Classical to current approach for treatment of psoriasis: A review

Endocrine, Metabolic and Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 287-302

  Rahman, Mahfoozur ^a   Alam, Kainat ^b   Ahmad, Mohammad Zaki ^a   Gupta, Gaurav ^c   Afzal, Muhammad ^c   Akhter, Sohail ^d   Kazmi, Imran ^c   Jyoti, ^a   Ahmad, Farhan Jalees ^d   Anwar, Firoz ^c  

^a Dreamz College of Pharmacy   (India)

^b NIMS UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy   (India)

^d HAMDARD UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Conventional treatment; Genetic factor; Herbal drugs; Novel molecules; Patents; Psoriasis

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; ALEFACEPT; APREMILAST; BRIAKINUMAB; CALCIPOTRIOL; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; DITHRANOL; EFALIZUMAB; ERLOTINIB; ETANERCEPT; ETRETIN; EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES EXTRACT; FEZAKINUMAB; FISH OIL; FOSTAMATINIB; HYDROXYUREA; INFLIXIMAB; IXEKIZUMAB; LINSEED OIL; METHOTREXATE; PSORALEN; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOID; TACROLIMUS; TOFACITINIB; UNINDEXED DRUG; USTEKINUMAB; VITAMIN D; VOCLOSPORIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CARCINOGENICITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DYSKERATOSIS; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; HYPERKERATOSIS; HYPERTENSION; ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PHOTOTHERAPY; PSORIASIS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN INFLAMMATION; T LYMPHOCYTE; TERATOGENESIS; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; KERATOLYTIC AGENTS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; PHYTOTHERAPY; PSORIASIS; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; SKIN;

EID: 84864776262     PISSN: 18715303     EISSN: 22123873     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187153012802002901     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Rahman, M.; Zaki, A.M.; Kazmi, I.; Akhter, S.; Beg, S.; Gupta, G.; Afzal, M.; Saleem, S.; Ahmad, I.; Adil, S.M.; Jalees, A.F. and Anwar, F. (2012) Insight into the Biomarkers as the Novel Anti-Psoriatic Drug Discovery Tool: A Contemporary Viewpoint. Curr. Drug Discov. Technols., 9, 48-62.
2. Lebwohl, M. (2003) Psoriasis. Lancet, 361, 1197-1204.
3. Krueger, J.G. (2002) The immunologic basis for the treatment of psoriasis with new biologic agents. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 46, 1-23.
4. Christophers, E. (2001) Psoriasis epidemiology and clinical spectrum. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 26, 314-320.
5. Greaves, M.W. and Weinstein, G.D. (1995) Treatment of psoriasis. N. Engl. J. Med., 332, 581-588.
6. International psoriasis council IPC. Psoriasis Review, Focus on Asia-pacific, May 2010.
7. Nickoloff, B.J.; Xin, H.; Nestle, F.O. and Qin, J.Z. (2007) The cytokine and chemokines network in psoriasis. Clin. Dermatol., 25, 568-573.
8. Res, P.C.; Piskin, G.; de Boer, O.J.; van der Loos, C.M.; Teeling, P.; Bos, J.D. and Teunissen, M.B. (2010) Overrepresentation of IL-17A and IL-22 producing CD8 T cells in lesional skin suggests their involvement in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. PLoS One, 5, e14108.
9. Bos, J.D.; Hagenaars, C.; Das, P.K.; Krieg, S.R.; Voorn, W.J. and Kapsenberg, M.L. (1989) Predominance of "memory" T cells (CD4+, CDw29+) over "naive" T cells (CD4+, CD45R+) in both normal and diseased human skin. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 281, 24-30.
10. Takai, T.; Nakamura, A. and Akiyama, K. (2003) Fc receptors as potential targets for the treatment of allergy, autoimmune disease and cancer. Curr. Drug Targets Immun. Endocr. Metabol. Disord., 3, 187-197.
11. Wingren, A.G.; Parra, E.; Varga, M.; Kalland, T.; Sjögren, H.O.; Hedlund, G. and Dohlsten, M. (1995) T cell activation pathways:. B7, LFA-3, and ICAM-1 shape unique T cell profiles. Crit. Rev. Immunol., 15, 235-253.
12. Racke, M.K. and Stuart, R.W. (2002) Targeting T cell costimulation in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 6, 275-289.
13. Elder, J.T.; Bruce, A.T.; Gudjonsson, J.E.; Johnston, A.; Stuart, P.E.; Tejasvi, T.; Voorhees, J.J.; Abecasi, s G.R. and Nair, R.P. (2010) Molecular dissection of psoriasis: integrating genetics and biology. J. Invest. Dermatol., 130, 1213-1226.
14. Genetic Analysis of Psoriasis Consortium & the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2.; Strange, A.; Capon, F.; Spencer, C.C.; Knight, J.; Weale, M.E.; Allen, M.H.; Barton, A.; Band, G.; Bellenguez, C.; Bergboer, J.G.; Blackwell, J.M.; Bramon, E.; Bumpstead, S.J.; Casas, J.P.; Cork, M.J.; Corvin, A.; Deloukas, P.; Dilthey, A.; Duncanson, A.; Edkins, S.; Estivill, X.; Fitzgerald, O.; Freeman, C.; Giardina, E.; Gray, E.; Hofer, A.; Hüffmeier, U.; Hunt, S.E.; Irvine, A.D.; Jankowski, J.; Kirby, B.; Langford, C.; Lascorz, J.; Leman, J.; Leslie, S.; Mallbris, L.; Markus, H.S.; Mathew, C.G.; McLean, W.H.; McManus, R.; Mössner, R.; Moutsianas, L.; Naluai, A.T.; Nestle, F.O.; Novelli, G.; Onoufriadis, A.; Palmer, C.N.; Perricone, C.; Pirinen, M.; Plomin, R.; Potter, S.C.; Pujol, R.M.; Rautanen, A.; Riveira-Munoz, E.; Ryan, A.W.; Salmhofer, W.; Samuelsson, L.; Sawcer, S.J.; Schalkwijk, J.; Smith, C.H.; Ståhle, M.; Su, Z.; Tazi-Ahnini, R.; Traupe, H.; Viswanathan, A.C.; Warren, R.B.; Weger, W.; Wolk, K.; Wood, N.; Worthington, J.; Young, H.S.; Zeeuwen, P.L.; Hayday, A.; Burden, A.D.; Griffiths, C.E.; Kere, J.; Reis, A.; McVean, G.; Evans, D.M.; Brown, M.A.; Barker, J.N.; Peltonen, L.; Donnelly, P. and Trembath, R.C. (2010) A genome-wide a ssociation study identifies new psoriasis susceptibility loci and an interac-tion between HLA-C and ERAP1. Nat. Genet., 42, 985-990.
