An exhaustive review on recent advancement in pharmaceutical bioadhesive used for systemic drug delivery through oral mucosa for achieving maximum pharmacological response and effect

International Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 285-305

  Behra, Ajay ^a   Giri, Tapan Kumar ^a   Tripathi, Dulal Krishna ^a   Ajazuddin, ^a   Alexander, Amit ^a  

^a RUNGTA COLLEGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Bioadhesion; Buccal absorption; Buccal drug delivery; Buccal mucosa; Mucoadhesion; Mucoadhesive polymer

Indexed keywords

BILE SALT; MUCIN; PENETRATION ENHANCING AGENT; POLYMER;

ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ARTICLE; BIOCHEMISTRY; BUCCAL ADHESIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; BUCCAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; BUCCAL PATCH; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DEGRADATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DOSAGE FORM; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG RESPONSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GEL; HUMAN; LIVER METABOLISM; MATRIX TABLET; MOUTH CAVITY; MOUTH MUCOSA; MUCOADHESION; OINTMENT; PERMEABILITY BARRIER; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POWDER; PROTEIN METABOLISM; SUBLINGUAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 84863895298     PISSN: 18117775     EISSN: 18125700     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2012.283.305     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. Abdollahi, M., A. Bahreini-Moghadam, B. Emami, F. Fooladian and K. Zafari, 2003. Increasing intracellular cAMP and cGMP inhibits cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rat submandibular saliva. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol, 135: 331-336.
2. Ahmed, Y.A.E.G., G. Kmel and A. A.E.M. Ahmad, 2011. Histomorphological studies on the stomach of the Japanese quail. Asian J. Poultry Sci., 5: 56-67.
3. Aidoo and Sheila, 2009. Bioadhesive polymers: PPT presentation. Power Point Presentation, Slide No. 1-50. http://www.powershow.com/view/40954-OTU3N/Bioadhesive_Polymers_flash_ppt_presentation
4. Ajazuddinm, S.S., 2010. Applications of novel drug delivery system for herbal formulations. Fitoterapia, 81: 680-689.
5. Akhionbare, O. and P.I. Ojehanon, 2007. The palliative effects of lidocaine with adrenaline on Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS). J. Medical Sci., 7: 860-864.
6. Al-Bassiouny, A.M.M.E., 2009. Posterior pillar flap palatoplasty: A new surgical technique for treatment of snoring: Initial experience. J. Med. Sci., 9: 118-125.
7. Alagusundaram, M., B. Chengaiah, S. Ramkanth, S.A. Parameswari, C.M.S. Chetty and D. Dhachinamoorthi, 2009. Formulation and evaluation of Mucoadhesive buccal films of ranitidine. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 1: 557-563.
8. Alexander, A., Ajazuddin, D.K. Tripathi, T. Verma, Swarna, J. Maurya and S. Patel, 2011a. Mechanism responsible for mucoadhesion of mucoadhesive drug delivery system: A review. Int. J. Applied Biol. Pharm. Technol, 2: 434-445.
9. Alexander, A., M. Ajazuddin, M. Swarna, M. Sharma and D.K. Tripathi, 2011b. Polymers and permeation enhancers: specialized components of mucoadhesives. Stamford J. Pharm. Sci., 4: 91-95.
10. Allen, A., D.A. Hutton, LP. Pearson and L.A. Sellars, 1984. Mucus glycoprotein, structure, gel formation and gastrointestinal mucus function, mucus and mucosa. Ciba Found. Symp., 109: 137-156.
11. Alur, H.H., T.P. Johnston and A.K. Mitra, 2002. Peptides and Proteins: Buccal Absorption. In: Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Swarbrick, J. and J.C. Boylan (Eds.). 2nd Edn., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp: 2081-2095.
12. Amarji, B., Ajazuddin, D. Raghuwanshil, S. P. Vyas and P. Kanaujia, 2007. Lipid nano spheres (LNSs) for enhanced oral bioavailability of amphotericin B: Development and characterization. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 3: 264-269.
13. Andrews, G.P., T.P. Laverty and D.S. Jones, 2009. Mucoadhesive polymeric platforms for controlled drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 71: 505-518.
14. Arya, R.K., H. Chaurasia, P. Bharadwaj, N. Garud and S. Palani, 2011. Development and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal tablet of salbutamol sulphate. Int. Res. J. Pharm., 2: 159-162.
15. Aungst, B.J. and N.J. Rogers, 1989. Comparison of the effects of various transmucosal absorption promoters on buccal insulin delivery. Int. J. Pharm., 53: 227-235.
16. Aungst, A., 1994. Permeability and Metabolism as Barriers to Transmucosal Delivery of Peptides and Proteins. In: Drug Permeation Enhancement, Hsieh, D.S., (Ed.), Theory and Applications, New York, Marcel Dekker, pp: 323-343.
17. Basu, B., K. Garala and J. Thimmasetty, 2010. Formulation and evaluation of pimozide buccal mucoadhesive patches. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Nanotech, 2: 739-748.
18. Bernkop-Schnurch, A., 2005. Mucoadhesive systems in oral drug delivery. Drug Discov. Today Technol., 2: 83-87.
19. Bhatt, J.H., 2009. Designing and evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres of metronidazole for oral controlled drug delivery. Pharma. Info, net.
