Nanoparticles for Combined Cancer Imaging and Therapy

Nanoplatform-Based Molecular Imaging

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 565-592

  Bagalkot, Vaishali ^a   Kyung Yu, Mi ^a   Jon, Sangyong ^a  

^a Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Cancer chemotherapy, benefits from nanosized drug carriers targeting tumor sites, enhancing drug efficacy, reducing nonspecific toxicities and raising the therapeutic index; Multifunctional polymeric micelles as cancer targeted, MRI ultrasensitive drug delivery systems; Nanoparticles, for combined cancer imaging and therapy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863475037     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470767047.ch23     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. Ferrari, M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5, 161-171.
2. Azzazy, H. M.; Mansoor, M. M.; Kazmierczak, S. C. From diagnostics to therapy: prospects of quantum dots. Clin. Biochem. 2007, 40, 917-927.
3. Owens, D. E.; Peppas, N. A. Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 2006, 307, 93-102.
4. Opanasopit, P.; Nishikawa, M.; Hashida, M. Factors affecting drug and gene delivery: effects of interaction with blood components. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 2002, 19, 191-233.
5. Nagayama, S.; Ogawara, K.; Fukuoka, Y.; Higaki, K.; Kimura, T. Time-dependent changes in opsonin amount associated on nanoparticles alter their hepatic uptake characteristics. Int. J. Pharm. 2007, 342, 215-221.
6. Levchenko, T. S.; Rammohan, R.; Lukyanov, A. N.;Whiteman, K. R.; Torchilin, V. P. Liposome clearance in mice: the effect of a separate and combined presence of surface charge and polymer coating. Int. J. Pharm. 2002, 240, 95-102.
7. Zhang, J. S.; Liu, F.; Huang, L. Implications of pharmacokinetic behavior of lipoplex for its inflammatory toxicity. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2005, 57, 689-698.
8. Papisov, M. I.; Bogdanov, A.; Schaffer, B.; Nossiff, N.; Shen, T.; Weissleder, R.; Brady, T. J. Colloidal magnetic resonance contrast agents: effect of particle surface on biodistribution. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1993, 122, 383-386.
9. Moghimi, S.M. Exploiting bone marrowmicrovascular structure for drug delivery and therapies. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1995, 17, 61-73.
10. Moghimi, S. M. Mechanisms of splenic clearance of blood cells and particles: towards development of new splenotropic agents. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1995, 17, 103-115.
11. Shen, T.;Weissleder, R.; Papisov, M.; Bogdanov, A., Jr.; Brady, T. J. Monocrystalline iron oxide nanocompounds (MION): physicochemical properties. Magn. Reson. Med. 1993, 29, 599-604.
12. Josephson, L.; Tung, C. H.; Moore, A.; Weissleder, R. High-efficiency intracellular magnetic labeling with novel superparamagnetic-Tat peptide conjugates. Bioconjug. Chem. 1999, 10, 186-191.
13. Bhadra, D.; Bhadra, S.; Jain, S.; Jain, N. K. A PEGylated dendritic nanoparticulate carrier of fluorouracil. Int. J. Pharm. 2003, 257, 111-124.
14. Fawaz, F.; Bonin, F.; Guyot, M.; Lagueny, A.-M.; Hatem, F.; Devissaguet, J.-P. Influence of poly(dl-lactide) nanocapsules on the biliary clearance and enterohepatic circulation of indomethacin in the rabbit. Pharm. Res. 1993, 10, 750-756.
15. Gref, R.; Luck,M.; Quellec, P.;Marchand, M.; Dellacherie, E.; Harnisch, S.; Blunk, T.;Muller, R. H. Stealth corona-core nanoparticles surface modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG): influences of the corona (PEG chain length and surface density) and of the core composition on phagocytic uptake and plasma protein adsorption. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2000, 18, 301-313.
16. Otsuka, H.; Nagasaki, Y.; Kataoka, K. PEGylated nanoparticles for biological and pharmaceutical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2003, 55, 403-419.