15. Picard, C.; Dogniaux, S.; Chemin, K.; Maciorowski, Z.; Lim, A.; Mazerolles, F.; Rieux-Laucat, F.; Stolzenberg, M.C.; Debre, M.; Magny, J.P.; Le Deist, F.; Fischer, A. and Hivroz, C. (2009) Hypomorphic mutation of ZAP70 in human results in a late onset immunodeficiency and no autoimmunity. Eur. J. Immunol., 39, 1966-1976.
16. Fuentes-Duculan, J.; Suárez-Fariñas, M.; Zaba, L.C.; Nograles, K.E.; Pierson, K.C.; Mitsui, H.; Pensabene, C.A.; Kzhyshkowska, J.; Krueger, J.G. and Lowes, M.A. (2010) A subpopulation o f CD163-positive macrophages is classically activated in psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol., 130, 2412-2422.
17. Lowes, M.A.; Chamian, F.; Abello, M.V.; Fuentes-Duculan, J.; Lin, S.L.; Nussbaum, R.; Novitskaya, I.; Carbonaro, H.; Cardinale, I.; Kikuchi, T.; Gilleaudeau, P.; Sullivan-Whalen, M.; Wittkowski, K.M.; Papp, K.; Garovoy, M.; Dummer, W.; Steinman, R.M. and Krueger, J.G. (2005) Increase in TNF-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase-expressing dendritic cells in psoriasis and reduction with efalizumab (anti-CD11a). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 19057-19062.
18. Abramson, S.B.; Amin, A.R.; Clancy, R.M. and Attur, M. (2001) The role of nitric oxide in tissue destruction. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol., 15, 831-845.
19. Bettelli, E.; Carrier, Y.; Gao, W.; Korn, T.; Strom, T.B.; Oukka, M.; Weiner, H.L.; Kuchroo, V.K. (2006) Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature, 441, 235-238.
20. Zaba, L.C.; Cardinale, I.; Gilleaudeau, P. and Sullivan-Whalen, M. (2007) Suarez-Farinas M, Fuentes-Duculan J, et al. Amelioration o f epidermal hyperplasia by TNF inhibition is associated with reduced Th17 responses. J Exp. Med., 204, 3183-3194.
21. de Cid, R.; Riveira-Munoz, E.; Zeeuwen, P.L.; Robarge, J.; Liao, W.; Dannhauser, E.N.; Giardina, E.; Stuart, P.E.; Nair, R.; Helms, C.; Escaramis, G.; Ballana, E.; Martin-Ezquerra, G.; den Heijer, M.; Kamsteeg, M.; Joosten, I.; Eichler, E.E.; Lazaro, C.; Pujol, R.M.; Armengol, L.; Abecasis, G.; Elder, J.T.; Novelli, G.; Armour, J.A.; Kwok, P.Y.; Bowcock, A.; Schalkwijk, J. and Estivill, X. (2009) Deletion of the late cornified envelope LCE3B and LCE3C genes as a susceptibility factor for psoriasis. Nat. Genet., 41, 211-215.
22. Stuart, P.E.; Nair, R.P.; Ellinghaus, E.; Ding, J.; Tejasvi, T.; Gudjonsson, J.E.; Li, Y.; Weidinger, S.; Eberlein, B.; Gieger, C.; Wichmann, H.E.; Kunz, M.; Ike, R.; Krueger, G.G.; Bowcock, A.M.; Mrowietz, U.; Lim, H.W.; Voorhees, J.J.; Abecasis, G.R.; Weichenthal, M.; Franke, A.; Rahman, P.; Gladman, D.D. and Elder, J.T. (2010) Genome-wide association analysis identifies three psoriasis susceptibility loci. Nat. Genet., 42, 1000-1004.
23. Tejasvi, T.; Stuart, P.E.; Nair, R.P.; Voorhees, J.J. and Elder, J.T. (2012) TNFAIP3 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Response to TNF Blockade in Psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol., 32, 593-600.
24. Sun, L.D.; Cheng, H.; Wang, Z.X.; Zhang, A.P.; Wang, P.G.; Xu, J.H.; Zhu, Q.X.; Zhou, H.S.; Ellinghaus, E.; Zhang, F.R.; Pu, X.M.; Yang, X.Q.; Zhang, J.Z.; Xu, A.E.; Wu, R.N.; Xu, L.M.; Peng, L.; Helms, C.A.; Ren, Y.Q.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, S.M.; Nair, R.P.; Wang, H.Y.; Lin, G.S.; Stuart, P.E.; Fan, X.; Chen, G.; Tejasvi, T.; Li, P.; Zhu, J.; Li, Z.M.; Ge, H.M.; Weichenthal, M.; Ye, W.Z.; Zhang, C.; Shen, S.K.; Yang, B.Q.; Sun, Y.Y.; Li, S.S.; Lin, Y.; Jiang, J.H.; Li, C.T.; Chen, R.X.; Cheng, J.; Jiang, X.; Zhang, P.; Song, W.M.; Tang, J.; Zhang, H.Q.; Sun, L.; Cui, J.; Zhang, L.J.; Tang, B.; Huang, F.; Qin, Q.; Pei, X.P.; Zhou, A.M.; Shao, L.M.; Liu, J.L.; Zhang, F.Y.; Du, W.D.; Franke, A.; Bowcock, A.M.; Elder, J.T.; Liu, J.J.; Yang, S. and Zhang, X.J. (2010) Association analyses identify six new psoriasis susceptibility loci in the Chinese population. Nat. Genet., 42, 1005-1009.