20. Bhyan, B., S. Jangra, M. Kaur and H. Singh, 2011. Orally fast dissolving film: Innovations in formulation and technology. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 9: 50-57.
21. Bose, P.C.S., S. Reddy, P. Sarithad and R. Nagaraju, 2011. Design and evaluation of buccal mucoadhesive patches containing oxybutynin HCL. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci., 3: 1015-1024.
22. Ch'Ng, H.S., H. Park, P. Kelly and J.R. Robinson, 1985. Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral controlled drug delivery-II: Synthesis and evaluation of some swelling water-insoluble bioadhesive polymers. J. Pharm. Sci., 74: 399-405.
23. Chandira, M., Mehul, Debjit, Chiranjib, Kumudhavalli and B. Jayakar, 2009. Formulation, design and development of buccoadheshive tablets of verapamil hydrochloride. Int. J. PhaimTech. Res., 1: 1663-1677.
24. Chattarajee, S.C. and R.B. Walker, 1995. Penetration Enhancer Classification. In: Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers, Smith, E.W. and H.I. Maibach(Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL pp: 1-4.
25. Chatterjee, C.C., 1985. Human physiology. 10th Edn, Medical Allied Agency, Calcutta, pp: 427-434.
26. Chaudhary, R., M.D.S. Qureshi, J. Patel, U.P. Panigrahi and L.C. Giri, 2010. Formulation, development and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal patches of methotrexate. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 1: 357-365.
27. Chen, J.L. and G.N. Cyr, 1970. Compositions producing adhesion through hydration. Adhesion in Biological Systems, Academic Press, New York, pp: 163-180.
28. Chen, L.H., W.R. Pfister, D.W. Renn, T. Buranachokpaisan, J. Osborne, T.H. Sand and L. Tao, 2003. Composition and method for mucosal delivery. Patent No. US 6552024 Bl.
29. Chen, Y., H. Zhang, H. Wang and H. Yang, 2011. Effect of diatery addition of non-ionic surfactants on ruminal metabolism and nutrient digestion of Chinese merino sheep. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 6: 688-696.
30. Chiappin, S., G. Antonelli, R. Gatti and E.F. de Palo, 2007. Saliva specimen: A new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation. Clin. Chim. Acta, 383: 30-40.
31. Chiappin, S., G. Antonelli, R. Gatti and E.F. DePalo, 2007. Saliva specimen: A new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation. Clin. Chim. Acta, 383: 30-40.
32. Collins, L.M.C. and C. Dawes, 1987. The surface area of adult human mouth and thickness of salivary film covering the teeth and Oral mucosa. J. Dent. Res., 66: 1300-1302.
33. Collins, A.E.M., P.B. Deasy, D.J.M. Carthy and D.B. Shanley, 1989. Evaluation of a controlled release compact containing tetracycline hydrochloride bonded to tooth for the treatment of periodontal disease. Int. J. Pharm., 51: 103-114.
34. Crutchley, N, S. Pedersen and S. Lenon, 2010. Bioerodible patch. Pub.no. US 2010/0189770 Al. www.google.com/patents/US20100189770.pdf
35. Dawes, C, 2007. Gland size estimation and body massindex improve salivary flow rate assessment. Arch. Oral Biol., 52: 409-410.
36. De Vries, M.E., H.E. Bodde, J.C. Verhoef and H.E. Junginger, 1991. Developments in buccal drug delivery. Crit. Dev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst.,8: 271-303.
37. Dharani, S. and Shayeda, 2010. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal patches of ondansetron hydrochloride. Int. J. pharm. sci. Nanotech, Vol. 3.
38. Dixit R.P. and S.P. Puthli, 2009. Oral strip technology: Overview and future potential. J. Control Release, 139: 94-107.
39. Edgar, W.M., 1990. Saliva and dental health. Clinical implications of saliva: Report of a consensus meeting. Br. Dent. J., 169: 96-98.
40. Ehrhardt, C. and K.J. Kim, 1995. Drug Absorption Studies: In Situ, In Vitro and in Silico Models. 1st Edn., Springer, New York, pp: 221.
41. El-Kamel, A.H., L.Y. Ashri and I.A. Alsarra, 2007. Micromatricial metronidazole benzoate film as a local mucoadhesive delivery system for treatment of periodontal diseases. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech., Vol. 8 10.1208/pt0803075.
42. Elkayam, R., M. Friedman, A. Stabholz, A.W. Soskolne, M.N. Sela and L. Golub, 1988. Sustained release device containing minocycline for local treatment of periodontal disease. J. Control. Rel., 7: 231-236.
43. Fasina, Y.O., E.T. Moran, CM. Ashwell, D.E. Conner, M. Leslie and S.R. Mckee, 2007. Effect of dietary gelatin supplementation on the expression of selected enterocyte genes, intestinal development and early chick performance. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 944-951.
44. Galati, G., S. Teng, M.Y. Moridani, T.S. Chan and P.J. O'Brien, 2000. Cancer chemoprevention and apoptosis mechanisms induced by dietary polyphenolics. Drug Metab. Drug Interact, 17: 311-349.
45. Galey, W.R., H.K. Lonsdale and S. Nacht, 1976. The In vitro permeability of skin and Buccal mucosa to selected drugs and tritiated water. J. Invest. Dermal, 67: 713-717.