17. Zhang, L.; Gu, F. X.; Chan, J. M.; Wang, A. Z.; Langer, R. S.; Farokzad, O. C. Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications and developments. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008, 83, 761-769.
18. Akerman, M. E.; Chan, W. C. W.; Laakkonen, P.; Bhatia, S. N.; Ruoslahti, E. Nanocrystal targeting in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99, 12617-12621.
19. Jorgensen, K. E.; Moller, J. V. Use of flexible polymers as probes of glomerular pore size. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 1979, 236, 103-111.
20. Uyeda, H. T.; Medintz, I. L.; Jaiswal, J. K.; Simon, M. S.; Mattoussi, H. Synthesis of compact multidentate ligands to prepare stable hydrophilic quantum dot fluorophores. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 3870-3878.
21. Kang, E.-C.; Ogura, A.; Kataoka, K.; Nagasaki, Y. Preparation of water-soluble PEGylated semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem. Lett. 2004, 33, 840-841.
22. Dixit, S. K.; Goicochea, N. L.; Daniel, M, C.; Murali, A.; Bronstein, L.; De, M.; Stein, B.; Rotello, V. M.; Kao, C. C.; Dragnea, B. Quantum dot encapsulation in viral capsids. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1993-1999.
23. Derfus, A. M.; Chan,W. C.W.; Bhatia, S. N. Intracellular delivery of quantum dots for live cell labelling and organelle tracking. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 961-966.
24. Hu, F. Q.; Ran, Y. L.; Zhou, Z. A. Preparation of bioconjugates of CdTe nanocrystals for cancer marker detection. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 2972-2977.
25. Duan, H.; Nie, S. Cell-penetrating quantum dots based on multivalent and endosome-disrupting surface coatings. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3333-3338.
26. Dubertret, B.; Skourides, P.; Norris, D. J.; Noireaux, V.; Brivanlou, A. H.; Libchaber, A. In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science 2002, 298, 1759-1762.
27. Srinivasan, C.; Lee, J.; Papadimitrakopoulos, F.; Silbart, L. K.; Zhao, M.; Burgess, D. J. Labelling and intracellular tracking of functionally active plasmid DNA with semiconductor quantum dots. Mol. Ther. 2006, 14, 192-200.
28. Lee, H.; Lee, E.; Kim, D. K.; Jang, N. K.; Jeong, Y. Y.; Jon, S. Antibiofouling polymer-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as potential magnetic resonance contrast agents for in vivo cancer imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 7383-7389.
29. Fang, C.; Shi, B.; Pei, Y.-Y.; Hong, M.-H.;Wu, J.; Chen, H.-Z. In vivo tumor targeting of tumor necrosis factor-R-loaded stealth nanoparticles: effect of MePEG molecular weight and particle size. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2006, 27, 27-36.
30. Liu, D.; Mori, A.; Huang, L. Role of liposome size and RES blockade in controlling biodistribution and tumor uptake of GM1-containing liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1992, 1104, 95-101.
31. Choi, H. S.; Liu,W.;Misra, P.; Tanaka, E.; Zimmer, J. P.; Itty Ipe B.; Bawendi,M. G.; Frangioni, J. V. Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007, 25, 1165-1170.
32. Moghimi, S.M.; Hunter, A. C.; Murray, J. C. Long-circulating and target specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharm. Rev. 2001, 53, 283-318.
33. Hobbs, S. K.; Monsky,W. L.; Yuan, F.; Roberts,W. G.; Griffith, L.; Torchilin, V. P.; Jain, R. K. Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998, 95, 4607-4612.
34. Maeda, H.; Fang, J.; Inutsuka, T.; Kitamoto, Y. Vascular permeability enhancement in solid tumor: various factors, mechanisms involved and its implications. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2003, 3, 319-328.
35. Dvorak, H. F. Leaky tumor vessels: consequences for tumor stroma generation and for solid tumor therapy. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1990, 354A, 317-330.
36. Yuan, F.; Leunig, M.; Huang, S. K.; Berk, D. A.; Papahadjopoulos, D.; Jain, R. K.Microvascular permeability and interstitial penetration of sterically stabilized (stealth) liposomes in a human tumor xenograft. Cancer Res. 1994, 54, 3352-3356.