25. Australo-Anglo-American Spondyloarthritis Consortium (TASC).; Reveille, J.D.; Sims, A.M.; Danoy, P.; Evans, D.M.; Leo, P.; Pointon, J.J.; Jin, R.; Zhou, X.; Bradbury, L.A.; Appleton, L.H.; Davis, J.C.; Diekman, L.; Doan, T.; Dowling, A.; Duan, R.; Duncan, E.L.; Farrar, C.; Hadler, J.; Harvey, D.; Karaderi, T.; Mogg, R.; Pomeroy, E.; Pryce, K.; Taylor, J.; Savage, L.; Deloukas, P.; Kumanduri, V.; Peltonen, L.; Ring, S.M.; Whittaker, P.; Glazov, E.; Thomas, G.P.; Maksymowych, W.P.; Inman, R.D.; Ward, M.M.; Stone, M.A.; Weisman, M.H.; Wordsworth, B.P. and Brown, M.A. (2010) Genome-wide association study of ankylosing spondylitis identifies non-MHC susceptibility loci. Nat. Genet., 42, 123-127.
26. Duerr, R.H.; Taylor, K.D.; Brant, S.R.; Rioux, J.D.; Silverberg, M.S.; Daly, M.J.; Steinhart, A.H.; Abraham, C.; Regueiro, M.; Griffiths, A.; Dassopoulos, T.; Bitton, A.; Yang, H.; Targan, S.; Datta, L.W.; Kistner, E.O.; Schumm, L.P.; Lee, A.T.; Gregersen, P.K.; Barmada, M.M.; Rotter, J.I.; Nicolae, D.L. and Cho, J.H. (2006) A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene. Science, 314, 1461-1463.
27. Lebwohl, M. and Ali, S. (2001) Treatment of psoriasis Topical therapy and phototherapy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 45, 487-498.
28. Lebwohl, M. and Ali, S. (2001) Part 2, Treatment of psoriasis Systemic therapies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 45, 649-661.
29. Krueger, G.; Koo, J.; Lebwohl, M.; Menter, A.; Stern, R.S. and Rolstad, T. (2001) The Impact of Psoriasis on Quality of Life. Results of a 1998 Natl Psoriasis Foundation Patient-Membership Survey. Arch. Dermatol., 137, 280-284.
30. Richards, H.L.; Fortune, D.G.; O'Sullivan, T.M.; Main, C.J. and Griffiths, C.E. (1999) Patients with psoriasis and their compliance with medication. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 41, 581-583.
31. Schafer, P.H.; Parton, A.; Gandhi, A.K.; Capone, L.; Adams, M.; Wu, L.; Bartlett, J.B.; Loveland, M.A.; Gilhar, A.; Cheung, Y.F.; Baillie, G.S.; Houslay, M.D.; Man, H.W.; Muller, G.W. and Stirling, D.I. (2010) Apremilast, a cAMP phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in a model of psoriasis. Br. J. Pharmacol., 159, 842-855.
32. Mellor, H. and Parker, P.J. (1998) The extended protein kinase C superfamily. Biochem. J., 332, 281-292
33. Kragballe, K. and Wildfang, I.L. (1990) Calcipotriol (MC 903), a novel vitamin D3 analogue, stimulates terminal differentiation and inhibits proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes. Dermatol. Res., 282, 164-167.
34. Kragballe, K.; Gjertsen, B.T. and de Hoop, D. (1991) Calcipotriol, a novel principle in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris, results of a double-blind, multicenter, right-left comparison with betamethasone 17-valerate. Lancet, 337, 193-196.
35. Kragballe, K.; Barnes, L.; Hamberg, K.J.; Hutchinson, P.; Murphy, F.P.; Ruzicka, T. and Van de Kerkhof, P.C.M. (1998) Calcipotriol cream with or without concurrent topical corticosteroid in psoriasis, tolerability and efficacy. Br. J Dermatol., 139, 649-654.
36. Masuda, S. and Jones, G. (2003) Vit D analogues drug design based on protein involved in Vit D signal transduction. Curr. Drug Target Immun. Endocr. Metab. Disord., 3, 43-66.
37. Kang, S.; Griffiths, C.E.M.; Fancher, L.; Hamilton, T.A. and Choi, J.H. (1998) Calcipotriene-induced improvement in psoriasis is associated with reduced interleukin-8 and increased interleukin-10 levels within lesions. Br. J. Dermatol., 138, 77-83.
38. Molin, L.; Cutler, T.P.; Helander, I. and Nyfors, B.D.N. (1997) Comparative efficacy of calcipotriol (MC903) cream and betamethasone 17-valerate cream in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. A randomized doubleblind, parallel group, multicenter study. Br. J. Dermatol., 136, 89-93.
39. Austad, J.; Bjerke, J.R.; Gjertsen, B.T.; Helland, S.; Livden, J.K.; Morken, T. and Mork, N.K. (1998) Clobetasol propionate followed by calcipotriol is superior to calcipotriol alone in topical treatment of psoriasis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 11, 19-24.
40. Lebwohl, M. (1997) Topical application of calcipotriene and corticosteroids, combination regimens. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 37, S55-S58.
41. Seville, R.H. (1976) Relapse rate of psoriasis worsened by adding steroids to a dithranol regimen. Br. J. Dermatol., 95, 643-646.
42. Farkas, A.; Keemeny, L.; Szony, B. J.; Bata-Csorgo, Z.; Pivarcsi, A.; Kiss, M.; Szell, M.; Koreck, A. and Dobozy, A. (2001) Dithranol upregulates IL-10 receptors on the cultured keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Inflamm. Res., 2001, 50, 44-49.
43. Williams, R.E.; Tillman, D.M.; White, S.I.; Barnett, E.L. and Mackie, R.M. (1992) Re-examining crude coal tar treatment for psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol., 126, 608-610.
