Neuroprotection in epilepsy

Uspekhi Fiziologicheskikh Nauk

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 55-71

  Chepurnov, S A ^a   Suleymanova, E M ^a   Gulyaev, M V ^a   Abbasova, K R ^a   Pirogov, Yu A ^a   Chepurnova, N E ^a  

^a MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Magnetic pesonance imaging; Neuronal death; Neuroprotectors

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; HERBACEOUS AGENT; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT;

ANIMAL; BRAIN; BRAIN INJURY; CELL DEATH; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; NERVE CELL; PANAX; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RADIOGRAPHY; RAT; REVIEW; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; TRAUMATIC EPILEPSY;

ANIMALS; ANTICONVULSANTS; BRAIN; BRAIN INJURIES; CELL DEATH; DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; EPILEPSY, POST-TRAUMATIC; EPILEPSY, TEMPORAL LOBE; HUMANS; NEURONS; NEUROPEPTIDES; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; PANAX; RATS;

EID: 84864383309     PISSN: 03011798     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Adams B., Sazgar M., Osehobo P. et al. Nerve growth factor accelerates seizure development, enhances mossy fi ber sprouting, and attenuates seizureiduced decreases in neuronal density in the kindling model of epilepsy//J. Neurosci. 1997. V. 17. No. 14. P. 5288-96.
2. Alcantara S., Frisen J., del Rio J.A. et al. Trkb signaling is required for postnatal survival of cns neurons and protects hippocampal and motor neurons from axotorny-induced cell death//J. Neurosci. 1997. V. 17. No. 10. P. 3623-33.
3. Andre V., Dube C., Francois J. et al. Pathogenesis and pharmacology of epilepsy in the lithium-pilocarpine model//Epilepsia. 2007. V. 48. Suppl 5. P. 41-7.
4. Armand V., Rundfeldt C., Heinemann U. Effects of retigabine (d-23129) on different patterns of epileptiform activity induced by low magnesium in raf entorhinal cortex hippocampal slices//Epilepsia. 2000. V. 41. No. 1. P. 28-33.
5. Attele A.S., Wu J.A., Yuan C.S. Ginseng pharmacology: Multiple constituents and multiple actions//Biochem. Pharmacol. 1999. V. 58. No. 11. P. 1685-93.
6. Barbacid M. The trk family of neurotrophin receptors//J. Neurobiol. 1994. V. 25. No. 11. P. 18637-403.
7. Bartkowska K., Paquin A., Gauthier A.S. et al. Trk signaling regulates neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation during cortical development//Development. 2007. V. 134. No. 24. P. 4369-80.
8. Baur R., Sigel E. Benzodiazepines affect channel opening of gaba a receptors induced by either agonist bindings site//Mol. Pharmacol. 2005. V. 67. No. 4. P. 1005-8.
9. Ben-Ari Y. Limbic seizure and brain damage produced by kainic acid: Mechanisms and relevance to human temporal lobe epilepsy//Neuroscience. 1985. V. 14. No. 2. P. 375-403.
10. Ben-Ari Y., Dudek F.E. Primary and secondary mechanisms of epileptogenesis in the temporal lobe: There is a before and an after//Epilepsy Curr. 2010. V. 10. No. 5. P. 118-25.
11. Bijak M. Neuropeptide y reduces epileptiform discharges and excitatory synaptic transmission in rat frontal cortex in vitro//Neuroscience. 2000. V. 96. No. 3. P. 487-94.
12. Blackburn-Munro G., Dalby-Brown W., Mirza N.R. et al. Retigabine: Chemical synthesis to clinical application//CNS Drug. Rev. 2005. V. 11. No. 1. P. 1-20.
13. Bolanos A.R., Sarkisian M., Yang Y. et al. Comparison of valproate and phenobarbital treatment after status epilepticus in rats//Neurology. 1998. V. 51. No. 1. P. 41-8.
14. Bonfoco E., Krainc D., Ankarcrona M. et al. Apoptosis and necrosis: Two distinct events induced, respectively, by mild and intense insults with n-methyl-d-Aspartate or nitric oxide/superoxide in cortical cell cultures//Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. V. 92. No. 16. P. 7162-6.