46. Gandhi, P.A., M.R. Patel, K.R. Patel and N.M. Patel, 2011. A review article on mucoadhesive drug delivery system. IJPRD., 3: 159-173.
47. Gandhi, R.B. and J.R. Robinson, 1988. Bioadhesion in drug delivery. Ind. J. Pharm. Sci., 50: 145-152.
48. Gandhi, R.B. and J.R. Robinson, 1994. Oral cavity as a site for bioadhesive drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 13: 43-74.
49. Ganem-Quintanar, A., F. Rieg and P. Buri, 1997a. Contribution of lipid components to the permeability barrier of Oral mucosa. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 44: 107-120.
50. Ganem-Quintanar, A., Y.N. Kalia, F. Falson-Rieg and P. Buri, 1997b. Mechanism of oral permeation enhancement. Int. J. Pharm., 156: 127-142.
51. Gangwar, S., 2011. Oral film as drug delivery system: A review. J. Pharm. Biochem. Res., 1: 178-187.
52. Ghosh, T.K. and W.R. Pfister, 2005. Drug Delivery to the Oral Cavity: Molecules to Market. Vol. 145 Taylor and Francis, New York, ISBN: 9780824782931, pp: 46.
53. Giradkar, M.A., A.D. Channawar, E. Kajale, R.S. Sridhar, B.V. Kamble, B.V. Bakde and A.V. Chandewar, 2010. Chandewar. design, development and in vitro evaluation of bioadhesive dosage form for buccal route. Int. J. Pharm. Res. Dev., 2: 1-20.
54. Gin, T.K., A. Alexander and D.K. Tripathi, 2010a. Physicochemical classification and formulation development of solid dispersion of poorly water soluble drugs: An updated review. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch., 1: 309-324.
55. Giri, T.K., H. Badwaik, A. Alexander and D.K. Tripathi, 2010b. Solubility enhancement of ibuprofen in the presence of hydrophilic polymer and surfactant. Int. J. Applied Biol. Pharm. Technol, 1: 793-800.
56. Grabowski, T.T., G.J. Toratora and S.R. Grabouski, 1992. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 7th Edn., Harper Collins College Publishers, New York, pp: 770-774.
57. Gu, J.M., J.R. Robinson and S.H.S. Leung, 1998. Binding of acrylic polymers to mucin/epithelial surfaces: Structure-property relationships. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Sysl, 5: 21-67.
58. Gupta, S.K., I.J. Singhvi, M. Shirsat, G. Karwani, A. Agarwal and A. Agarwal, 2011. Buccal adhesive drug delivery system: A review. Asian J. Biochem. Pharm. Res., 1: 105-114.
59. Gupta, V., S.K. Shukla, S.M. Shrivastava, S. Shukla and K. Kumar et al., 2010. Studies of in vitro evaluation and formulation of aceclofenac loaded PLGA microspheres. Int. J. Pharmacol., 6: 726-731.
60. Hagerstrom, H., 2003. Polymer Gels as Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Ph.D. Thesis, Acta University Upsaliensis Uppsala.
61. 133Xe clearance technique. J. Isl. Acad. Sci., 3: 74-77.
62. Haley-Jeffrey, T., 2009. Multi-layer medical patch with impermeable center. Pub. No. 2009/0010997 Al. http://india.bigpatents.org/apps/3DRvefVU
63. Harris, D. and J.R. Robinson, 1992. Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. J. Pharm. Sci., 81: 1-10.
64. Hayward, A.F., 1979. Membrane-coating granules. Int. Rev. Cyl, 59: 97-127.
65. Herrera, J.L., M.F. Lyons and L.F. Johnson, 1988. Saliva: Its role in health and disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 10: 569-578.
66. Hinton Jr., A., J.A. Cason, R.J. Buhr and K. Liljebjelke, 2009. Bacteria recovered from whole-carcass rinsates of broiler carcasses washed in a spray cabinet with lauric acid-potassium hydroxide. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8: 1022-1027.
67. Hirlekar, R. S. and V.J. Kadam, 2009. Design of buccal drug delivery system for a poorly soluble drug. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 2: 49-53.
68. Hoogstraate, A.J., J.C. Verhoel, B. Tuk, A. Pijpers, L.A.M.G. van Leengoed, J.H.M. Verheijden and H.E. Bodde, 1996. Buccal delivery of fluorescein isothiocynate-detran 4400 and the peptide drug burserelin with glycodeoxycholate as an absorption, enhancer in pigs. J. Control. Rel.,41: 77-84.
69. Hoogstraate, J.A.J. and P.W. Wertz, 1998. Drug delivery via the buccal mucosa. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today, 1: 309-316.
70. Houghton, A.R., 2002. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists in chronic heart failure: Where do they fit? Drugs, 62: 1433-1440.
71. Huang, Y., W. Leobandung, A. Foss and N.A. Peppas, 2000. Molecular aspects of muco and bioadhesion: tethered structures and site-specific surfaces. J. Control Release., 65: 63-71.
72. Humphrey, S.P. and R.T. Williamson, 2001. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow and function. J. ProsthetDent, 85: 162-169.
73. Ishida, M., N. Nambu and T. Nagai, 1982. Mucosal dosage form of lidocaine for toothache using hydroxypropyl cellulose and carbopol. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 30: 980-984.
