Human toll-like receptor 8 can be cool too: Implications for foreign RNA sensing

Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research

Volumn 32, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 350-361

  Sarvestani, Soroush T ^a   Williams, Bryan R G ^a   Gantier, Michael P ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,2 DIOLEOYL 3 TRIMETHYLAMMONIOPROPANE; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; IMIQUIMOD; LIPOFECTAMINE; LOXORIBINE; PREDNICARBATE; RESIQUIMOD; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 7; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 8; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VTX 1463;

ALLERGIC RHINITIS; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CYTOTOXICITY; ENZYME ACTIVATION; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC PROCEDURES; GENETIC REGULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; INNATE IMMUNITY; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA SENSING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; VIRUS DETECTION;

ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; LIGANDS; RNA; RNA, BACTERIAL; RNA, VIRAL; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 8;

EID: 84865386355     PISSN: 10799907     EISSN: 15577465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0014     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Ablasser A, Poeck H, Anz D, Berger M, Schlee M, Kim S, Bourquin C, Goutagny N, Jiang Z, Fitzgerald KA, Rothenfusser S, Endres S, Hartmann G, Hornung V. 2009. Selection of molecular structure and delivery of RNA oligonucleotides to activate TLR7 versus TLR8 and to induce high amounts of IL-12p70 in primary human monocytes. J Immunol 182(11):6824-6833.
2. Anders HJ, Krug A, Pawar RD. 2008. Molecular mimicry in innate immunity? The viral RNA recognition receptor TLR7 accelerates murine lupus. Eur J Immunol 38(7):1795-1799.
3. Bauer S, Bathke B, Lauterbach H, Patzold J, Kassub R, Luber CA, Schlatter B, Hamm S, Chaplin P, Suter M, Hochrein H. 2010. A major role for TLR8 in the recognition of vaccinia viral DNA by murine pDC? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(36):E139; author reply E140.
4. Bendelja K, Vojvoda V, Aberle N, Cepin-Bogovic J, Gagro A, Mlinaric-Galinovic G, Rabatic S. 2010. Decreased Toll-like receptor 8 expression and lower TNF-alpha synthesis in infants with acute RSV infection. Respir Res 11:143.
5. Berghofer B, Frommer T, Haley G, Fink L, Bein G, Hackstein H. 2006. TLR7 ligands induce higher IFN-alpha production in females. J Immunol 177(4):2088-2096. (Pubitemid 44200966)
6. Biffen M, Matsui H, Edwards S, Leishman AJ, Eiho K, Holness E, Satterthwaite G, Doyle I, Wada H, Fraser NJ, Hawkins SL, Aoki M, Tomizawa H, Benjamin AD, Takaku H, McInally T, Murray CM. 2012. Biological characterisation of a novel class of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists designed to have reduced systemic activity. Br J Pharmacol 166(2):573-586.
7. Brasch-Andersen C, Moller MU, Haagerup A, Vestbo J, Kruse TA. 2008. Evidence for an asthma risk locus on chromosome Xp: A replication linkage study. Allergy 63(9):1235-1238.
8. Cervantes JL, Dunham-Ems SM, La Vake CJ, Petzke MM, Sahay B, Sellati TJ, Radolf JD, Salazar JC. 2011. Phagosomal signaling by Borrelia burgdorferi in human monocytes involves Tolllike receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR8 cooperativity and TLR8-mediated induction of IFN-beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(9):3683-3688.
9. Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ. 2000. Cloning and characterization of a sub-family of human toll-like receptors: hTLR7, hTLR8 and hTLR9. Eur Cytokine Netw 11(3):372-378. (Pubitemid 32268894)
10. Clifford HD, Yerkovich ST, Khoo SK, Zhang G, Upham J, Le Souef PN, Richmond P, Hayden CM. 2012. Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 polymorphisms: Associations with functional effects and cellular and antibody responses to measles virus and vaccine. Immunogenetics 64(3):219-228.
11. Cooper JD, Walker NM, Smyth DJ, Downes K, Healy BC, Todd JA. 2009. Follow-up of 1715 SNPs from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium genome-wide association study in type I diabetes families. Genes Immun 10 Suppl 1:S85-S94.