15. Brandt C., Gastens A.M., Sun M. et al. Treatment with valproate after status epilepticus: Effect on neuronal damage, epileptogenesis, and behavioral alterations in rats//Neuropharmacology. 2006. V. 51. No. 4. P. 789- 804.
16. Cellerino A. Expression of messenger rna coding for the nerve growth factor receptor trka in the hippocampus of the adult rat//Neuroscience. 1996. V. 70. No. 3. P. 613-16.
17. Chepurnov S., Chepurnova N., Park J.K.P. et al. The inhibition of epileptogenesis during status epilepticus by ginsenosides of korean red ginseng and ginseng cell culture (dan25)//Advances in ginseng research 2006: Proc. 9th int. symp. ginseng. Geumsan, Korea. 2006. 161-187.
18. Choi D.W. Ionic dependence of glutamate neurotoxicity//J. Neurosci. 1987. V. 7. No. 2. P. 369-79.
19. Clifford D.B., Olney J.W., Benz A.M. et al. Ketamine, phencyclidine, and mk-801 protect against kainic acidinduced seizure-related brain damage//Epilepsia. 1990. V. 31. No. 4. P. 382-90.
20. Conti G., Gale K., Kondratyev A. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the protein expression of nerve growth factor and its trka receptor in rat limbic regions following electroshock seizures//Neurosci. Res. 2009. V. 65. No. 2. P. 201-9.
21. Corbett D., Larsen J., Langdon K.D. Diazepam delays the death of hippocampal cal neurons following global ischemia//Exp. Neurol. 2008. V. 214. No. 2. P. 309- 14.
22. Covolan L., Mello L.E. Temporal profi le of neuronal injury following pilocarpine or kainic acid-induced status epilepticus//Epilepsy Res. 2000. V. 39. No. 2. P. 133-52.
23. Covolan L., Mello L.E. Assessment of the progressive nature of cell damage in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy//Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2006. V. 39. No. 7. P. 915-24.
24. Dechant G., Barde Y.A. The neurotrophin receptor p75(ntr): Novel functions and implications for dirseases of the nervous system//Nat. Neurosci. 2002. V. 5. No. 11. P. 1131-6.
25. DeGiorgio CM., Tomiyasu U., Gott P.S. et al. Hippocampal pyramidal cell loss in human status epilepticus//Epilepsia. 1992. V. 33. No. 1. P. 23-7.
26. Ebert U., Brandt C., Loscher W. Delayed sclerosis, neuroprotection, and limbic epileptogenesis after status epilepticus in the rat//Epilepsia. 2002. V. 43. Suppl 5. P. 86-95.
27. Elmquist J.K., Bjorbaek C., Ahima R.S. et al. Distributions of leptin receptor mrna isoforms in the rat brain//J. Comp. Neurol. 1998. V. 395. No. 4. P. 535- 47.
28. Epstein M.H., O'Connor J.S. Destructive effects of prolonged status epilepticus//J. Neurol. Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1966. V. 29. No. 3. P. 251-4.
29. Erbayat-Altay E., Yamada K.A., Wong M. et al. Increased severity of pentylenetetrazol induced seizures in leptin defi cient ob/ob mice//Neurosci. Lett. 2008. V. 433. No. 2. P. 82-6.
30. Ernfors P., Bengzon J., Kokaia Z. et al. Increased levels of messenger rnas for neurotrophic factors in the brain during kindling epileptogenesis//Neuron. 1991. V. 7. No. 1. P. 165-76.
31. Ferrer I., Ballabriga J., Marti E. et al. Bdnf up-regulates trkb protein and prevents the death of cal neurons following transient forebrain ischemia//Brain. Pathol. 1998. V. 8. No. 2. P. 253-261.
32. Figlewicz D.P., Evans S.B., Murphy J. et al. Expression of receptors for insulin and leptin in the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (vta/sn) of the rat//Brain. Res. 2003. V. 964. No. 1. P. 107-15.