74. Jafar, M. and S. Ali, 2011. Development and evaluation of Meloxicam solid dispersion loaded buccal patches. J. Applied Pharm. Sci., 1: 77-82.
75. Jahanshahi, G., V. Motavasel, A. Rezaie, A.A. Hashtroudi, N.E. Daryani and M. Abdollahi, 2004. Alterations in antioxidant power and levels of epidermal growth factor and nitric oxide in saliva of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig. Dis. Sci., 49: 1752-1757.
76. Jain, N.K., 2002. Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery. 1 st Edn., CBS Publisher, Delhi, India, pp: 353-376.
77. Jessie, K., O.H. Hashim and Z.H.A. Rahim, 2008. Protein precipitation method for salivary proteins and rehydration buffer for two-dimensional electrophoresis. Biotechnology, 7: 686-693.
78. Jimenez, C.M.R., H. Zia and C.T. Rhodes, 1993. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 19: 143-194.
79. Jug, M., M. Becirevic-Lacan and S. Bengez, 2009. Novel cyclodextrin-based film formulation intended for buccal delivery of atenolol. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 35: 796-807.
80. Kaur, A. and G. Kaur, 2011. Mucoadhesive buccal patches based on interpolymer complexes of chitosan-pectin for delivery of carvedilol. Saudi Pharm. J., 20: 21-27.
81. Khairnar, A., P. Jain, D. Baviskar and D. Jain, 2009. Developmement of mucoadhesive buccal patch containing aceclofenac: In vitro evaluations. Int. J. PharmTech Res., 1: 978-981.
82. Khairnar, G.A. and F.J. Sayyad, 2010. Development of buccal drug delivery system based on mucoadhesive polymers. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 2: 719-735.
83. Khanna, R., S.P. Agarwal and A. Ahuja, 1996. Preparation and evaluation of bioerodible buccal tablet containing clotrimazole. Int. J. Pharm., 138: 67-73.
84. Khar, K., A. Ahuja, A. Javed, 1997. Mucoadhesive drug delivery. 1 st Edn., Jain NK, New Delhi.
85. Kim, J.Y., J.H. Kim, S.Y. Chang and S.Y. Yun, 2011. Patches for teeth whitening. Patent No. US 7862802 B2.
86. Kowsalya, R., P. Vishwanathan and S. Manoharan, 2011. Chemopreventive potential of 18[3-glycyrrhentinic acid: An active constitutent of liquorice, in 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 14: 619-626.
87. Kulkarni, U. and S.S. Desai, 2010. Design and development of felodipine mucoadhesive patches. Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res., 2: 71-75.
88. Kumar, M., G. Garg, P. Kumar, G.T. Kulkarni and A. Kumar, 2010. Design and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal films containing famotidine. Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 2: 86-90.
89. Kumar, T.M., H.G. Pramod, Shivakumar and K.G. Desai, 2004. Oral transmucosal drug delivery systems. Indian Drug, 41: 63-112.
90. Kurosaki, Y., S. Hisaichi, L. Hong, T. Nakayama and T. Kimura, 1989. Enhanced permeability of keratinized oral-mucosa to salicylic acid with 1-dodecylacycloheptan-2-one (Azone). In vitro studies in hamster cheek pouch. Int. J. Pharm., 49: 47-55.
91. Lalla, J.K. and R.A. Gurnancy, 2002. Polymers for mucosal delivery-Swelling and mucoadhesive evaluation. Indian Drug, 39: 270-276.
92. Langoth, N., J. Kalbe and A. Bernkop-Schnurch, 2003. Development of buccal drug delivery systems based on a thiolated polymer. Int. J. Pharm., 25: 141-148.
93. Lanzara, R., 2005. Optimal Agonist/antagonist combination maintain receptor response by preventing rapid [31-adrenergic receptor desensitization. Int. J. Pharmacol., 1: 122-131.
94. Laura, S., J. Domenechc and N. Peppasa, 2009. Engineering design and molecular dynamics of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems as targeting agents. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 71: 519-528.
95. Lee, J. and I.W. Kellaway, 2000. Buccal permeation of [d-Ala2, d-Leu5]enkephalin from liquid crystalline phases of glyceryl monooleate. Int. J. Pharm., 195: 35-38.
96. Lee, J.W., J.H. Park and J.R. Robinson, 2000. Bioadhesive-based dosage forms: The next generation. J. Pharm. Sci., 89: 850-866.
97. Lehr, CM., J.A. Bouwstra, E.H. Schacht and H.E. Junginger, 1992. In vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and some other natural polymers. Int. J. Pharm., 78: 43-48.
98. Lerner, E.I., V. Rosenberger and M. Flashner, 2001. Pharmaceutical oral patch for controlled release of pharmaceutical agents in oral cavity. Patent No. US 6197331 Bl. http://www.google.com/patents/about7id=UKYFAAAAEBAJ
99. Llena-Puy, C, 2006. The role of saliva in maintaining oral health and as an aid to diagnosis. Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal, 11: E449-E455.
100. Longer, M.A. and J.R. Robinson, 1986. Fundamental aspects of bioadhesion. Pharm. Int., 7: 114-117.
101. Longer, RS. and N.A. Peppas, 1981. Present and future applications of biomaterials in controlled drug delivery systems. Biomaterials, 2: 201-214.