37. Yuan, F.; Dellian, M.; Fukumura, D.; Leunig, M.; Berk, D. A.; Torchilin, V. P.; Jain, R. K. Vascular permeability in a human tumor xenograft: molecular size dependence and cutoff size. Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 3752-3756.
38. Wang, X.; Yang, L.; Chen, Z. G.; Shin, D. M. Application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and imaging. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2008, 58, 97-110.
39. Barry, A. J. Clinical trials of targeted alpha therapy for cancer. Rev Recent Clin. Trials 2008, 3, 185-191.
40. Duncan, R. The dawning era of polymer therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2003, 2, 347-360.
41. Harris, J. M.; Chess, R. B. Effect of pegylation on pharmaceuticals. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2003, 2, 214-221.
42. Torchilin, V. P. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2005, 4, 145-160.
43. Moghimi, S.M.; Hunter,A. C.; Murray, J. C. Nanomedicine: current status and future prospects. FASEB J. 2005, 19, 311-330.
44. Brigger, I.; Dubernet, C.; Coureur, P. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2002, 54, 631-651.
45. Vauthier, C.; Dubernet, C.; Fattal, E.; Pinto-Alphandary, H.; Couvreur, P. Poly(alkylcyanoacrylates) as biodegradable materials for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2003, 55, 519-548.
46. Marcucci, F.; Lefoulon, F. Active targeting with particulate drug carriers in tumor therapy: fundamentals and recent progress. Drug Discov. Today 2004, 9, 219-228.
47. Wang, Y. X.; Hussain, S. M.; Krestin, G. P. Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. Eur. Radiol. 2001, 11, 2319-2331.
48. Ballou, B.; Lagerholm, B. C.; Ernst, L. A.; Bruchez, M. P.; Waggoner, A. S. Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjug. Chem. 2004, 15, 79-86.
49. Jayagopal, A.; Russ, P. K.; Frederick, H. R. Surface engineering of quantum dots for in vivo vascular imaging. Bioconjug. Chem. 2007, 18, 1424-1433.
50. Stroh, M.; Zimmer, J. P.; Duda, D. G.; Levchenko, T. S.; Cohen, K. S.; Brown, E. B.; Scadden, D. T.; Torchilin, V. P.; Bawendi, M. G.; Fukumura, D.; Jain, R. K. Quantum dots spectrally distinguish multiple species within the tumor milieu in vivo. Nat. Med. 2005, 11, 678-682.
51. Kim, S.; Lim, Y. T.; Soltesz, E. G.; De Grand, A. M.; Lee, J.; Nakayama, A.; Parker, J. A.; Mihaljevic, T.; Laurence, R. G.; Dor, D.M.; Cohn, L. H.; Bawendi,M. G.; Frangioni, J. V. Nearinfrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat. Biotechnol. 2004, 22, 93-97.
52. Cho, K.;Wang, X.; Nie, S.; Chen, Z. G.; Shin, D,M. Therapeutic nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 1310-1316.
53. Gao, X.; Cui, Y.; Levenson, R. M.; Chung, L. W.; Nie, S. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 2004, 22, 969-976.
54. Wu, X.; Liu, H.; Haley, K. N.; Treadway, J. A.; Larson, J. P.; Ge, N.; Peale, F.; Bruchez, M. P. Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 2003, 21, 41-46.
55. Tada, H.; Higuchi, H.;Wanatabe, T.M.; Ohuchi, N. In vivo real-time tracking of single quantum dots conjugated with monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody in tumors of mice. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 1138-1144.
56. Cai, W.; Shin, D. W.; Chen, K.; Gheysens, O.; Cao, Q.; Wang, S. X.; Gambhir, S. S.; Chen, X. Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 669-676.
57. Yu, X. Immunofluorescence detection with quantum dot bioconjugates for hepatoma in vivo. J. Biomed. Optics 2007, 12, 014008-014005.