33. Fujikawa D.G. Neuroprotective effect of ketamine administered after status epilepticus onset//Epilepsia. 1995. V. 36. No. 2. P. 186-95.
34. Fujikawa D.G., Itabashi H.H., Wu A. et al. Status epilepticus-induced neuronal loss in humans without systemic complications or epilepsy//Epilepsia. 2000. V. 41. No. 8. P. 981-91.
35. Fujikawa D.G., Shinmei S.S., Cai B. Seizure-induced neuronal necrosis: Implications for programmed cell death mechanisms//Epilepsia. 2000. V. 41. Suppl 6. P. S9-S13.
36. Gorter J.A., Goncalves Pereira P.M., van Vliet E.A. et al. Neuronal cell death in a rat model for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is induced by the initial status epilepticus and not by later repeated spontaneous seizures//Epilepsia. 2003. V. 44. No. 5. P. 647-58.
37. Gottlicher M., Minucci S., Zhu P. et al. Valproic acid defi nes a novel class of hdac inhibitors inducing differentiation of transformed cells//EMBO J. 2001. V. 20. No. 24. P. 6969-78.
38. Hakansson M.L., Brown H., Ghilardi N. et al. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically defi ned target neurons of the hypothalamus//J. Neurosci. 1998. V. 18. No. 1. P. 559-72.
39. Halaas J.L., Gajiwala K.S., Maffei M. et al. Weightreducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene//Science. 1995. V. 269. No. 5223. P. 543- 6.
40. He X.P., Kotloski R., Nef S. et al. Conditional deletion of trkb but not bdnf prevents epileptogenesis in the kindling model//Neuron. 2004. V. 43. No. 1. P. 31-42.
41. Herrmann E.K., Hahn K., Kratzer C. et al. Status epilepticus as a risk factor for postencephalitic parenchyma loss evaluated by ventricle brain ratio measurement on mr imaging//AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2006. V. 27. no 6. P. 1245-51.
42. Holmes G.L., Ben-Ari Y. The neurobiology and consequences of epilepsy in the developing brain//Pediatr. Res. 2001. V. 49. No 3. P. 320-5.
43. Honchar M.P., Olney J.W., Sherman W.R. Systemic cholinergic agents induce seizures and brain damage in lithium-Treated rats//Science. V. 220. No. 4594. P. 323-5.
44. Jeong M.R., Hashimoto R., Senatorov V.V. et al. Valproic acid, a mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant, protects rat cerebral cortical neurons from spontaneous cell death: A role of histone deacetylase inhibition//FEBS Lett. 2003. V. 542. No. 1-3. P. 74-8.
45. Jessberger S., Nakashima K., Clemenson G.D. Jr, et al. Epigenetic modulation of seizure-induced neurogenesis and cognitive decline//J. Neurosci. 2007. V. 27. No. 22. P. 5967-75.
46. Jones DM., Esmaeil N., Maren S. et al. Characterization of pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines in the ral li-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus//Epilepsy Res. 2002. V. 50. No. 3. P. 301-12.
47. Kapetanovic I.M., Yonekawa W.D., Kupferberg H.J. The effects of d-23129, a new experimental anticonvulsant drug, on neurotransmitter amino acids in the rat hippocampus in vitro//Epilepsy Res. 1995. V. 22. No. 3. P. 167-73.
48. Kaplan D.R., Miller F.D. Signal transduction by the neurotrophin receptors//Curr. Opin. 1997. V. 9. No. 2. P. 213-21.
49. Kaplan D.R., Miller F.D. Neurotrophin signal transduction in the nervous system//Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2000. V. 10. No. 3. P. 381-91.
50. Katoh-Semba R., Takeuchi I.K., Inaguma Y. et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth and neurotrophin-3 selected regions of the rat brain following kainic acid-induced seizure activity//Neurosci. Res. 1999. V. 35. No. 1. P. 19-29.
51. Kim S., Rhim H. Ginsenosides inhibit nmda receptormediated epileptic discharges in cultured hippocampal neurons//Arch. Pharm. Res. 2004. V. 27. No. 5. P. 524- 30.