102. Lorenza, G.M., H. Sandra and V. Jeesus, 2008. Inventions designed to enhance drug delivery across pithelial and endothelial cells through the paracellular pathways. Recent. Adv. Drug Deliv. Formul., 2: 145-176.
103. Lu, Y. and P.S. Low, 2002. Folate-mediated delivery of macromolecular anticancer therapeutic agents. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 54: 675-693.
104. Madhav, N.V.S., A.K. Shakya, P. Shakya and K. Singh, 2009. Orotransmucosal drug delivery systems: A review. J. Controlled Release, 16: 2-11.
105. Malcovati, L., 2011. Canker sore patch. United States Patent Application 20110160634. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2011/0160634.html
106. Malekipour, M.R., M. Messripour and F. Shirani, 2008. Buffering capacity of saliva in patients with active dental caries. Asian J. Biochem., 5: 280-283.
107. Marriot, C. and D.R.L. Hughes, 1990. Mucus Physiology and Pathology. In: Bioadhesion-Possibilities and Future Trends, Gurny, R.and H.E. Junginger (Eds.). Wissen schaftliche-Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, pp: 29-43.
108. Martin, M.V., 1990. Antifungal Agents. In: Oral Candidiasis, Samaranayake, L.P. and T.W. MacFarlane (Eds.). Butterworth and Co., London, pp: 238-259.
109. Martindale, 2005. The Complete Drug Reference. 34th Edn., Pharmaceutical Press, USA.
110. Mathias, N.R. and M.A. Hussain, 2010. Non-invasive systemic drug delivery: Developability considerations for alternate routes of administration. J. Pharm. Sci., 99: 1-20.
111. Miller, N.S., M. Chittchang and T. P. Johnston, 2005. The use of mucoadhesive polymer in buccal drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 57: 1666-1691.
112. Mishra, P.R, A. Namdeo, S. Jain, N.K. Jam, 1996. Hydrogels as drug delivery system. Indian Drugs, 33: 181-186.
113. Modi, P., M. Mihic and A. Lewin, 2002. The evolving role of oral insulin in the treatment of diabetes using a novel RapidMist™ system. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 18: S38-S42.
114. Mohammadi, S.S. and M. Seyedi, 2008. Comparing oral gabapentin versus clonidine as premedication on early postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia. Int. J. Pharmacol., 4: 153-156.
115. Morales, J.O. and J.T. McConville, 2011. Manufacturing and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal films. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharmaceut, 77: 187-199.
116. Nagai, T. and Y. Machida, 1985. Mucosal adhesive dosage forms. Pharm. Int., 6: 196-200.
117. Nagai, T., 1985. Adhesive topical drug delivery system. J. Control. Rel.,2: 121-134.
118. Nair, M.G., 2010. Sublingual methotrexate and methotrexate patches. Publication No. US 2010/0239646 Al. http://www.google.com/patents/US20100239646
119. Nauntofte, B. and T.J.O. Lagerlof, 2003. Secretion and Composition of Saliva. In: The Disease and its Clinical Management. Fejerskov, O. and E. Kidd, (Eds.), Blackwell Munksgard, Oxford, pp: 7-29.
120. Oman, S.M.S., N.G.H.A. Al-Rob, S.M. Salhimi, A.F.A. Aisha and S.M.N. Khasib et al, 2012. Comparative phosphorylation profiles of focal adhesion kinase among cancer colon cell lines and tissues. Am. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol, 2: 146-156.
121. Pajoumand, A., N. Jalali, M. Abdollahi and S. Shadnia, 2003. Successful treatment of acetaminophen overdose associated with hepatic failure. Hum. Exp. Toxicol, 22: 453-458.
122. Parmar, H.G., J.J. Jam, T.K. Patel and V.M. Patel, 2010. Buccal patch: A technical note. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 4: 178-182.
123. Patel, A.R., D.A. Patel and S.V. Chaudhry, 2011a. Mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system. Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci., 2: 848-856.
124. Patel, K.V., N.D. Patel, H.D. Dodiya and P.K. Shelat, 2011b. Buccal bioadhesive drug delivery system: An overview. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch., 2: 600-609.
125. Patel, R.S. and S.S. Poddar, 2009. Development and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal patches of salbutamol sulphate. Curr. Drug Deliv., 6: 140-144.
126. Patel, V.F., F. Liu and M.B. Brown, 2001. Advances in oral transmucosal drug delivery. J. Control. Release, 153: 106-116.
127. Patel, V.M., B.G. Prajapati and M.M. Patel, 2007a. Design and characterization of chitosancontaining mucoadhesive buccal patches of propranolol hydrochloride. Acta Pharm., 57: 61-72.
128. Patel, V.M., B.G. Prajapati and M.M. Patel, 2007b. Formulation, evaluation and comparison of bilayered and multilayered mucoadhesive buccal devices of propranolol hydrochloride. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech., 8: E147-E154.
129. Patel, V.M., B.G. Prajapati and M.M. Patel, 2009. Design and in vitro characterization of eudragit containing mucoadhesive buccal patches. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 1: 783-789.
130. Pather, ST., M.J. Rathbone and S. Senel, 2008. Current status and the future of buccal drug delivery systems. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 5: 531-542.