12. Cros J, Cagnard N, Woollard K, Patey N, Zhang SY, Senechal B, Puel A, Biswas SK, Moshous D, Picard C, Jais JP, Cruz D, Casanova JL, Trouillet C, Geissmann F. 2010. Human CD14dim monocytes patrol and sense nucleic acids and viruses via TLR7 and TLR8 receptors. Immunity 33(3):375-386.
13. Davila S, Hibberd ML, Hari Dass R, Wong HE, Sahiratmadja E, Bonnard C, Alisjahbana B, Szeszko JS, Balabanova Y, Drobniewski F, van Crevel R, van De Vosse E, Nejentsev S, Ottenhoff TH, Seielstad M. 2008. Genetic association and expression studies indicate a role of toll-like receptor 8 in pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS Genet 4(10):e1000218.
14. Demaria O, Pagni PP, Traub S, De Gassart A, Branzk N, Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Yancopoulos GD, Flavell RA, Alexopoulou L. 2010. TLR8 deficiency leads to autoimmunity in mice. J Clin Invest 120(10):3651-3662.
15. Desai T, Chen CL, Desai A, Kirby W. 2011. Basic pharmacology of topical imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil, and diclofenac for the dermatologic surgeon. Dermatol Surg 38(1):97-103.
16. Diebold SS, Kaisho T, Hemmi H, Akira S, Reis e Sousa C. 2004. Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science 303(5663):1529-1531. (Pubitemid 38314425)
17. Doxsee CL, Riter TR, Reiter MJ, Gibson SJ, Vasilakos JP, Kedl RM. 2003. The immune response modifier and Toll-like receptor 7 agonist S-27609 selectively induces IL-12 and TNFalpha production in CD11c + CD11b + CD8- dendritic cells. J Immunol 171(3):1156-1163. (Pubitemid 36900043)
18. Eberle F, Giessler K, Deck C, Heeg K, Peter M, Richert C, Dalpke AH. 2008. Modifications in small interfering RNA that separate immunostimulation from RNA interference. J Immunol 180(5):3229-3237.
19. Edwards AO, Chen D, Fridley BL, James KM, Wu Y, Abecasis G, Swaroop A, Othman M, Branham K, Iyengar SK, Sivakumaran TA, Klein R, Klein BE, Tosakulwong N. 2008. Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(4):1652-1659.
20. Engin A, Arslan S, Kizildag S, Ozturk H, Elaldi N, Dokmetas I, Bakir M. 2010. Toll-like receptor 8 and 9 polymorphisms in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Microbes Infect 12(12-13):1071-1078.
21. Flannery SM, Keating SE, Szymak J, Bowie AG. 2011. Human interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-2 is essential for Tolllike receptor-mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Biol Chem 286(27):23688-23697.
22. Forsbach A, Muller C, Montino C, Kritzler A, Curdt R, Benahmed A, Jurk M, Vollmer J. 2011. Impact of delivery systems on siRNA immune activation and RNA interference. Immunol Lett 141(2):169-180.
23. Forsbach A, Nemorin JG, Montino C, Muller C, Samulowitz U, Vicari AP, Jurk M, Mutwiri GK, Krieg AM, Lipford GB, Vollmer J. 2008. Identification of RNA sequence motifs stimulating sequence-specific TLR8-dependent immune responses. J Immunol 180(6):3729-3738.
24. Ganguly D, Chamilos G, Lande R, Gregorio J, Meller S, Facchinetti V, Homey B, Barrat FJ, Zal T, Gilliet M. 2009. Self-RNAantimicrobial peptide complexes activate human dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8. J Exp Med 206(9):1983-1994.
25. Gantier MP. 2012. Strategies for designing and validating immunostimulatory siRNAs. Methods Mol Biol (In press).
26. Gantier MP, Irving AT, Kaparakis-Liaskos M, Xu D, Evans VA, Cameron PU, Bourne JA, Ferrero RL, John M, Behlke MA, Williams BR. 2010a. Genetic modulation of TLR8 response following bacterial phagocytosis. Hum Mutat 31(9):1069-1079.