44. Allen, J.G. and Bloxham, D.P. (1989) The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the retinoids. Pharmacol. Ther., 40, 1-27.
45. Shah, K.A.; Date, A.A.; Joshi, M.D. and Patravale, V.B. (2007) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of tretinoin, potential in topical delivery. Int. J. Pharm., 345, 163-171.
46. Gerald, M.D. and Weinstein, D. (1997) Tazarotene gel: Efficacy and safety in plaque psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 37, 33-38.
47. Scher, R.K.; Stiller, M. and Zhu, Y.I. (2001) Tazarotene 0.1 % gel in the treatment of fingernail psoriasis, a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Cutis, 68, 355-358.
48. Rubins, A.; Gutmane, R.; Valdmane, N.; Stevenson, P.; Foster, C. and Undre, N. (2005) Pharmacokinetics of 0.1% Tacrolimus ointment after first and repeated application to adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol., 125, 68-71.
49. Zahir, H.; Nand, R.A.; Brown, K.F.; Tattam, B.N. and Mclachlan, A.J. (2001) Validation of methods to study the distribution and protein binding of tacrolimus in human blood. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 46, 27-35.
50. Remitz, A.; Reitamo, S.; Erko, P.; Granlund, H. and Lauerma, A.I. (1999) Tacrolimus ointment improves psoriasis in a microplaque assay. Br. J. Dermatol., 141, 103-107.
51. Ali, J.; Akhtar, N.; Sultana, Y.; Baboota, S. and Ahuja, A. (2008) Antipsoriatic microemulsion gel formulations for topical drug delivery of babchi oil (Psoralea corylifolia). Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 30, 277-285.
52. Collins, P.; Wainwright, N.J.; Amorim, I.; Lakshmipathi, T. and Ferguson, J. (1996) 8-MOP PUVA for psoriasis, a comparison of a minimal phototoxic dose-based regimen with a skin-type approach. Br. J. Dermatol., 135, 248-254.
53. Baroli, B.; López-Quintela, M.A.; Delgado-Charro, M.B.; Fadda, A.M. and Blanco-Méndez, J. (2000) Microemulsions for topical delivery of 8-methoxsalen. J. Controlled Rel., 69, 209-218.
54. Gottlieb, S.; Hayes, E.; Gilleaudeau, P.; Cardinale, I.; Gottlieb, A.B. and Krueger, J.G. (1996) Cellular actions of etretinate in psoriasis, enhanced epidermal differentiation and reduced cellmediated inflammation are unexpected outcomes. J. Cutan. Pathol., 23, 404-418.
55. Agrawal, Y.; Petkar, K.C. and Sawant, K.K. (2010) Development, evaluation and clinical studies of Acitretin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for topical treatment of psoriasis. Int. J. Pharm., 401, 93-102.
56. Gollnick, H.P.M. (1996) Oral retinoids efficacy and toxicity in psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol., 135, 6-17.
57. Moy, R.L.; Kinston, T.P. and Lowe, N.J. (1985) Isotretinoin versus etretinate therapy in generalized pustular and chronic psoriasis. Arch. Dermatol., 121, 1297-1301.
58. Berth-Jones, J.; Todd, G.; Hutchison, P.E.; Thestrup-Pederson, K. and Vanhoutte, F.P. (2000) Treatment of psoriasis with oral liarozole, a doseranging study. Br. J. Dermatol., 143, 1170-1176.
59. Eskicirak, B.; Zemheri, E. and Cerkezoglu, A. (2006) The treatment of psoriasis vulgaris, 1% topical methotrexate gel, Int. J. Dermatol., 45, 965-969.
60. Ali, M.F.; Salah, M.; Rafea, M. and Saleh, N. (2008) Liposomal methotrexate hydrogel for treatment of psoriasis, preparation, characterization and laser targeting, Med. Sci. Monit., 14, 66-74.
61. Trotta, M.; Peira, M.; Eugenia, M. (2004) Deformable liposomes for dermal administration of methotrexate. Int. J. Pharmaceut., 270, 119-125.
62. Faerber, L.; Braeutigan, M.; Weidinger, G.; Mrowietz, U.; Christophers, E.; Schulze, H.J.; Mahrle, G.; Meffert, H. and Dreshcler, S. (2001) Cyclosporine in severe psoriasis. Results of a meta-analysis in 579 patients. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 2, 41-47.
63. Yarbro, J.W. (1969) Hydroxyurea in the treatment of refractory psoriasis. Lancet, 2, 846-847.
64. Kolbach, D.N. and Niebor, C. (1992) Fumaric acid therapy in psoriasis, results and side effects of 2 years of treatment. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 27, 769-771.
65. Gil, A. (2002) Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases. Biomed. Pharmacothe., 56, 388-396.
66. Krutmann, J. (1998) Therapeutic photoimmunology; photoimmunological mechanisms in photo(chemo)therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. Biol., 44, 159-164.
67. Gordon, P.M.; Diffey, B.L.; Matthews, J.N.S. and Farr, P.M. (1999) A randomized comparison of narrow-band TL-01 phototherapy and PUVA photochemotherapy for psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 41, 728-732.
68. Racz, E.; Prens, E.P. and Kurek, D. (2011) Effective treatment of psoriasis with narrow-band UVB phototherapy is linked to suppression of the IFN and Th17 pathways. J. Invest. Dermatol., 131, 1547-1558.
69. Gruss, C.; Behren, S.; Reuther, T.; Husebo, L.; Neumann, N.; Altmeyer, P.; Lehman, P. and Kerscher, M. (1998) Kinetics of photosensitivity in bath-PUVA photochemotherapy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 89, 443-446.
70. Trehan, M. and Taylor, C.R. (2002) High-dose 308-nm excimer laser for the treatment of psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 46, 732-737.