58. Cerdan, S.; Lotscher, H. R.; Kunnecke, B.; Seelig, J. Monoclonal antibody-coated magnetite particles as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging of tumors. Magn. Reson. Med. 1989, 12, 151-163.
59. Artemov, D.; Mori, N.; Ravi, R.; Bhujwalla, Z. M. Magnetic resonance molecular imaging of the HER-2/neu receptor. Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 2723-2727.
60. Artemov, D. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging with targeted contrast agents. J. Cell Biochem. 2003, 90, 518-524.
61. Zhang, C.; Jugold, M.;Woenne, E. C.; Lammers, T.; Morgenstern, B.;Mueller, M. M.; Zentgraf, H.; Bock, M.; Eisenhut,M.; Semmler,W.; Kiessling, F. Specific targeting of tumor angiogenesis by RGD-conjugated ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles using a clinical 1.5-T magnetic resonance scanner. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 1555-1562.
62. Sun, C.; Sze, R.; Zhang, M. Folic acid-PEG conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptake and detection by MRI. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2006, 78A, 550-557.
63. Lewin, M.; Carlesso, N.; Tung, C.-H.; Tang, X.-W.; Cory, D.; Scadden, D. T.;Weissleder, R. Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 2000, 18, 410-414.
64. Kim, D.; Park, S.; Lee, J. H.; Jeong, Y. Y.; Jon, S. Antibiofouling polymer-coated gold nanoparticles as a contrast agent for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7661-7665.
65. Farokhzad,O. C.; Cheng, J.; Teply, B.A.; Sherifi, I.; Jon, S.;Kantoff, P.W.; Richie, J. P.; Langer, R. Targeted nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo. PNAS 2006, 103, 6315-6320.
66. Cheng, J.; Teply, B. A.; Sherifi, I.; Sung, J.; Luther, G.; Gu, F. X.; Levy-Nissenbaum, E.; Radovic-Moreno, A. F.; Langer, R.; Farokhzad, O. C. Formulation of functionalized PLGAPEG nanoparticles for in vivo targeted drug delivery. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 869-876.
67. Baghi, M.; Mack, M. G.; Hambek, M.; Rieger, J.; Vogl, T.; Gstoettner, W.; Knecht, R. The efficacy of MRI with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO) in head and neck cancers. Anticancer Res. 2005, 25, 3665-3670.
68. Martina, M. S.; Fortin, J. P.; Menager, C.; Clement, O.; Barratt, G.; Grabielle-Madelmont, C.; Gazeau, F.; Cabuil, V.; Lesieur, S. Generation of superparamagnetic liposomes revealed as highly efficient MRI contrast agents for in vivo imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 10676-10685.
69. Blasberg, R. G. Molecular imaging and cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2003, 2, 335-343.
70. Kroft, L. J.; de Roos, A. Blood pool contrast agents for cardiovascular MR imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 1999, 10, 395-403.
71. Bonnemain, B. Superparamagnetic agents in magnetic resonance imaging: physicochemical characteristics and clinical applications. A review. J. Drug Target. 1998, 6, 167-174.
72. Bellin,M. F.; Beigelman, C.; Precetti-Morel, S. Iron oxide-enhanced MR lymphography: initial experience. Eur. J. Radiol. 2000, 34, 257-264.
73. Kohler, N.; Sun, C.; Wang, J.; Zhang, M. Methotrexate-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles and their intracellular uptake into human cancer cells. Langmuir. 2005, 21, 8858-8864.
74. Gupta, A. K.; Curtis, A. S. Surface modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery: interaction studies with human fibroblasts in culture. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2004, 15, 493-496.
75. Gupta, A. K.; Gupta, M. Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 3995-4021.
76. Ito, A.; Kuga, Y.; Honda, H.; Kikkawa, H.; Horiuchi, A.;Watanabe, Y.; Kobayashi, T. Magnetite nanoparticle-loaded anti-HER2 immunoliposomes for combination of antibody therapy with hyperthermia. Cancer Lett. 2004, 212, 167-175.
77. Nagesha, D.; Srinivas, H. D.; Sridhar Amiji, M. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanosystems for Tumor Imaging, Targeted Drug Delivery, and Thermal Medicine. Springer Science LLC: New York, 2008.