27. Gantier MP, Tong S, Behlke MA, Irving AT, Lappas M, Nilsson UW, Latz E, McMillan NA, Williams BR. 2010b. Rational design of immunostimulatory siRNAs. Mol Ther 18(4):785-795.
28. Gantier MP, Tong S, Behlke MA, Xu D, Phipps S, Foster PS, Williams BR. 2008. TLR7 is involved in sequence-specific sensing of single-stranded RNAs in human macrophages. J Immunol 180(4):2117-2124.
29. Gantier MP, Williams BR. 2009. siRNA delivery not Toll-free. Nat Biotechnol 27(10):911-912.
30. Gantier MP, Williams BR. 2010. Monitoring innate immune recruitment by siRNAs in mammalian cells. Methods Mol Biol 623:21-33.
31. Gantier MP, Williams BR. 2011. Making sense of viral RNA sensing. Mol Ther 19(9):1578-1581.
32. Garcia-Ortiz H, Velazquez-Cruz R, Espinosa-Rosales F, Jimenez-Morales S, Baca V, Orozco L. 2010. Association of TLR7 copy number variation with susceptibility to childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus in Mexican population. Ann Rheum Dis 69(10):1861-1865.
33. Gibbard RJ, Morley PJ, Gay NJ. 2006. Conserved features in the extracellular domain of human toll-like receptor 8 are essential for pH-dependent signaling. J Biol Chem 281(37):27503-27511. (Pubitemid 44401777)
34. Gorden KB, Gorski KS, Gibson SJ, Kedl RM, Kieper WC, Qiu X, Tomai MA, Alkan SS, Vasilakos JP. 2005. Synthetic TLR agonists reveal functional differences between human TLR7 and TLR8. J Immunol 174(3):1259-1268.
35. Gorden KK, Qiu X, Battiste JJ, Wightman PP, Vasilakos JP, Alkan SS. 2006a. Oligodeoxynucleotides differentially modulate activation of TLR7 and TLR8 by imidazoquinolines. J Immunol 177(11):8164-8170. (Pubitemid 44846336)
36. Gorden KK, Qiu XX, Binsfeld CC, Vasilakos JP, Alkan SS. 2006b. Cutting edge: Activation of murine TLR8 by a combination of imidazoquinoline immune response modifiers and polyT oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunol 177(10):6584-6587. (Pubitemid 44715019)
37. Gorski KS, Waller EL, Bjornton-Severson J, Hanten JA, Riter CL, Kieper WC, Gorden KB, Miller JS, Vasilakos JP, Tomai MA, Alkan SS. 2006. Distinct indirect pathways govern human NK-cell activation by TLR-7 and TLR-8 agonists. Int Immunol 18(7):1115-1126. (Pubitemid 43923429)
38. Govindaraj RG, Manavalan B, Basith S, Choi S. 2011. Comparative analysis of species-specific ligand recognition in Toll-like receptor 8 signaling: A hypothesis. PLoS One 6(9): e25118.
39. Gringhuis SI, van der Vlist M, van den Berg LM, den Dunnen J, Litjens M, Geijtenbeek TB. 2010. HIV-1 exploits innate signaling by TLR8 and DC-SIGN for productive infection of dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 11(5):419-426.
40. Groom JR, Fletcher CA, Walters SN, Grey ST, Watt SV, Sweet MJ, Smyth MJ, Mackay CR, Mackay F. 2007. BAFF and MyD88 signals promote a lupus-like disease independent of T cells. J Exp Med 204(8):1959-1971. (Pubitemid 47236330)
41. Hamm S, Latz E, Hangel D, Muller T, Yu P, Golenbock D, Sparwasser T, Wagner H, Bauer S. 2010. Alternating 2¢-Oribose methylation is a universal approach for generating non-stimulatory siRNA by acting as TLR7 antagonist. Immunobiology 215(7):559-569.