71. Feldman, S.R.; Mellen, B.G.; Housman, T.S.; Fitzpatrick, R.E.; Geronemus, R.G.; Friedman, P.M.; Vasily, D.B. and Morison, W.L. (2002) Efficacy of the 308-nm excimer laser for treatment of psoriasis; results of a multicenter study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 46, 900-906.
72. Newman, D.J. and Cragg, G.M. (2007) Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J. Nat. Prod., 70, 461-477.
73. Schneider, I. and Bucar, F. (2005) Lipoxygenase inhibitors from natural plant sources. Part 1, Medicinal plants with inhibitory activity on arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase. Phytother. Res., 19, 81-102.
74. Schneider, I. and Bucar, F. (2005) Lipoxygenase inhibitors from natural plant sources. Part 1, Medicinal plants with inhibitory activity on arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase. Phytother. Res., 19, 81-102.
75. Jachak, S.M. (2006) Cyclooxygenase Inhibitory Natural Products: Current Status. Curr. Medici. Chem., 13, 659-678.
76. Calixto, J.B.; Otuki, M.F. and Santos, A.R.S. (2003) Antiinflammatory compounds of plant origin. Part I. Action on arachidonic acid pathway, nitric oxide and nuclear factor-kB (NFkB). Planta Med., 69, 973-983.
77. Battagim, J.; de Souza, V.T. and Miyasaka N.R.S. (2011) Comparative study of the effect of green and roasted water extracts of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on glucosyltransferase activity of Streptococcus mutans. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem., 27, 232-240.
78. Deborah, H.B.; Luciane, A.S. and Rodrigo R.C. (2007) Phenolic Antioxidants Identified by ESI-MS from Yerba Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) and Green Tea (Camelia sinensis) Extracts. Molecules, 12, 423-432.
79. Kleber, B. and Marcia, B. (2011) Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Yerba-Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hill., Aquifoliaceae) Extract as Obtained by Spray Drying. J. Agric. Food Chem., 21, 510, 640.
80. Liau, B.C.; Jong, T.T.; Lee, M.R. and Chen, S.S. (2007) LC-APCIMS method for detection and analysis of tryptanthrin, indigo, and indirubin in daqingye and banlangen. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal., 43, 346-351.
81. Lee, J.W.; Moon, M.J.; Min, H.Y.; Chung, H.J.; Park, E.J.; Park, H.J.; Hong, J.Y.; Kim, Y.C. and Lee, S.K. (2005) Induction of apoptosis by a novel indirubin-5-nitro-3_-monoxime, a CDK inhibitor, in human lung cancer cells. Bio-Org. Medi. Chem. Lett., 15, 3948-3952.
82. Suzuki, K.; Adachi, R.; Hirayama, A.; Watanabe, H.; Otani, S.; Watanabe, Y. and Kasahara, T. (2005) Indirubin, a Chinese antileukaemia drug, promotes neutrophilic differentiation of human myelocytic leukaemia HL-60 cells. Br. J. Haemat., 130, 681-690.
83. Moon, M.J.; Lee, S.K.; Lee, J.W.; Song, W.K.; Kim, S.W.; Kim, J.I.; Cho, C.; Choi, S.J. and Kim, Y.C. (2006) Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel indirubin derivatives as potent anti-proliferative agents with CDK2 inhibitory activities. Bio-org. Medi. Chem., 14, 237-246.
84. Lin, Y.K.; Wong, W.R.; Chang, Y.C.; Chang, C.J.; Tsay, P.K.; Chang, S.C. and Pang, J.H. (2007) The efficacy and safety of topically applied indigo naturalis ointment in patients with plaquetype psoriasis. Dermatology, 214, 155-161.
85. Lin, Y.K.; Wong, W.R. and Su Pang, J.H. (2007) Successful treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis with Indigo naturalis ointment. Clini. Exper. Dermatol., 32, 99-100.
86. Matsuda, H.; Tewtrakul, S.; Morikawa, T.; Nakamura, A. and Yoshikawa, M. (2004) Anti-allergic principles from Thai zedoary: structural requirements of curcuminoids for inhibition of degranulation and effect on the release of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in RBL-2H3cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 12, 5891-5898.
87. Heng, M.C.; Song, M.K. and Harker, J. (2000) Drug-induced suppression of phosphorylase kinase activity correlates with resolution of psoriasis as assessed by clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters. Br. J. Dermatol., 143, 937-949.
88. Kim, S.O.; Kundu, J.K. and Shin, Y.K. (2005) 6-Gingerol inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappa B in phorbol esterstimulated mouse skin. Oncogene, 24, 2558-2567.
89. Takemoto, D.J.; Kresie, R. and Vaughn, D. (1980) Partial purification and characterization of a guanylate cyclase inhibitor with cytotoxic properties from the bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 94, 332-339.
90. Gao, M.H.; Li, H.; Zhang, L. and Xiao, S.X. (2008) Studies on chemical constituents from flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum. Zhong Yao Cai., 31, 682-684.
91. Lee, D.U.; Kang, Y.J.; Park, M.K.; Lee, Y.S.; Seo, H.G.; Kim, T.S.; Kim, C.H. and Chang K.C. (2003) Effects of 13-alkylsubstituted berberine alkaloids on the expression of COX-II, TNFalpha, iNOS, and IL-12 production in LPSstimulated macrophages. Life Sci., 73, 1401-1412.
92. Cunningham, A.B. (1997) An African wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. Non Wood For. Prod., 11, 116-129.
93. Sampson, J.H.; Raman A.; Karlsen, G.; Navsaria, H. and Leigh, I.M. (2001) In vitro keratinocyte antiproliferant effect of Centella asiatica extract and triterpenoid saponins. Phytomedicine, 8, 230-235.
94. Kefale, T.; Gebre-Mariam, T.; Asres, K.; Perry, F. and Engidawork, E. (2008) Toxicity studies on dermal application of plant extract of Plumbago zeylanica used in Ethiopian traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 117, 236-248.
95. Vasudevan, M.; Gunnam, K.K. and Parle, M. (2007) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Thespesia populnea bark extract. J. Ethnopharmacol., 109, 264-270.