52. Kimura T., Saunders P.A., Kim H.S. et al. Interactions of ginsenosides with ligand-bindings of gaba(a) and gaba(b) receptors//Gen. Pharmacol. 1994. V. 25. No. 1. P. 193-9.
53. Klapstein G.J., Colmers W.F. Neuropeptide y suppresses epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus in vitro//J. Neurophysiol. 1997. V. 78. No. 3. P. 1651- 61.
54. Kubova H., Rejchrtova J., Redkozubova O. et al. Outcome of status epilepticus in immature rats varies according to the paraldehyde treatment//Epilepsia. 2005. V. 46. Suppl. 5. P. 38-42.
55. Kudin A.P., Debska-Vielhaber G., Vielhaber S. et al. The mechanism of neuroprotection by topiramate in an animal model of epilepsy//Epilepsia. 2004. V. 45. No. 12. P. 1478-87.
56. Kume T., Nishikawa H., Tomioka H. et al. P75-mediated neuroprotection by ngf against glutamate cytotoxicity in cortical cultures//Brain. Res. 2000. V. 852. No. 2. P. 279-89.
57. Lahteinen S., Pitkanen A., Koponen E. et al. Exacerbated status epilepticus and acute cell loss, but no changes in epileptogenesis, in mice with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling//Neuroscience. 2003. V. 122. No. 4. P. 1081-92.
58. Lahteinen S., Pitknen A., Saarelainen T. et al. Decreased bdnf signalling in transgenic mice reduces epileptogenesis//Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002. V. 15. No. 4. P. 721-34.
59. Lee J.H., Kim S.R., Bae C.S. et al. Protective effect of ginsenosides, active ingredients of panax ginseng, of kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus//Neurosci. Lett. 2002. V. 325. No. 2. P. 129-33.
60. Leeds P., Leng Y., Chalecka-Franaszek E. et al. Neurotrophins protect against cytosine arabinosideinduced apoptosis of immature rat cerebellar neurons//Neurochem. Int. 2005. V. 46. No. 1. P. 61-72.
61. Leite J.P., Garcia-Cairasco N., Cavalheiro E.A. New insights from the use of pilocarpine and kainate models//Epilepsy Res. 2002. V.50. No. 1-2. P. 93- 103.
62. Lemos T., Cavalheiro E.A. Suppression of pilocarpineinduced status epilepticus and the late development of epilepsy in rats//Exp. Brain. Res. 1995. V. 102. No. 3. P. 423-8.
63. Li X.Y., Liang J., Tang Y.B. et al. Ginsenoside rd prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons//Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. 2010. V. 37. No. 2. P. 199-204.
64. Li Y., Luikart B.W., Birnbaum S. et al. Trkb regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and governs sensitivity to antidepressive treatment//Neuron. 2008. V. 59. No. 3. P. 399-412.
65. Lian X.Y., Zhang Z.Z., Stringer J.L. Anticonvulsant activity of ginseng on seizures induced by chemical convulsants//Epilepsia. 2005. V. 46. No. 1. P. 15-22.
66. Liao B., Newmark H., Zhou R. Neuroprotective effects of ginseng total saponin and ginsenosides rb1 and rg1 on spinal cord neurons in vitro//Exp. Neurol. 2002. V. 173. No. 2. P. 224-34.
67. Lim J.H., Wen T.C., Matsuda S. et al. Protection of ischemic hippocampal neurons by ginsenoside rb1, a main ingredient of ginseng root//Neurosci. Res. 1997. V. 28. No. 3. P. 191-200.
68. Lipton S.A., Rosenberg P.A. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders//N. Engl. J. Med. 1994. V. 330. No. 9. P. 613-22.
69. Lopez-Meraz M.L., Niquet J., Wasterlain C.G. Distinct caspase pathways mediate necrosis and apoptosis in subpopulations of hippocampal neurons after status epilepticus//Epilepsia. 2010. V. 51. Suppl. 3. P. 56-60.
70. Lynch J.J. 3rd, Shek E.W., Castagne V. et al. The proconvulsant effects of leptin on glutamate receptormediated seizures in mice//Brain. Res. Bull. 2010. V. 82. No. 1-2. P. 99-103.