42. Hart OM, Athie-Morales V, O'Connor GM, Gardiner CM. 2005. TLR7/8-mediated activation of human NK cells results in accessory cell-dependent IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 175(3):1636-1642. (Pubitemid 41023066)
43. Hattermann K, Picard S, Borgeat M, Leclerc P, Pouliot M, Borgeat P. 2007. The Toll-like receptor 7/8-ligand resiquimod (R-848) primes human neutrophils for leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2 and platelet-activating factor biosynthesis. Faseb J 21(7):1575-1585. (Pubitemid 46684859)
44. Hayashi F, Means TK, Luster AD. 2003. Toll-like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function. Blood 102(7):2660-2669. (Pubitemid 37193610)
45. Heil F, Ahmad-Nejad P, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Gellert T, Dietrich H, Lipford G, Takeda K, Akira S, Wagner H, Bauer S. 2003. The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-specific stimulus loxoribine uncovers a strong relationship within the TLR7, 8 and 9 subfamily. Eur J Immunol 33(11):2987-2997. (Pubitemid 37428331)
46. Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Kirschning C, Akira S, Lipford G, Wagner H, Bauer S. 2004. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303(5663):1526-1529. (Pubitemid 38314424)
47. Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Takeuchi O, Sato S, Sanjo H, Hoshino K, Horiuchi T, Tomizawa H, Takeda K, Akira S. 2002. Small antiviral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 3(2):196-200. (Pubitemid 34141451)
48. Hennessy EJ, Parker AE, O'Neill LA. 2010. Targeting Toll-like receptors: Emerging therapeutics? Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(4):293-307.
49. Horak F. 2011. VTX-1463, a novel TLR8 agonist for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 20(7):981-986.
50. Hornung V, Guenthner-Biller M, Bourquin C, Ablasser A, Schlee M, Uematsu S, Noronha A, Manoharan M, Akira S, De Fougerolles A, Endres S, Hartmann G. 2005. Sequence-specific potent induction of IFN-alpha by short interfering RNA in plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7. Nat Med 11(3): 263-270. (Pubitemid 40460553)
51. Hornung V, Rothenfusser S, Britsch S, Krug A, Jahrsdorfer B, Giese T, Endres S, Hartmann G. 2002. Quantitative expression of toll-like receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunol 168(9):4531-4537. (Pubitemid 34441357)
52. Itoh H, Tatematsu M, Watanabe A, Iwano K, Funami K, Seya T, Matsumoto M. 2011. UNC93B1 physically associates with human TLR8 and regulates TLR8-mediated signaling. PLoS One 6(12):e28500.
53. Joki-Korpela P, Marjomaki V, Krogerus C, Heino J, Hyypia T. 2001. Entry of human parechovirus 1. J Virol 75(4):1958-67. (Pubitemid 32110186)
54. Judge AD, Bola G, Lee AC, MacLachlan I. 2006. Design of noninflammatory synthetic siRNA mediating potent gene silencing in vivo. Mol Ther 13(3):494-505. (Pubitemid 43257617)
55. Judge AD, Sood V, Shaw JR, Fang D, McClintock K, MacLachlan I. 2005. Sequence-dependent stimulation of the mammalian innate immune response by synthetic siRNA. Nat Biotechnol 23(4):457-462. (Pubitemid 41724921)
56. Jurk M, Heil F, Vollmer J, Schetter C, Krieg AM, Wagner H, Lipford G, Bauer S. 2002. Human TLR7 or TLR8 independently confer responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848. Nat Immunol 3(6):499. (Pubitemid 34669818)
57. Kandimalla ER, Struthers M, Bett AJ, Wisniewski T, Dubey SA, Jiang W, Precopio M, Sun Z, Wang H, Lan T, Agrawal S, Casimiro DR. 2011. Synthesis and immunological activities of novel Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 agonists. Cell Immunol 270(2):126-134.
58. Kane M, Case LK, Wang C, Yurkovetskiy L, Dikiy S, Golovkina TV. 2011. Innate immune sensing of retroviral infection via Toll-like receptor 7 occurs upon viral entry. Immunity 35(1): 135-145.
59. Kariko K, Buckstein M, Ni H, Weissman D. 2005. Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA. Immunity 23(2):165-175. (Pubitemid 41169286)
60. Kasturi SP, Skountzou I, Albrecht RA, Koutsonanos D, Hua T, Nakaya HI, Ravindran R, Stewart S, Alam M, Kwissa M, Villinger F, Murthy N, Steel J, Jacob J, Hogan RJ, Garcia-Sastre A, Compans R, Pulendran B. 2011. Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity. Nature 470(7335):543-547.