96. Yob, N.J.; Jofrry, S.M.; Affandi, M.M.; The, L.K.; Salleh, M.Z. and Zakaria, Z.A. (2011) Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, A Review of Its Ethnomedicinal, Chemical, and Pharmacological Uses. Evid. Based Complement Alternat Med., 2011, 543216.
97. Misik, V.; Bezakova, L.; Malekova, L. and Kotalova, D. (1995) Lipoxygenase inhibition and antioxidant properties of protoberberine and aporphine alkaloids isolated from Mahonia aquifolium. Planta Med., 61, 372-373.
98. Tanweer, A.S.; Ahmad, S.A.; Albert, H.H.; Ahmad, S.A.; Ahmad, S.H. and Afzal, M. (1996) Management of psoriasis with Aloe Vera extract in a hydrophilic cream, a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop. Medi. Int. Health, 1, 505-509.
99. Kim, H.M. and Cho, S.H. (1999) Levander oil inhibits immediate type allergic reaction in mice and rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 51, 221-226.
100. Man, M.Q.; Shi, Y.; Man, M.; Lee, S.H.; Demerjian, M.; Chang, S.; Feingold, K.R. and Elias, P.M. (2008) Elias Chinese herbal medicine (Tuhuai extract) exhibits topical anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activity in murine disease models. Exp. Dermatol., 17, 681-687.
101. Zhang, G.W.; Li, S.B. and Wang, H.J. (1980) Inhibition of Chinese herb medicine, Angelica Dahurica (Benth et Hook) and UVA on synthesis of DNA of lymphocytes in vitro. Chin. J. Dermatol., 13, 138-140.
102. Zhao-Li Zhou, Ya-Xi Yang, Jian Ding, Yuan-Chao Li and Ze-Hong Miao (2012) Triptolide: structural modifications, structure-activity relationships, bioactivities, clinical development and mechanisms. Nat. Prod. Rep., 29, 457-475.
103. Koo, J. and Arain, S. (1998) Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Treatment of Dermatologic Disorders. Arch. Dermatol., 134, 1388-1393.
104. Nishimoto, K.; Ito, M.; Natori, S. and Ohmoto, T. (1968) The structure of arundoin, cylindrin and fernenol, Triterpenoids of fernane and arborane groups of Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii. Tetrahedron, 24, 735-752.
105. Spitaler, M. and Cantrell, D.A. (2004) Protein kinase C and beyond. Nat. Immunol., 5, 785-790.
106. da Silva, A.J.; Brickelmaier, M.; Majeau, G.R.; Li, Z.; Su, L.; Hsu, Y.M. and Hochman, P.S. (2002) Alefacept an immunomodulatory recombinant LFA-3/IgG1 fusion protein induces CD16 signaling and CD2/CD16-dependent apoptosis of CD2 (t) cells. J. Immunol., 168, 4462-4471.
107. Krueger, G. (2003) Clinical response to alefacept results of a phase 3 study of intravenous administration of alefacept in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 17, 17-24.
108. Leonardi, C.L. (2003) Efalizumab: an overview. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 49, 98-104.
109. Gordon, K.B.; Papp, K.A.; Hamilton, T.K.; Walicke, P.A.; Dummer, W.; Li, N.; Bresnahan, B.W.; Menter, A. and Efalizumab Study Group. (2003) Efalizumab for patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 290, 3073-3080.
110. Foss, F.M. (2005) DAB (389) IL-2 (denileukin diftitox, ONTAK) a new fusion protein technology. Clin. Lymphoma., 1, 27-31.
111. Krueger, J.G.; Walters, I.B.; Miyazawa, M.; Gilleaudeau, P.; Hakimi, J.; Light, S.; Sherr, A. and Gottlieb, A.B. (2000) Successful in vivo blockade of CD25 (high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor) on T cells by administration of humanized anti-Tac antibody to patients with psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 43, 448-458.
112. Owen, C.M. and Harrison, P.V. (2000) Successful treatment of severe psoriasis with basiliximab, an interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 25, 195-197.
113. Langley, R.; Roenigk, H.; McCall, C.; et al. (2001) Phase I results of intravenous MEDI-507 an anti-T-cell antibody for the treatment of psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol., 117, 817.
114. Goffe, B. and Cather, J.C. (2003) Etanercept: an overview. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 49, 105-111.
115. Leonardi, C.L.; Powers, J.L.; Matheson, R.T.; Goffe, B.S.; Zitnik, R.; Wang, A.; Gottlieb, A.B. and Etanercept Psoriasis Study Group. (2003) Etanercept as monotherapy in patients with psoriasis. N. Engl. J. Med., 349, 2014-2022.
116. Kormeili, T.; Lowe, N.J. and Yamauchi, P.S. (2004) Psoriasis: immunopathogenesis and evolving immunomodulators and systemic therapies, U.S. experiences. Br. J. Dermatol., 151, 3-15.
117. Winterfield, L.S. and Menter, A. (2004) Infliximab. Dermatol. Ther., 17, 409-426.
118. Gottlieb, A.B.; Evans, R.; Li, S.; Dooley, L.T.; Guzzo, C.A.; Baker, D.; Bala, M.; Marano, C.W. and Menter, A. (2004) Infliximab induction therapy for patients with severe plaquetype psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 51, 534-542.
119. Richard, B.W.; Christopher, E.M.G. (2009) Adalimumab for the Treatment of Psoriasis. Expert Rev. Dermatol., 4, 15-21.
120. Patel, T. and Gordon, K. (2004) Adalimumab: efficacy and safety in psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Dermatol. Ther., 17, 427-431.
121. Trepicchio, W.L.; Bozza, M.; Pedneault, G. and Dorner, A.J. (1996) Recombinant human IL-11 attenuates the inflammatory response through down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine release and nitric oxide production. J. Immunol., 157, 3627-3634.
122. Kimball, A.B.; Kawamura, T.; Tejura, K.; Boss, C.; Hancox, A.R.; Vogel, J.C.; Steinberg, S.M.; Turner, M.L. and Blauvelt, A. (2002) Clinical and immunologic assessment of patients with psoriasis in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial using recombinant human interleukin-10. Arch. Dermatol., 138, 1341-1346.