131. Patricia, D.V.A., A.M.T. Gregio, M.A.N. Machado, A.A.S.D. Lima and L.R. Azevedo, 2008. Saliva composition and functions: A comprehensive review. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract, 3: 72-80.
132. Peppas, N.A. and P.A. Buri, 1985. Surface, interfacial and molecular aspects of polymer bioadhesion on soft tissues. J. Control. Rel, 2: 257-275.
133. Pourhashemi, S.J., M.G. Motlagh and G.RJ. Khamki, 2007. Prevalence and intensity of gingivitis among 6-10 Years Old elementary school children in Tehran, Iran. J. Medical Sci., 7: 830-834.
134. Pramod, T. and K. Lingappa, 2008. Immobilization of Aspergillus niger in polyurethane foam for citric acid production from carob pod extract. Am. J. Food Technol, 3: 252-256.
135. Puchelle, E., 1987. Rheology, biochemistry and functions of mucus. Biorheology, 24: 411-423.
136. Punitha, S. and Y. Girish, 2010. Polymers in mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system-A review. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci., 1: 170-186.
137. Qureshi, T.A., K.B. Mirbahar, M.U. Samo, N.M. Soomro, A.A. Solangi and A. Memon, 2006. Clinical study of experimentally induced anaphylactic shock in goats. Int. J. Pharmacol., 2: 357-361.
138. Rao, N.G.R., M.R. Munde, M.A. Hadi and S.M. Ghurghure, 2011. Design and development of mucoadhesive drug delivery system of zolmitriptan. Int. J. Pharm. Technology., 3: 1658-1673.
139. Rao, Y.M., G.R. Vani and R. Bala, 1998. Design and evaluation of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Indian Drug., 35: 558-565.
140. Rathbone, M.J. and I.G. Tucker, 1993. Mechanisms, barriers and pathways of oral mucosal drug permeation Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 12: 41-60.
141. Rathbone, M.J., B.K. Drummond and I.G. Tucker, 1994. Oral cavity as a site for systemic drug delivery. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 13: 1-22.
142. Rathbone, M.J., G. Ponchel and F.A. Ghazali, 1996. Systemic and Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery and Delivery Systems. In: Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, Rathbone, M.J. (Ed.). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp: 241-284.
143. Rejaie, S.S.A., 2009. Inhibition of ethanol induced gastric mucosal damage by carvedilol in male Wistar albino rats: Possible biochemical changes. Int. J. Pharmacol., 5: 146-154.
144. Repka, M.A., K. Gutta, S. Prodduturi, M. Munjal and S.P. Stodghill, 2005. Characterization of cellulosic hot-melt extruded films containing lidocaine. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 59: 189-196.
145. Repka, M.A., S.L. Repka and J.W. Mcginity, 2002. Bioadhesive hot melt extruded film for topical and mucoadhesion applications and drug delivery. Patent no. US 6375963 Bl.
146. Riikka L., E. Suihko, K. Toukola and M. Bjorkqvist, 2009. Intraorally fast dissolving particles of a poorly soluble drug: Preparation and in vitro characterization. Eur. J. Pharmaceut. Biopharm., 71: 271-281.
147. Ritthidej, G.C., T. Phaechamud and T. Koizumi, 2002. Moist heart treatment on physicochemical change of chitosan salt films. Int. J. Pharm., 232: 11-22.
148. Robertson, J.I.S., 1983. β-blockade and the treatment of hypertension. Drug, 25: 11-15.
149. Rohaya, M.A.W., S. Sahidan, Z.A. Zaidah, H. Fahrul Zaman, A.W. Nurahza and Z.A.S. Hisharn, 2010. Stability of human salivary lactate dehydrogenase in the present of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, glycerol and polyethylene glycol at various temperatures: Preliminary study. J. Biol. Sci., 10: 520-525.
150. Rossi, S., G. Sandri and C.M. Caramella, 2005. Buccal drug delivery: A challenge already won? Drug Discovery Today: Technol., 2: 59-65.
151. Rraju, K.N., S. Velmurugan, B. Deepika and S. Vinushitha, 2011. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of buccal tablets of metoprolol tartrate. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 3: 239-246.
152. Ryan, R, A. Elkind, C.C. Baker, W. Mulhcan, S. DeBussey and M. Asgharnejad, 1997. Sumatriptan nasal spray for the acute treatment of migraine: Results of two clinical studies. Neurology, 49: 1225-1230.
153. Saad, W.A., L.I. Gutierrez, R.C. Vendramini, A.H.F. de Oliveira, L.A.A. Camargo and G. Garcia, 2005. Effect of pilocarpine and angiotensin II on salivary flow, total protein and electrolyte concentrations of saliva. Int. J. Pharmacol., 1: 190-194.
154. Samaranayake, L. and M. Ferguson, 1994. Delivery of antifungal agents to the oral cavity. Adv. Drug Delivey Rev., 13: 161-179.
155. Sangeetha, S., D.N. Venkatesh, P.N. Krishan and R. Saraswathi, 2010. Mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery. Res. J. Pharmaceut. Biol. Chem. Sci., 1: 178-187.
156. Santos, C.A., J.S. Jacob, B.A. Hertzog, B.D. Freedman, D.L. Press, P. Harnpicharnchai and E. Mathiowitz, 1999. Correlation of two bioadhesion assays: The everted sac technique and the CAHN microbalance. J. Control Release, 61: 113-122.