61. Keating SE, Maloney GM, Moran EM, Bowie AG. 2007. IRAK-2 participates in multiple toll-like receptor signaling pathways to NFkappaB via activation of TRAF6 ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 282(46):33435-33443. (Pubitemid 350159553)
62. Khairuddin N, Gantier MP, Blake SJ, Wu SY, Behlke MA, Williams BR, McMillan NA. 2012. siRNA-induced immunostimulation through TLR7 promotes antitumoral activity against HPV-driven tumors in vivo. Immunol Cell Biol 90(2): 187-196.
63. Komatsuda A,Wakui H, Iwamoto K,Ozawa M, TogashiM,Masai R, Maki N, Hatakeyama T, Sawada K. 2008. Up-regulated expression of Toll-like receptors mRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 152(3):482-487. (Pubitemid 351661498)
64. Kortylewski M, Swiderski P, Herrmann A, Wang L, Kowolik C, Kujawski M, Lee H, Scuto A, Liu Y, Yang C, Deng J, Soifer HS, Raubitschek A, Forman S, Rossi JJ, Pardoll DM, Jove R, Yu H. 2009. In vivo delivery of siRNA to immune cells by conjugation to a TLR9 agonist enhances antitumor immune responses. Nat Biotechnol 27(10):925-932.
65. Kovacs KA, Steinmann M, Magistretti PJ, Halfon O, Cardinaux JR. 2003. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein family members recruit the coactivator CREB-binding protein and trigger its phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 278(38):36959-36965. (Pubitemid 37140031)
66. Lan T, Kandimalla ER, Yu D, Bhagat L, Li Y, Wang D, Zhu F, Tang JX, Putta MR, Cong Y, Trombino AF, Sullivan T, Agrawal S. 2007. Stabilized immune modulatory RNA compounds as agonists of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(34):13750-13755. (Pubitemid 350003392)
67. Liu J, Xu C, Hsu LC, Luo Y, Xiang R, Chuang TH. 2010. A fiveamino-acid motif in the undefined region of the TLR8 ectodomain is required for species-specific ligand recognition. Mol Immunol 47(5):1083-1090.
68. Martinez J, Huang X, Yang Y. 2010. Toll-like receptor 8-mediated activation of murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells by vaccinia viral DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(14):6442-6447.
69. Melchjorsen J, Jensen SB, Malmgaard L, Rasmussen SB, Weber F, Bowie AG, Matikainen S, Paludan SR. 2005. Activation of innate defense against a paramyxovirus is mediated by RIG-I and TLR7 and TLR8 in a cell-type-specific manner. J Virol 79(20):12944-12951. (Pubitemid 41433213)
70. Mikula I, Bhide M, Pastorekova S. 2010. Characterization of ovine TLR7 and TLR8 protein coding regions, detection of mutations and Maedi Visna virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 138(1-2):51-59.
71. Moller-Larsen S, Nyegaard M, Haagerup A, Vestbo J, Kruse TA, Borglum AD. 2008. Association analysis identifies TLR7 and TLR8 as novel risk genes in asthma and related disorders. Thorax 63(12):1064-1069.
72. Morrissey DV, Lockridge JA, Shaw L, Blanchard K, Jensen K, Breen W, Hartsough K, Machemer L, Radka S, Jadhav V, Vaish N, Zinnen S, Vargeese C, Bowman K, Shaffer CS, Jeffs LB, Judge A, MacLachlan I, Polisky B. 2005. Potent and persistent in vivo anti-HBV activity of chemically modified siRNAs. Nat Biotechnol 23(8):1002-1007. (Pubitemid 41114035)
73. Oh DY, Taube S, Hamouda O, Kuecherer C, Poggensee G, Jessen H, Eckert JK, Neumann K, Storek A, Pouliot M, Borgeat P, Oh N, Schreier E, Pruss A, Hattermann K, Schumann RR. 2008. A functional toll-like receptor 8 variant is associated with HIV disease restriction. J Infect Dis 198(5):701-709.