78. Raynal, I.; Prigent, P.; Peyramaure, S.; Najid,A.; Rebuzzi, C.;Corot,C.Macrophage endocytosis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: mechanisms and comparison of ferumoxides and ferumoxtran-10. Invest. Radiol. 2004, 39, 56-63.
79. Rogers,W. J.; Basu, P. Factors regulating macrophage endocytosis of nanoparticles: implications for targeted magnetic resonance plaque imaging. Atherosclerosis 2005, 178, 67-73.
80. Kohler, N.; Fryxell, G. E.; Zhang, M. A bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) silane immobilized on metallic oxide-based nanoparticles for conjugation with cell targeting agents. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7206-7211.
81. Kaufman, C. L.; Mangay,W.; Madison, R. L.; Tract, S. L.; Mike, T.; Ho, C. Superparamagnetic iron oxide particles transactivator protein-fluorescein isothiocyanate particle labeling for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging detection of cell migration: uptake and durability. Transplantation 2003, 76, 1043-1046.
82. Berry, C. C.; Wells, S.; Charles, S.; Aitchison, G.; Curtis, A. S. Cell response to dextranderivatised iron oxide nanoparticles post internalisation. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 5405-5413.
83. D'Souza, A. J.; Schowen, R. L.; Topp, E. M. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-drug conjugate: synthesis and release mechanism. J. Control. Release 2004, 94, 91-100.
84. Zhang,Y.;Kohler,N.; Zhang, M. Surface modification of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles and their intracellular uptake. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 1553-1561.
85. Choi, H.; Choi, S. R.; Zhou, R.; Kung, H. F.; Chen, I. W. Iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance contrast agent for tumor imaging via folate receptor-targeted delivery. Acad. Radiol. 2004, 11, 996-1004.
86. Josephson, L.; Tung, C. H.; Moore, A.; Weissleder, R. High-efficiency intracellular magnetic labeling with novel superparamagnetic-Tat peptide conjugates. Bioconjug. Chem. 1999, 10, 186-191.
87. Hogemann, D.; Josephson, L.; Weissleder, R.; Basilion, J. P. Improvement of MRI probes to allow efficient detection of gene expression. Bioconjug. Chem. 2000, 11, 941-946.
88. Lewin, M.; Carlesso, N.; Tung, C.-H.; Tang, X.-W.; Cory, D.; Scadden, D. T.;Weissleder, R. Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 2000, 18, 410-414.
89. Josephson, L.; Kircher,M. F.; Mahmood. U.; Tang, Y.;Weissleder, R. Near-infrared fluorescent nanoparticles as combined MR/optical imaging probes. Bioconjug. Chem. 2002, 13, 554-560.
90. Derfus, A. M.; Maltzahn, G. V.; Harris, T. J.; Duza, T.; Vecchio, K. S.; Ruoslahti, E.; Bhatia, S. N. Remotely triggered release from magnetic nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3932-3936.
91. Yu, M. K.; Jeong, Y. Y.; Park, J.; Park, S.; Kim, J. W.; Min, J. J.; Kim, K.; Jon, S. Drug-loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for combined cancer imaging and therapy in vivo. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 5362-5365.
92. Jain, T. K.; Morales, M. A.; Sahoo, S. K.; Leslie-Pelecky, D. L.; Labhasetwar, V. Iron oxide nanoparticles for sustained delivery of anticancer agents. Mol. Pharm. 2005, 2, 194-205.
93. Kohler, N.; Sun, C.; Fichtenholtz, A.; Gunn, J.; Fang, C.; Zhang, M. Methotrexate-immobilized poly(ethylene glycol) magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging and drug delivery. Small 2006, 2, 785-792.
94. Shin, J.; Anisur, R. M.; Ko, M. K.; Im, G. H.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, I. S. Hollow manganese oxide nanoparticles as multifunctional agents for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2009, 48, 321-324.
95. Thorek, D. L. J.; Chen, A. K.; Czupryna, J.; Tsourkas, A. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle probes for molecular imaging. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2006, 34, 23-38.