157. Satyabrata, B., P. Ellaiah, R. Choudhury, K.V.R. Murthy, P. Bibhutibhusan and M. S. Kumar, 2010. Design and evaluation of methotrexate buccal mucoadhesive patches. Int. J. Pharm. Biomed. Sci., 1: 31-36.
158. Savage, D.C., 1977. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 31: 107-133.
159. Scholz, O.A., A. Wolff, A. Schumacher, I. Libero, G.G. Campisi, T. Ciach and T. Velten, 2008. Drug delivery from the oral cavity: focus on a novel mechatronic delivery device. Drug Discovery Today, 13: 247-253.
160. Senel, S., M.J. Kremer, S. Kas, P.W. Wertz, A.A. Hincal and C.A. Squier, 2000. Enhancing effect of chitosan on peptide drug delivery across buccal mucosa. Biomatenals, 21: 2067-2071.
161. Senel, S. and A.A. Hincal, 2001. Drug permeation enhancement via buccal route: Possibilities and limitations. J. Controlled Release, 72: 133-144.
162. Senthil, N, S. Manoharan and S. Balakrisnan, 2007. Modifying effect of piper longum on cell surface abnormalities in 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Int. J. Pharmacol, 3: 290-294.
163. Shakya, P., N.V.S. Madhav, A.K. Shakya and K. Singh, 2011. Palatal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: Areview. J. ControlRel., 151: 2-9.
164. Shanker, G., C.K. Kumar, C.S.R. Gonugunta, B.V. Kumar and P.R. Veerareddy, 2009. Formulation and evaluation of bioadhesive buccal drug delivery of tizanidine hydrochloride tablets. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech., 10: 530-539.
165. Sharma, H.K., S. Babita and P.S. Prasad, 2009. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive microbeads containing Timolol Maleate using mucoadhesive substances oiDillenia indica L. Arch. Pharm. Sci. Res., 1: 181-188.
166. Sharma, S., Swarna, K.M.J. Ajazuddin and A. Alexander, 2011. Theories and factor affecting mucoadhesive drug delivery system: A review. Int. J. Res. Ayur. Pharma., 2: 1155-1161.
167. Shojaei, A.H. and X. Li, 1997. Determination of transport route of acyclovir across Buccal mucosa. Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater., 24: 427-428.
168. Shojaei, A.H., 1998. Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: A review. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 1: 15-30.
169. Siegel, J. A. and H.P. Gordon, 1985. Effects of surfactants on the permeability of canine oral mucosa In vitro. Toxicol. Lett, 26: 153-157.
170. Singh, A., P. Patel, R. Bukka and J. Patel, 2011a. Preparation and evaluation of buccal formulation for triamcinolone. Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res., 3: 74-80.
171. Singh, M.R., D. Singh and S. Saraf, 2011b. Formulation optimization of controlled delivery system for antihypertensive peptide using response surface methodology. Am. J. Drug Discovery Dev., 1: 174-187.
172. Slomiany, B.L., V.L.N. Murty, J. Piotrowski and A. Slomiany, 1996. Salivary mucins in oral mucosal defense. Gen. Pharmacol. Vascular Syst.,27: 6761-6771.
173. Smart, J.D., 2004. Lectin mediated drug delivery in the oral cavity. Adv. Drug del. Rev., 56: 481-489.
174. Smart, J.D., 2005. The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Adv. Drug Deliv. Re., 57: 1556-1568.
175. Squier, C.A., P. Cox and P.W. Wertz, 1991. Lipid content and water permeability of skin and oral mucosa. J. Invest. Dermal, 96: 123-126.
176. Squier, C.A and P.W. Wertz, 1993. Permeability and the pathophysiology of oral mucosa. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 12: 13-24.
177. Squier, C.A. and P.W. Wertz, 1996. Structure and function of the oral mucosa and implications for drug delivery. In: Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, Rathbone, M.J. (Ed.)., Marcel Dekker, New York.
178. Squier, C.A. and N.V. Johnson, 1975. Permeability of oral mucosa. Br. Med. Bull, 31: 1969-1975.
179. Steven, J.R.J.M., 2002. Transmucosal delivery of testosterone in rabbits using novel bi-layer Mucoadhesive Wax-film composite disks. Pharm. Res., 91: 2016-2025.
180. Sudhakar, Y., K. Kuotsu and A.K. Bandyopadhyay, 2006. Buccal bioadhesive drug delivery-a promising option for orally less efficient drugs. J. Control Release, 114: 15-40.
181. Suryawanshi, V., CD. Kaur, A. Alexander, M.A. Rasool and S. Singh, 2010. Development and in-vitro evaluation of buccoadhesive formulation of dimenhydrinate tablet. Int. J. Pharm. Prof. Res., 1: 109-113.
182. Swarbrick, J., 1999. Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems. 1 st Edn., Marcel Dekker, New York, pp: 541-562.
183. Tabak, L.A., M.J Levine, ID. Mandel and S.A. Ellison, 1982. Role of salivary mucins in the protection of the oral cavity. J. Oral Pathol, 11: 1-17.
184. Taliyan, R. and P.L. Sharma, 2010. Diabetic neuropathic pain: An update and novel pharmacological strategies for relief of pain. J. Med. Sci., 10: 93-109.