71. Meldrum B.S., Vigouroux R.A., Rage P. et al. Hippocampal lesions produced by prolonged seizures in paralyzed artifi cially ventilated baboons//Experientia. 1973. V. 29. No. 5. P. 561-3.
72. Mello L.K., Cavalheiro E.A., Tan A.M. et al. Circuit mechanisms of seizures in the pilocarpine model of chronic epilepsy: Cell loss and mossy fiber sprouting//Epilepsia. 1993. V. 34. No. 6. P. 985-95.
73. Mello L.E.A.M., Covolan L., Hamani C. et al. Exitotoxity in status epilepticus//Status epilepticus: Mechanisms and management. 2006.
74. Miller F.D., Kaplan D.R. Neurotrophin signalling pathways regulating neuronal apoptosis//Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2001. V. 58. No. 8. P. 1045-53.
75. Mori H., Mizutani T., Yoshimura M. et al. Unilateral brain damage after prolonged hemiconvulsions in the elderly associated with theophylline administration//J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1992. V. 55. No. 6. P. 466-9.
76. Morland C., Boldingh K.A., Iversen E.G. et al. Valproate is neuroprotective against malonate toxicity in rat striatum: An association with augmentation of high-Affi nity glutamate uptake//J. Cereb. Blood. Flow Metab. 2004. V. 24. No. 11. P. 1226-34.
77. Morrisett R.A., Jope R.S., Snead O.C. 3rd. Status epilepticus is produced by administration of cholinergic agonists to lithium-Treated rats: Comparison with kainic acid//Exp. Neurol. 1987. V. 98. No. 3. P. 594- 605.
78. Moult P.R., Milojkovic B., Harvey J. Leptin reverses long-Term potentiation at hippocampal cal synapses//J. Neurochem. 2009. V. 108. No. 3. P. 685-96.
79. Nah S.Y., Park H.J., McCleskey E.W. A trace component of ginseng that inhibits Ca2+ channels through a pertussis toxin-sensitive g protein//Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. V. 92. No. 19. P. 8739-43.
80. Nairismagi J., Grohn O.H., Kettunen M.I. et al. Progression of brain damage after status epilepticus and its association with epileptogenesis: A quantitative mri study in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy//Epilepsia. 2004. V. 45. No. 9. P. 1024-34.
81. Niebauer M., Gruenthal M. Topiramate reduces neuronal injury after experimental status epilepticus//Brain Res. 1999. V. 837. No. 1-2. P. 263-9.
82. Noe F., Frasca A., Balducci C. et al. Neuropeptide y overexpression using recombinant adeno-Associated viral vectors//Neurotherapeutics. 2009. V. 6. No. 2. P. 300-6.
83. Noe F., Nissinen J., Pitkanen A. et al. Gene therapy in epilepsy: The focus on npy//Peptides. 2007. V. 28. No. 2. P. 377-83.
84. Ohira K., Hayashi M. A new aspect of the trkb signaling pathway in neural plasticity//Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009. V. 7. No. 4. P. 276-85.
85. Phiel C.J., Zhang F., Huang E.Y. et al. Histone deacetylase is a direct target of valproic acid, a potent anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer, and teratogen//J. Biol. Chem. 2001. V. 276. No. 39. P. 36734-41.
86. Pitkanen A., Kharatishvili I., Narkilahti S. et al. Administration of diazepam during status epilepticus reduces development and severity of epilepsy in rat//Epilepsy Res. 2005. V. 63. No. 1. P. 27-42.
87. Pitkanen A., Kubova H. Antiepileptic drugs in neuroprotection//Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004. V. 5. No. 4. P. 777-98.
88. Qashu F., Figueiredo T.H., Aroniadou-Anderjaska V. et al. Diazepam administration after prolonged status epilepticus rebuces neurogeneration in the amygdala but not in the hippocampus during epileptogenesis//Amino Acids. 2010. V. 38. No. 1. P. 189-97.
89. Racine R.J. Modifi cation of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. Ii. Motor seizure//Electro encephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1972. V. 32. No. 3. P. 281-94.