74. Pickrell JK, Coop G, Novembre J, Kudaravalli S, Li JZ, Absher D, Srinivasan BS, Barsh GS, Myers RM, Feldman MW, Pritchard JK. 2009. Signals of recent positive selection in a worldwide sample of human populations. Genome Res 19(5):826-837.
75. Pockros PJ, Guyader D, Patton H, Tong MJ, Wright T, McHutchison JG, Meng TC. 2007. Oral resiquimod in chronic HCV infection: Safety and efficacy in 2 placebo-controlled, double-blind phase IIa studies. J Hepatol 47(2):174-182. (Pubitemid 47021257)
76. Poeck H, Besch R, Maihoefer C, Renn M, Tormo D, Morskaya SS, Kirschnek S, Gaffal E, Landsberg J, Hellmuth J, Schmidt A, Anz D, Bscheider M, Schwerd T, Berking C, Bourquin C, Kalinke U, Kremmer E, Kato H, Akira S, Meyers R, Hacker G, Neuenhahn M, Busch D, Ruland J, Rothenfusser S, Prinz M, Hornung V, Endres S, Tuting T, Hartmann G. 2008. 5¢-Triphosphate-siRNA: Turning gene silencing and Rig-I activation against melanoma. Nat Med 14(11):1256-1263.
77. Pribul PK, Harker J, Wang B, Wang H, Tregoning JS, Schwarze J, Openshaw PJ. 2008. Alveolar macrophages are a major determinant of early responses to viral lung infection but do not influence subsequent disease development. J Virol 82(9):4441-4448. (Pubitemid 351563680)
78. Qin J, Yao J, Cui G, Xiao H, Kim TW, Fraczek J, Wightman P, Sato S, Akira S, Puel A, Casanova JL, Su B, Li X. 2006. TLR8-mediated NF-kappaB and JNK activation are TAK1-independent and MEKK3-dependent. J Biol Chem 281(30): 21013-21021. (Pubitemid 44115442)
79. Robbins M, Judge A, Liang L, McClintock K, Yaworski E, MacLachlan I. 2007. 2¢-O-methyl-modified RNAs act as TLR7 antagonists. Mol Ther 15(9):1663-1669. (Pubitemid 47289010)
80. Sacre SM, Lo A, Gregory B, Simmonds RE, Williams L, Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Foxwell BM. 2008. Inhibitors of TLR8 reduce TNF production from human rheumatoid synovial membrane cultures. J Immunol 181(11):8002-8009.
81. Saruta M, Targan SR, Mei L, Ippoliti AF, Taylor KD, Rotter JI. 2009. High-frequency haplotypes in the X chromosome locus TLR8 are associated with both CD and UC in females. Inflamm Bowel Dis 15(3):321-327.
82. Sawalha AH, Harley JB, Scofield RH. 2009. Autoimmunity and Klinefelters syndrome: when men have two X chromosomes. J Autoimmun 33(1):31-34.
83. Schon MP, Schon M, Klotz KN. 2006. The small antitumoral immune response modifier imiquimod interacts with adenosine receptor signaling in a TLR7- and TLR8-independent fashion. J Invest Dermatol 126(6):1338-1347. (Pubitemid 43997917)
84. SioudM. 2005. Induction of inflammatory cytokines and interferon responses by double-stranded and single-stranded siRNAs is sequence-dependent and requires endosomal localization. J Mol Biol 348(5):1079-1090. (Pubitemid 40602367)
85. Sioud M. 2006. Single-stranded small interfering RNA are more immunostimulatory than their double-stranded counterparts: A central role for 2¢-hydroxyl uridines in immune responses. Eur J Immunol 36(5):1222-1230.
86. Soukup JM, Becker S. 2003. Role of monocytes and eosinophils in human respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro. Clin Immunol 107(3):178-185. (Pubitemid 36683342)
87. Steenholdt C, Andresen L, Pedersen G, Hansen A, Brynskov J. 2009. Expression and function of toll-like receptor 8 and Tollip in colonic epithelial cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 44(2):195-204.
88. Stewart CR, Karpala AJ, Lowther S, Lowenthal JW, Bean AG. 2011. Immunostimulatory motifs enhance antiviral siRNAs targeting highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. PLoS One 6(7):e21552.