123. Kimball, A.B.; Gordon, K.B.; Langley, R.G.; Menter, A.; Chartash, E.K. and Valdes, J. (2008) Safety and efficacy of ABT-874, a fully human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Arch. Dermatol., 144, 200-207.
124. Lima, X.T.; Abuabara, K.; Kimball, A.B. and Lima, H. C. (2009) Briakinumab. Expert Opini. Biological. Therapy, 9, 1107-1113.
125. Res, P.C.; Piskin, G.; de Boer, O.J.; van der Loos, C.M.; Teeling, P.; Bos, J.D. and Teunissen, M.B. (2010) Overrepresentation of IL-17A and IL-22 producing CD8 T cells in lesional skin suggests their involvement in the pathogenesis o f psoriasis. PLoS One, 5, e14108.
126. Kimball, A.B.; Gordon, K.B.; Langley, R.G.; Menter, A.; Chartash, E.K. and Valdes, J. (2008) Safety and efficacy of ABT-874, a fully human interleu-kin 12/23 monoclonal antibody in the treatment of moderate to se-vere chronic plaque psoriasis results of a randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 trials. Arch. Dermatol., 144, 200-207.
127. Hueber, W.; Patel, D.D.; Dryja, T.; Wright, A.M.; Koroleva, I.; Bruin, G.; Antoni, C.; Draelos, Z.; Gold, M.H.; Psoriasis Study Group.; Durez, P.; Tak, P.P.; Gomez-Reino, J.J.; Rheumatoid Arthritis Study Group.; Foster, C.S.; Kim, R.Y.; Samson, C.M.; Falk, N.S.; Chu, D.S.; Callanan, D.; Nguyen, Q.D.; Uveitis Study Group.; Rose, K.; Haider, A. and Di Padova, F. (2010) Effects of AIN457, a fully human antibody to interleukin-17A, on psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and uveitis. Sci. Transl. Med., 2, 52-72.
128. Russell, C.B.; Kerkof, K.; Bigler, J. and et al. (2011) Blockade of the IL-17R with AMG 827 leads to rapid reversal of gene expression and histopathologic abnormalities in psoriatic skin, including substantial pathway-specific effects within one week. J. Invest. Dermatol., 131, 11.
129. Kopf, M.; Bachmann, M.F. and Marsland, B.J. (2010) Averting inflammation by targeting the cytokine environment. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 9, 703-718.
130. Nesbitt, A.; Fossati, G.; Bergin, M.; Stephens, P.; Stephens, S.; Foulkes, R.; Brown, D.; Robinson, M. and Bourne, T. (2007) Mechanism of action of certolizumab pegol (CDP870): in vitro comparison with other antietumor necrosis factor alpha agents. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 13, 1323-1332.
131. Skvara, H.; Dawid, M.; Kleyn, E.; Wolff, B.; Meingassner, J.G.; Knight, H.; Dumortier, T.; Kopp, T.; Fallahi, N.; Stary, G.; Burkhart, C.; Grenet, O.; Wagner, J.; Hijazi, Y.; Morris, R.E.; McGeown, C.; Rordorf, C.; Griffiths, C.E.; Stingl, G. and Jung, T. (2008) The PKC inhibitor AEB071 may be a therapeutic option for psoriasis. J. Clin. Invest., 118, 3151-3159.
132. Aytac, U. and Dang, N.H. (2004) CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV: a regulator of immune function and a potential molecular target fortherapy. Curr. Drug Targets Immun. Endocr. Metabol. Disord., 4, 11-18.
133. Tan, S.L.; Zhao, J.; Bi, C.; Chen, X.C.; Hepburn, D.L.; Wang, J.; Sedgwick, J.D.; Chintalacharuvu, S.R. and Na, S. (2006) Resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and impaired IL-17 production in protein kinase C theta-deficient mice. J. Immunol., 176, 2872-2879.
134. Alves, N.L.; Arosa, F.A. and van Lier, R.A. (2007) Common gamma chain cytokines: dissidence in the details. Immunol. Lett., 108, 113-120.
135. Borie, D.C.; Si, M.S.; Morris, R.E.; Reitz, B.A. and Changelian, P.S. (2003) JAK3 inhibition as a new concept for immune suppression. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 4, 1297-1303.
136. Genovese, M.C.; Kavanaugh, A.; Weinblatt, M.E.; Peterfy, C.; DiCarlo, J.; White, M.L.; O'Brien, M.; Grossbard, E.B. and Magilavy, D.B. (2011) An oral syk kinase inhibitor in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a 3 month randomized placebo controlled phase 2 study in patients with active RA who had failed biologic agents. Arthritis Rheum., 63, 337-345.
137. Braselmann, S.; Taylor, V.; Zhao, H.; Wang, S.; Sylvain, C.; Baluom, M.; Qu, K.; Herlaar, E.; Lau, A.; Young, C.; Wong, B.R.; Lovell, S.; Sun, T.; Park, G.; Argade, A.; Jurcevic, S.; Pine, P.; Singh, R.; Grossbard, E.B.; Payan, D.G. and Masuda, E.S. (2006) R406, an orally available spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks fc receptor signaling and reduces immune complex-mediated inflammation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 319, 998-1008.
138. Weinblatt, M.E.; Kavanaugh, A.; Genovese, M.C.; Musser, T.K.; Grossbard, E.B. and Magilavy, D.B. (2010) An oral spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor for rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med., 363, 1303-1312.
139. Schieven, G.L. (2005) The biology of p38 kinase: a central role in inflammation. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 5, 921-928.
140. Westra, J.; Doornbos-van der Meer, B.; de Boer, P.; van Leeuwen, M.A.; van Rijswijk, M.H. and Limburg, P.C. (2004) Strong inhisbition of TNF-alpha production and inhibition of IL-8 and COX-2 mRNA expression in monocyte-derived macrophages by RWJ 67657, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor. Arthritis Res. Ther., 6, 384-392.