90. Ramsay R.E. Controlled and comparative trials with valproate: United states//Epilepsia. 1984. V. 25. Suppl 1. No. 1. P. S40-3.
91. Rice A.C., DeLorenzo R.J. Nmda receptor activation during status epilepticus is required for the development of epilepsy//Brain. Res. 1998. V. 782. No. 1-2. P. 240-7.
92. Rice A.C., DeLorenzo R.J. N-methyl-d-Aspartate receptor activation regulates refractoriness of status epilepticus to diazepam//Neuroscience. 1999. V. 93. No. 1. P. 117-23.
93. Richens A., Ahmad S. Controlled trial of sodium valproate in severe epilepsy//Br. Med. J. 1975. V. 4. No. 5991. P. 255-6.
94. Rigoulot M.A., Koning E., Ferrandon A. et al. Neuroprotective properties of topiramate in the lithiumpilocarpine model of epilepsy//J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004. V. 308. No. 2. P. 787-95.
95. Roch C., Leroy C., Nehlig A. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the study of the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy in adult rats//Epilepsia. 2002. V. 43. No. 4. P. 325-35.
96. Rostock A., Tober C., Rundfeldt C. et al. D-23129: A new anticonvulsant with a broad spectrum activity in animal models of epileptic seizures//Epilepsy Res. 1996. V. 23. No. 3. P. 211-23.
97. Roux P.P., Barker P.A. Neurotrophin signaling through the p75 neurotrophin receptor//Prog. Neurobiol. 2002. V. 67. No. 3. P. 203-33.
98. Rudakewich M., Ba F., Benishin C.G. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides rb(1) and rg(l)//Planta Med. 2001. V. 67. No. 6. P. 533-7.
99. Sankar R., Shin D.H., Liu H. et al. Patterns of status epilepticus-induced neuronal injury during development and long-Term consequences//J. Neurosci. 1998. V. 18. No. 20. P. 8382-93.
100. Scharfman H.E., Schwartzkroin P.A. Protection of dentate hilar cells from prolonged stimulation by intracellular calcium chelation//Science. 1989. V. 246. No. 4927. P. 257-60.
101. Scott R.C., King M.D., Gadian D.G. et al. Hippocampal abnormalities after prolonged febrile convulsion: A longitudinal mri study//Brain. 2003. V. 126. Pt 11. P. 2551-7.
102. Shanley L.J., Irving A.J., Harvey L. Leptin enhances nmda receptor function and modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity//J. Neurosci. 2001. V. 21. No. 24. P. RC186.
103. Shanley L.J., O'Malley D., Irving A.J. et al. Leptin inhibits epileptiform-like activity in rat hippocampal neurones via pi 3-kinase-driven activation of bk channels//J. Physiol. 2002. V. 545. Pt 3. P. 933- 44.
104. Silva A.P., Pinheiro P.S., Carvalho A.P. et al. Activation of neuropeptide y receptors is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures//FASEB J. 2003. V. 17. No. 9. P. 1118- 20.
105. Smialowska M., Domin H., Zieba B. et al. Neuroprotective effects of neuropeptide y-y2 and y5 receptor agonists in vitro and in vivo//Neuropeptides. 2009. V. 43. No. 3. P. 235-49.
106. Sorensen A.T., Nikitidou L., Ledri M. et al. Hippocampal npy gene transfer attenuates seizures without affecting epilepsy-induced impairment of ltp//Exp. Neurol. 2009. V. 215. No. 2. P. 328-33.
107. Tatulian L., Brown D.A. Effect of the kcnq potassium channel opener retigabine on single kcnq2/3 channels expressed in cho cells//J. Physiol. 2003. V. 549. Pt 1. P. 57-63.
108. Tatulian L., Delmas P., Abogadie F.C. et al. Activation of expressed kcnq potassium currents and native neuronal m-Type potassium currents by the anti-convulsant drug retigabine//J. Neurosci. 2001. V. 21. No. 15. P. 5535-45.
109. Tober C., Rostock A., Rundfeldt C. et al. D-23129: A potent anticonvulsant in the amygdala kindling model of complex partial seizures//Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996. V. 303. No. 3. P. 163-9.
