg M., Kalluri R. Discovery of endothelial to mesenchymal transition as a source for carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Cancer Research 2007, 67(21):10123-10128.
182. Zeisberg E.M., Tarnavski O., Zeisberg M., Dorfman A.L., McMullen J.R., Gustafsson E., et al. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis. [Research support, N.I.H., Extramural research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Nature Medicine 2007, 13(8):952-961.
183. Zhang A., David J.J., Subramanian S.V., Liu X., Fuerst M.D., Zhao X., et al. Serum response factor neutralizes Pur alpha- and Pur beta-mediated repression of the fetal vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin gene in stressed adult cardiomyocytes. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 2008, 294(3):C702-C714.
184. Zhang H.Y., Phan S.H. Inhibition of myofibroblast apoptosis by transforming growth factor beta(1). American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 1999, 21(6):658-665.
185. Zhang X., Zang N., Wei Y., Yin J., Teng R., Seftel A., et al. Testosterone regulates smooth muscle contractile pathways in the rat prostate: emphasis on PDE5 signaling. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012, 302(2):E243-253.
186. Zhong Z., Carroll K.D., Policarpio D., Osborn C., Gregory M., Bassi R., et al. Anti-transforming growth factor beta receptor II antibody has therapeutic efficacy against primary tumor growth and metastasis through multieffects on cancer, stroma, and immune cells. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Clinical Cancer research: An official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2010, 16(4):1191-1205.