96. Wang, A. Z.; Bagalkot, V.; Vasilliou, C. C.; Gu, F.; Alexis, F.; Zhang, L.; Shaikh, M.; Yuet, K.; Cima, M. J.; Langer, R.; Kantoff, P. W.; Bander, N. H.; Jon, S.; Farokhzad, O. C.Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for combined prostate cancer imaging and therapy. Chem. Med. Chem. 2008, 3, 1311-1315.
97. Medarova, Z.; Pham,W.; Farrar, C.; Petkova, V.; Moore, A. In vivo imaging of siRNA delivery and silencing in tumors. Nat. Med. 2007, 13, 372-377.
98. Conti, P. S.; Lilien, D. L.; Hawley, K.; Keppler, J.; Grafton, S. T.; Bading, J. R. PET and [18F]-FDG in oncology: a clinical update. Nucl. Med. Biol. 1996, 23, 717-735.
99. Romond, E. H.; Perez, E. A.; Bryant, J.; Suman, V. J.; Geyer. C. E. Jr., Davidson, N. E.; Tan- Chiu, E.; Martino, S.; Paik, S.; Kaufman, P. A.; Swain, S, M.; Pisansky, T, M.; Fehrenbacher, L.; Kutteh, L. A.; Vogel, V. G.; Visscher, D.W.; Yothers, G.; Jenkins, R. B.; Brown, A. M.; Dakhil, S. R.;Mamounas, E. P.; Lingle,W. L.; Klein, P.M.; Ingle, J. N.;Wolmark, N. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353, 1673-1684.
100. Piccart-Gebhart, M. J.; Procter, M.; Leyland-Jones, B.; Goldhirsch, A.; Untch, M.; Smith, I.; Gianni, L.; Baselga, J.; Bell, R.; Jackisch, C.; Cameron, D.; Dowsett, M.; Barrios, C. H.; Steger, G.; Huang, C. S.; Andersson, M.; Inbar, M.; Lichinitser, M.; Láng, I.; Nitz, U.; Iwata, H.; Thomssen, C.; Lohrisch, C.; Suter, T. M.; Rüschoff, J.; Suto, T.; Greatorex, V.; Ward, C.; Straehle, C.; McFadden, E.; Dolci, M. S.; Gelber, R. D.; Herceptin Adjuvant (HERA) Trial Study Team. Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353, 1659-1672.
101. Coiffier, B.; Lepage, E.; Briere, J.; Herbrecht, R.; Tilly, H.; Bouabdallah, R.;Morel, P.; Van Den, Neste, E.; Salles, G.; Gaulard, P.; Reyes, F.; Lederlin, P.; Gisselbrecht, C. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346, 235-242.
102. Czuczman,M. S.;Weaver,R.; Alkuzweny,B.; Berlfein, J.; Grillo-Lopez, A. J. Prolonged clinical and molecular remission in patients with low-grade or follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with rituximab plus CHOP chemotherapy: 9-year follow-up. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004, 22, 4711-4716.
103. Hiddemann,W.; Kneba,M.; Dreyling, M.; Schmitz, N.; Lengfelder, E.; Schmits, R.; Reiser,M.; Metzner, B.; Harder, H.; Hegewisch-Becker, S.; Fischer, T.; Kropff, M.; Reis, H. E.; Freund, M.; Wormann, B.; Fuchs, R.; Planker, M.; Schimke, J.; Eimermacher, H.; Trumper, L.; Aldaoud, A.; Parwaresch, R.; Unterhalt, M. Frontline therapy with rituximab added to the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) significantly improves the outcome for patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma compared with therapy with CHOP alone: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2005, 106, 3725-3732.
104. Zhang, H.; Berezov, A.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, G.; Drebin, J.; Murali, R.; Greene, M. I. ErbB receptors: from oncogenes to targeted cancer therapies. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117, 2051-2058.
105. Hudis, C. A. Trastuzumab-mechanism of action and use in clinical practice. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 39-51.