110. Treiman D.M. The role of benzodiazepines in the management of status epilepticus//Neurology. 1990. V. 40. No. 5. Suppl 2. P. 32-42.
111. Turski L., Ikonomidou C., Turski W.A. et al. Review: Cholinergic mechanisms and epileptogenesis. The seizures induced by pilocarpine: A novel experimental model of intractable epilepsy//Synapse. 1989. V. 3. No. 2. P. 154-71.
112. Turski W.A., Cavalheiro E.A., Schwarz M. et al. Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: Behavioural, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study//Behav. Brain. Res. 1983. V. 9. No. 3. P. 315-35.
113. Unsain N., Montroull L.E., Masco D.H. Brainderived neurotrophic factor facilitates trkb downregulation and neuronal injury after status epilepticus in the rat hippocampus//J. Neurochem. 2009. V. 111. No. 2. P. 428-40.
114. Unsain N., Nunez N., Anastasia A. et al. Status epilepticus induces a trkb to p75 neurotrophin receptor switch and increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor interaction with p75 neurotrophin receptor: An initial event in neuronal injury induction//Neuroscience. 2008. V. 154. No. 3. P. 978-93.
115. Van der Zee C.E., Rashid K., Le K. et al. Intraventricular administration of antibodies to nerve growth factor retards kinding and blocks mossy fi ber sprouting in adult rats//J. Neurosci. 1995. V. 15. No. 7. Pt 2. P. 5316-23.
116. Vezzani A., Michalkiewicz M., Michalkiewicz T. et al. Seizure susceptibility and epileptogenesis are decreased in transgenic rats overexpressing neuropeptide y//Neuroscience. 2002. V. 110. No. 2. P. 237-43.
117. Wang Q., Sun L.H., Jia W.I. et al. Comparison of ginsenosides rgl and rbl for their effects on improving scopolaminde-induced learning and memory impairment in mice//Phytother Res. 2010. V. 24. No. 12. P. 1748-54.
118. Wieshmann U.C., Woermann F.G., Lemieux L. et al. Development of hipocampal atrophy: A serial magnetic resonance imaging study in a patient who developed epilepsy after generalized status epilepticus//Epilepsia. 1997. V. 38. No. 2.P. 1238- 41.
119. Williams M.B., Jope R.S. Modulation by inositol of cholinergic-And serotonergic-induced seizures in lithium-Treated rats//Brain. Res. 1995. V. 685. No. 1-2. P. 169-78.
120. Xu B., Michalski B., Racine R.J. et al. The effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) administration on kindling induction, trk expression and seizure-related morphological changes//Neuroscience. 2004. V. 126. No. 3. P. 521-31.
121. Ye R., Han J., Kong X. et al. Protective effects of ginsenoside rd on pc12 cells against hydrogen peroxide//Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008. V. 31. No. 10. P. 1923-7.
122. Yonekawa W.D., Kapetanovic I.M., Kupferberg H.J. The effects of anticonvulsant agents on 4-Aminopyridine induced epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus in vitro//Epilepsy Res. 1995. V. 20. No. 2. P. 137- 50.
123. Yoshikawa T., Akiyoshi Y., Susumu T. et al. Ginsenoside rbl reduces neurogeneration in the peri-infarct area of a thromboembolic stroke model in nonhuman primates//J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2008. V. 107. No. 1. P. 32-40.
124. Zhang F., Chen J. Leptin protects hippocampal cal neurons against ischemic injury//J. Neurochem. 2008. V. 107. No. 2. P. 578-87.
125. Zhang F., Wang S., Signore A.P. et al. Neuroprotective effects of leptin against ischemic injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and transient cerebral ischemia//Stroke. 2007. V. 38. No. 8. P. 2329-36.
126. Zhang Y.F., Fan X.J., Li X.I. et al. Ginsenoside rgl protects neurons from hypoxic-ischemic injury possibly by inhibiting Ca2+ infl ux through nmda receptors and l-Type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels//Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008. V. 586. No. 1-3. P. 90-9.