141. Liu, C.; Lin, J.; Wrobleski, S.T.; Lin, S.; Hynes, J.; Wu, H.; Dyckman, A.J.; Li, T.; Wityak, J.; Gillooly, K.M.; Pitt, S.; Shen, D.R.; Zhang, R.F.; McIntyre, K.W.; Salter-Cid, L.; Shuster, D.J.; Zhang, H.; Marathe, P.H.; Doweyko, A.M.; Sack, J.S.; Kiefer, S.E.; Kish, K.F.; Newitt, J.A.; McKinnon, M.; Dodd, J.H.; Barrish, J.C.; Schieven, G.L. and Leftheris, K. (2010) Discovery of 4-(5-(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)-2-methylphenylamino)-5-methyl-Npropylpyrrolo [1,2-f][1,2,4]triazine-6-carboxamide (BMS-582949), a clinical p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. J. Med. Chem., 53, 6629-6639.
142. Johnston, A.; Gudjonsson, J.E.; Aphale, A.; Guzman, A.M.; Stoll, S.W. and Elder, J.T. (2011) EGFR and IL-1 signaling synergistically promote kerat-inocyte antimicrobial defenses in a differentiationdependent manner. J. Invest. Dermatol., 131, 329-337.
143. Lurje, G. and Lenz, H.J. (2009) EGFR signaling and drug discovery. Oncology, 77, 400-410.
144. Giroux, L.E.; Friard, S. and Couderc, L.J. (2010) Improvement of psoriasis in a lung cancer patient treated with erlotinib. Eur. J. Dermatol., 20, 243-244.
145. Bolli, M.H.; Abele, S.; Binkert, C.; Bravo, R.; Buchmann, S.; Bur, D.; Gatfield, J.; Hess, P.; Kohl, C.; Mangold, C.; Mathys, B.; Menyhart, K.; Müller, C.; Nayler, O.; Scherz, M.; Schmidt, G.; Sippel, V.; Steiner, B.; Strasser, D.; Treiber, A. and Weller, T. (2010) 2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as potent, orally active S1P1 receptor agonists. J. Med. Chem., 53, 4198-4211.
146. Mendel, I.; Shoham, A.; Propheta-Meiran, O.; Ishai, E.; Halperin, G.; Feige, E. and Breitbart, E. (2010) A Lecinoxoid, anoxidized phospholipids mall molecule, c on strains CNS autoimmuned disease. J. Neuroimmunol., 226, 126-135.
147. Feige, E.; Mendel, I.; George, J.; Yacov, N. and Harats, D. (2010) Modified phospholipids as anti-inflammatory compounds. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 21, 525-529.
148. Claveau, D.; Chen, S.L.; O'Keefe, S.; Zaller, D.M.; Styhler, A.; Liu, S.; Huang, Z.; Nicholson, D.W. and Mancini, J.A. (2004) Preferential inhibition of T helper 1, but not T helper 2, cytokines in vitro by L-826,141 [4-[2-(3,4-Bisdifluromethoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxy propan-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl]3-methylpyridine-1-oxide], a potent and selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 310, 752-760.
149. Diamond, J. (1984) Systemic treatment of psoriasis using certain salicylates: US patent no 4, 483, 845.
150. Braiman, M. (1998) Treatment of psoriasis with 11-cis-retinoic acid: US patent no 5, 719,195.
151. Robert W. Wolfe (1979) Ultraviolet emitting CeYMg aluminate fluorescent lamp phosphor for psoriasis treatment; US patent no 4153572.
152. Maximillion F. Mutzhas (1985) UV radiation device for phototherapy of dermatoses especially psoriasis. US patent no 4,558,700.
153. Robert E. Grove, James Z. Holtz (1996) Pulsed infrared laser treatment of psoriasis. US patent no 5527350.
154. Shimon Eckhouse, Michael Kreindel (1998) Method and apparatus for treating psoriasis using pulsed electromagnetic radiation. US patent no 5836999.
155. George, Jacob (1999) Herbal medication for the treatment of psoriasis. US patent no 5858372.
156. Lorraine F. Meisner (1988) Method for accelerated wound healing. US Patent no 4772591.
157. Solomon Habtemarium, William Howard Stimson, Alexander Irvine Gray, Chaman Lal Anand, Peter George Waterman (2001) Use of calendula glycosides for the treatment of psoriasis: US Patent number 6225342.
158. Uddagiri Venkannu Babu, Bhaidyanalh Mishra (2011) Novel herbal composition for treatment of psoriasis and other skin disorders: US patent no 0165136A1.
159. Tetsuya Gatanaga, Gale A. Granger (2003) Native TNF receptor releasing enzyme: US patent no 6569664.
160. Tetsuya Gatanaga, Gale A. Granger (2005) A system for discovering and producing new tnf receptor releasing enzymes: US patent no 6858402.
161. Junming Le, Jan Vilcek, Peter Dadonna, John Ghrayeb, David Knight, Scott Seigal (1999) Methods of treating TNF. alpha.-mediated disease using chimeric anti-TNF-α: US patent no 5919452.
162. Jochen G. Salfeld, Deborah J. Allen, Hendricus R. J. M. Hoogenboom, Zehra Kaymakcalan, Boris Labkovsky, John A. Mankovich, Brian T. McGuinness, Andrew J. Roberts, Paul Sakorafas, David Schoenhaut, Tristan J. Vaughan, Michael White, Alison J. Wilton (2000) Human antibodies that bind human TNF-α. US patent no 6090382.
163. Rathjen, Deborah A. Aston, Roger (2009) Tumor necrosis factor binding ligand. US patent no 7,517,963.
164. George Qing, Wei Ye (2006) Topical treatment of psoriasis using neutralizing antibodies to interleukin-8. US patent no 7147854.
165. Darrell R. Anderson, Peter Brams, Nabil Hanna, William S. Shestowsky, Cheryl Heard 2004 Treatment of psoriasis using anti-B7.1 (CD80) antibodies. US patent no 6709654.