106. Farokhzad, O. C.; Jon, S.; Khademhosseini, A.; Tran, T.-N.; La Van, D. A.; Langer, R. Nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates: a new approach for targeting prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 7668-7672.
107. Kim, S. H.; Joeng, J. H.; Chun, K. W.; Park, T. G. Target-specific cellular uptake of PLGA nanoparticles coated with poly(l-lysine)-poly(ethylene glycol)-folate conjugate. Langmuir 2005, 21, 8852-8857.
108. Bagalkot, V.; Zhang, L.; Levy-Nissenbaum, E.; Jon, S.; Kantoff, P. W.; Langer, R.; Farokhzad, O. C. Quantum dot-aptamer conjugates for synchronous cancer imaging, therapy, and sensing of drug delivery based on bi-fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3065-3070.
109. Israeli, R. S.; Powell, C. T.; Corr, J. G.; Fair, W. R.; Heston, W. D. Expression of the prostatespecific membrane antigen. Cancer Res. 1994, 54, 1807-1811.
110. Bagalkot, V.; Farokhzad, O. C.; Langer, R.; Jon, S. An aptamer-doxorubicin physical conjugate as a novel targeted drug-delivery platform. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 8149-8152.
111. Zhang, L.; Radovic-Moreno, A. F.; Alexis, F.; Gu, F. X.; Basto, P. A.; Bagalkot, V.; Jon, S.; Langer, R. S.; Farokhzad, O. C. Co-delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs from nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates. Chem. Med. Chem. 2007, 2, 1268-1271.
112. Hricak, H.; Dooms, G. C.; Jeffrey, R. B.; Avallone, A.; Jacobs, D.; Benton, W. K.; Narayan, P.; Tanagho, E. A. Prostatic carcinoma: staging by clinical assessment, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology 1987, 162, 331-336.
113. Kurhanewicz, J.; Vigneron, D. B.; Males, R. G.; Swanson, M. G.; Yu, K. K.; Hricak, H. The prostate: MR imaging and spectroscopy. Present and future. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 2000, 38, 115-138.
114. Tempany, C.M.; Zhou, X.; Zerhouni, E. A.; Rifkin, M. D.; Quint, L. E.; Piccoli, C. W.; Ellis, J. H.; McNeil, B. J. Staging of prostate cancer: results of Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group project comparison of three MR imaging techniques. Radiology 1994, 192, 47-54.
115. Wolf, J. S. Jr., Cher, M.; Dall'era, M.; Presti, J. C., Jr., Hricak, H.; Carroll, P. R. The use and accuracy of cross-sectional imaging and fine needle aspiration cytology for detection of pelvic lymph node metastases before radical prostatectomy. J. Urol. 1995, 153, 993-999.
116. Pan, B.; Cui, D.; Sheng, Y.; Ozkan, C.; Gao, F.; He, R.; Li, Q.; Xu, P.; Huang, T. Dendrimermodified magnetic nanoparticles enhance efficiency of gene delivery system. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 8156-8163.
117. Alivisatos, P. The use of nanocrystals in biological detection. Nat. Biotechnol. 2004, 22, 47-52.
118. Michalet, X.; Pinaud, F. F.; Bentolila, L. A.; Tsay, J.M.; Doose, S.; Li, J. J.; Sundaresan, G.;Wu, A. M.; Gambhir, S. S.; Weiss, S. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 2005, 307, 538-544.
119. Medintz, I. L.; Uyeda, H. T.; Goldman, E. R.; Mattoussi, H. Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 435-446.
120. Yao, J.; Larson, D. R.; Vishwasrao, H. D.; Zipfel,W. R.;Webb,W.W. Blinking and nonradiant dark fraction ofwater-soluble quantum dots in aqueous solution.PNAS 2005, 102, 14284-14289.
121. Gopalakrishnan, G.; Danelon, C.; Izewska, P.; Prummer, M.; Bolinger, P. Y.; Geissbuhler, I.; Demurtas, D.; Dubochet, J.; Vogel, H. Multifunctional lipid/quantum dot hybrid nanocontainers for controlled targeting of live cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 5478-5483.