185. Tapolsky, G.H. and D.W. Osborne, 2009. Pharmaceutical carrier device suitable for delivery of pharmaceutical compounds to mucosal surfaces. U.S. Patent No. 7579019 B2. http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20120027839
186. Tayal, S. and N. Jain, 2011. Buccal control drug delivery system: Areview. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2: 13-24.
187. Thomas, C. and M.Y. Moridani, 2010. Interindividual variations in the efficacy and toxicity of vaccines. Toxicology, 278: 204-210.
188. Tortora, G.J., 2002. Principles of Human Anatomy. 9th Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
189. Tnvedi, N.D., U.N. Tnvedi, M.M. Patel, J.K. Patel and A. Bhandari, 2011. Preparation and evaluation of floating matrix tablet of ranitidine. Am. J. Drug Discovery Dev., 1: 8-23.
190. Vamshi, Y.V., K. Chandrasekhar, G. Ramesh and Y.M. Rao, 2007. Development of mucoadhesive patches for buccal administration of carvedilol. Curr. Drug Del., 4: 27-29.
191. Varshosaz, J., F. Jaffari and S. Karimzadeh, 2006. Development of bioadhesive chitosangels for topical delivery of lidocaine. Sci. Pharm., 74: 209-223.
192. Varum, F.J., E.L. McConnell, J.J. Sousa, F. Veiga and A.W. Basit, 2008. Mucoadhesion and the gastrointestinal tract. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst, 25: 207-258.
193. Vaughan, D.F., 2003. Pharmacokinetics of Albuterol and Butorphanol Administered Intravenously and via a Buccal Patch. M.S. Thesis, Texas A and M University, USA.
194. Veillard, M.M., M.A. Longer, T.W. Martens and J.R. Robinson, 1987. Preliminary studies of oral mucosal delivery of peptide drugs. J. Controlled Release, 6: 123-131.
195. Verma, N., A.K. Ghosh and P. Chattopadhyay, 2011. Preparation and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal patches containing metoprolol succinate. Int. J. Pharm. Sci., 3: 1075-1078.
196. Veuillez, F., Y.N. Kalia, Y. Jacques, J. Deshusses and P. Buri, 2001. Factors and strategies for improving buccal absorption of peptides. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 51: 93-109.
197. Vmod, R., P.A. Kumar, B.S. Rao, S.V. Kulkarni and M.S. Shankar, 2010. Design and evaluation of miconazole nitrate buccal mucoadhesive patches. J. Pharm. Res., 3: 1338-1341.
198. Vollmer, U, 2008. Atrium patch. Patent Application No. 20080274164. http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20080274164
199. Vyas, S.P. and R.K. Khar, 2008. Controlled Drug Delivery Concept and Advance. 1st reprint, Edn., Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi, pp: 260-301.
200. Warn, M.S., S.R. Parakh, M.H. Dehghan, S.A. Polshettiwar, V.V. Chopade and V.V. Pande, 2007. Current status in buccal drug delivery system. http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/current-status-buccal-drug-delivery-system.
201. Wertz, P. W. and C. A. Squier, 1991. Cellular and molecular basis of barrier function in oral epithelium. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Sys., 8: 237-269.
202. Wise, D.L., 2000. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Controlled Release Technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA., ISBN-13: 9780824703691, pp: 255-265.
203. Wong, C.F., K.H. Yuen and K.K. Peh, 1999. Formulation and evaluation of controlled release Eudragit buccal patches. Int. J. Pharm., 178: 11-22.
204. Yamamoto, A., T. Iseki, M. Ochi-Sugiyama, N. Okada, T. Fujita and S. Muranishi, 2001. Absorption of water-soluble compounds with different molecular weights and calcitonin from various mucosal administration sites. J. Control. Release, 76: 363-374.
205. Yang, T.Z., X.T. Wang, X.Y. Yan and Q. Zhang, 2002. Phospholipid deformable vesicles for buccal delivery of insulin. Chem. Pharm. Bull, 50: 749-753.
206. Yates, A., 2001. Gum pad for delivery of medication to mucosal tissues. Patent no. US 6319510 Bl.
207. Yousefzadeh, G., B. Larijani, B. Mohammadirad R. Heshmat, G. Dehghan, R. Rahimi and M. Abdollahi, 2006. Determination of oxidative stress status and concentration of TGF-βl in the blood and saliva of osteoporotic subjects. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1091: 142-150.
208. Zakaria, Z.A., M.R. Sulaiman, A.M.M. Jais and M.N. Somchit, 2004. Effects of -amylase, protease and lipase on haruan (Channa striatus) mucus extract antinociceptive activity in mice. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 7: 2202-2207.
209. Zerbe, H.G., J. Guo and A. Serino, 2001. Water soluble film for oral administration with instant wettability. Patent no. US 6177096 Bl.
210. Zerbe, H.G., J. Guo and A. Serino, 2003. Water soluble film for oral administration with instant wettability. Patent no. US 6592887 B2.
211. Zhang, J., S. Niu, C. Ebert and T.H. Stanley, 1994. An in vivo dog model for studying recovery kinetics of the buccal mucosa permeation barrier after exposure to permeation enhancers: Apparent evidence of effective enhancement without tissue damage. Int. J. Pharm., 101: 15-22.