89. Su AI, Wiltshire T, Batalov S, Lapp H, Ching KA, Block D, Zhang J, Soden R, Hayakawa M, Kreiman G, Cooke MP, Walker JR, Hogenesch JB. 2004. A gene atlas of the mouse and human protein-encoding transcriptomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(16):6062-6067. (Pubitemid 38520528)
90. Triantafilou K, Vakakis E, Orthopoulos G, Ahmed MA, Schumann C, Lepper PM, Triantafilou M. 2005a. TLR8 and TLR7 are involved in the hosts immune response to human parechovirus 1. Eur J Immunol 35(8):2416-2423. (Pubitemid 41179762)
91. Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K, Vakakis E, Orthopoulos G, Ahmed MA, Schumann C, Lepper PM. 2005b. TLR8 and TLR7 are involved in the hosts immune response to human parechovirus 1. Eur J Immunol 35(8):2416-2423. (Pubitemid 41179762)
92. Vergne I, Chua J, Singh SB, Deretic V. 2004. Cell biology of mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 20:367-394. (Pubitemid 39488643)
93. Voskuhl R. 2011. Sex differences in autoimmune diseases. Biol Sex Differ 2(1):1.
94. Wang D, Precopio M, Lan T, Yu D, Tang JX, Kandimalla ER, Agrawal S. 2010. Antitumor activity and immune response induction of a dual agonist of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8. Mol Cancer Ther 9(6):1788-1797.
95. Wang J, Shao Y, Bennett TA, Shankar RA, Wightman PD, Reddy LG. 2006. The functional effects of physical interactions among Toll-like receptors 7, 8, and 9. J Biol Chem 281(49):37427-37434. (Pubitemid 46042046)
96. Wang JP, Bowen GN, Padden C, Cerny A, Finberg RW, Newburger PE, Kurt-Jones EA. 2008. Toll-like receptor-mediated activation of neutrophils by influenza A virus. Blood 112(5):2028-2034.
97. Weinmann AS, Mitchell DM, Sanjabi S, Bradley MN, Hoffmann A, Liou HC, Smale ST. 2001. Nucleosome remodeling at the IL-12 p40 promoter is a TLR-dependent, Rel-independent event. Nat Immunol 2(1):51-57. (Pubitemid 33704953)
98. Yanai H, Ban T, Wang Z, Choi MK, Kawamura T, Negishi H, Nakasato M, Lu Y, Hangai S, Koshiba R, Savitsky D, Ronfani L, Akira S, Bianchi ME, Honda K, Tamura T, Kodama T, Taniguchi T. 2009. HMGB proteins function as universal sentinels for nucleic-acid-mediated innate immune responses. Nature 462(7269):99-103.
99. Yang K, Puel A, Zhang S, Eidenschenk C, Ku CL, Casrouge A, Picard C, von Bernuth H, Senechal B, Plancoulaine S, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Ghonaium A, Marodi L, Davidson D, Speert D, Roifman C, Garty BZ, Ozinsky A, Barrat FJ, Coffman RL, Miller RL, Li X, Lebon P, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Chapel H, Geissmann F, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL. 2005. Human TLR-7-,-8-, and -9-mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda is IRAK-4 dependent and redundant for protective immunity to viruses. Immunity 23(5):465-478. (Pubitemid 41587887)
100. Zamanian-DaryoushM,Marques JT, Gantier MP, BehlkeMA, John M, Rayman P, Finke J, Williams BR. 2008. Determinants of cytokine induction by small interfering RNA in human peripheral bloodmononuclear cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 28(4):221-233. (Pubitemid 351591447)
101. Zannetti C, Bonnay F, Takeshita F, Parroche P, Menetrier-Caux C, Tommasino M, Hasan UA. 2010. C/EBP delta and STAT-1 are required for TLR8 transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 285(45):34773-34780.
102. Zarember KA, Godowski PJ. 2002. Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines. J Immunol 168(2):554-561. (Pubitemid 34049553)
103. Zhu J, Brownlie R, Liu Q, Babiuk LA, Potter A, Mutwiri GK. 2009. Characterization of bovine Toll-like receptor 8: ligand specificity, signaling essential sites and dimerization. Mol Immunol 46(5):978-990.