122. Hezinger, A. F.; Tessmar, J.; Gopferich, A. Polymer coating of quantum dots-a powerful tool towards diagnostics and sensorics. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008, 68, 138-152.
123. Smith, B. R.; Cheng, Z.; De, A.; Koh, A. L.; Sinclair, R.; Gambhir, S. S. Real-time intravital imaging of RGD-quantum dot binding to luminal endothelium in mouse tumor neovasculature. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2599-2606.
124. Jackson, H.; Muhammad, O.; Daneshvar, H.; Nelms, J.; Popescu, A.; Vogelbaum, M. A.; Bruchez, M.; Toms, S. A. Quantum dots are phagocytized by macrophages and colocalize with experimental gliomas. Neurosurgery 2007, 60, 524-530.
125. Chu, T. C.; Marks, J. W.; Lavery, L. A.; Faulkner, S.; Rosenblum, M. G.; Ellington, A. D.; Levy, M. Aptamer:toxin conjugates that specifically target prostate tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 5989-5992.
126. Smith, A.M.; Duan, H.; Mohs, A.M.; Nie, S. Bioconjugated quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60, 1226-1240.
127. Tan, W. B.; Jiang, S.; Zhang, Y. Quantum-dot based nanoparticles for targeted silencing of HER2/neu gene via RNA interference. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 1565-1571.
128. Yezhelyev, M. V.; Qi, L.; O'Regan, R.M.; Nie, S.; Gao, X. Proton-sponge coated quantum dots for siRNA delivery and intracellular imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 9006-9012.
129. Derfus, A. M.; Chen, A. A.; Min, D. H.; Ruoslahti, E.; Bhatia, S. N. Targeted Quantum Dot Conjugates for siRNA Delivery. Bioconjug. Chem. 2007, 18, 1391-1396.
130. Kim, K. Y. Nanotechnology platforms and physiological challenges for cancer therapeutics. Nanomedicine 2007, 3, 103-110.
131. Jain, P. K.; El-Sayed, I. H.; El-Sayed, M. A. Au nanoparticles target cancer Nano Today 2007, 2, 18-29.
132. Ghosh, P.; Han, G.; De, M.; Kim, C. K.; Rotello, V. M. Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60, 1307-1315.
133. Son, S. J.;Bai,X.; Lee, S. B. Inorganic hollownanoparticles and nanotubes in nanomedicine Part 2: imaging, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Drug Discov. Today 2007, 12, 657-663.
134. Gobin, A. M.; Lee, M. H.; Halas, N. J.; James, W. D.; Drezek, R. A.; West, J. L. Near-infrared resonant nanoshells for combined optical imaging and photothermal cancer therapy. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 1929-1934.
135. Park, J. H.; Von Maltzahn, G.; Ruoslahti, E.; Bhatia, S. N.; Sailor, M. J. Micellar hybrid nanoparticles for simultaneous magnetofluorescent imaging and drug delivery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2008, 47, 7284-7288.
136. Nasongkla, N.; Bey, E.; Ren, J.; Ai, H.; Khemtong, C.; Guthi, J. S.; Chin, S. F.; Sherry, A. D.; Boothman, D. A.; Gao, J. Multifunctional polymeric micelles as cancer-targeted, MRIultrasensitive drug delivery systems. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 2427-2430.
137. Yang, J.; Lee, C. H.; Ko, H. J.; Suh, J. S.; Yoon, H. G.; Lee, K.; Huh, Y. M.; Haam, S. Multifunctional magneto-polymeric nanohybrids for targeted detection and synergistic therapeutic effects on breast cancer. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2007, 46, 8836-8839.
138. Allen, T. M. Ligand-targeted therapeutics in anticancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002, 2, 750-763.
139. Weng, K. C.; Noble, C. O.; Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg, B.; Chen, F. F.; Drummond, D. C.; Kirpotin, D. b.;Wang, D.; Hom, Y. K.; Hann, B.; Park, J.W. Targeted tumor cell internalization and imaging of multifunctional quantum dot-conjugated immunoliposomes in vitro and in vivo. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2851-2857.