Empathic emotion and leadership performance: An empirical analysis across 38 countries

Leadership Quarterly

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 818-830

  Sadri, Golnaz ^a   Weber, Todd J ^b   Gentry, William A ^c  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

^c Center for Creative Leadership   (United States)

Author keywords

Culture; Empathic emotion; Hierarchical linear modeling; Multisource; Power distance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860412719     PISSN: 10489843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.005     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Aaker J.L., Williams P. Empathy versus pride: The influence of emotional appeals across cultures. Journal of Consumer Research 1998, 2:241-261.
2. Alon I., Higgins J.M. Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons 2005, 48:501-512.
3. Ashford S.J. Self-assessments in organizations: A literature review and integrative model. Research in organizational behavior 1989, Vol. 11:133-174. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT. L.L. Cummings, B.M. Staw (Eds.).
4. Ashkanasy N.M., Hartel C.E.J., Daus C.S. Diversity and emotion: The new frontiers in organizational behavior research. Journal of Management 2002, 28:307-338.
5. Atwater L.E., Ostroff C., Yammarino F.J., Fleenor J.W. Self-other agreement: Does it really matter?. Personnel Psychology 1998, 51:577-598.
6. Atwater L.E., Yammarino F.J. Does self-other agreement on leadership perceptions moderate the validity of leadership and performance predictions?. Personnel Psychology 1992, 45:141-164.
7. Au K.Y. Intra-cultural variation: Evidence and implications for international business. Journal of International Business Studies 1999, 3:799-812.
8. Avolio B.J., Bass B.M. Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. Special issue: Leadership: The multiple-level approaches (Part I). The Leadership Quarterly 1995, 6:199-218.
9. Avolio B.J., Gardner W.L., Walumbwa F.O., Luthans F., May D.R. Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly 2004, 15:801-823.
10. Aycan Z., Kanungo R.N., Mendonca M., Yu K., Deller J., Stahl G., et al. Impact of culture on human resource management practices: A 10-country comparison. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2000, 49:192-221.
11. Bar-On R., Parker J.D.A. The handbook of emotional intelligence 2000, Jossey-Bass Inc., San Francisco, CA.
12. Barsoux J., Lawrence P. Management in France 1990, Cassell Educational Limited, London.
13. Bass B.M. Leadership and performance beyond expectations 1985, Free Press, New York.
14. Bass B.M. From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics 1990, 18(3):19-31.
15. Bass B.M. Bass and Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications 1990, Free Press, New York. 3rd ed.
16. Bass B.M., Avolio B.J. Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public Administration Quarterly 1993, 17(1):112-121.
17. Bhagat R.S., Prien K.O. Cross-cultural training in organizational contexts. Handbook of intercultural training 1996, 216-230. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. D. Landis, R.S. Bhagat (Eds.).
18. Bhawuk D.P.S., Brislin R.W. Cross-cultural training: A review. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2000, 49:162-191.
19. Black J.S., Mendenhall M. Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review 1990, 15:113-136.
20. Bliese P.D. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions and new directions 2000, 348-381. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. K.J. Klein, S.W.J. Kozlowski (Eds.).
21. Boyacigiller N., Kleinberg J., Sackmann S., Phillips M. Conceptualizing culture. Handbook for international management research 1996, 157-204. Blackwell, New York. B.J. Punnett, O. Shenkar (Eds.).
22. Brian K., Lewis D. Exploring leadership preferences in multicultural workgroups: An Australian case study. Leadership and Organization Development Journal 2004, 25:263-278.
23. Brislin R., Worthley R., MacNab B. Cultural intelligence: Understanding behaviors that serve people's goals. Group and Organization Management 2006, 31:40-55.
24. Burkard A.W., Knox S. Effect of therapist color-blindness on empathy and attributions in cross-cultural counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2004, 51:387-397.
25. Carl D., Gupta V., Javidan M. Power distance. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies 2004, 513-563. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. R.J. House, P.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P.W. Dorfman, V. Gupta (Eds.).
26. Chhokar J.S., Zhuplev A., Fok L.Y., Hartman S.J. The impact of culture on equity sensitivity perceptions and organizational citizenship behavior: A five-country study. International Journal of Value-Based Management 2001, 14:79-98.
27. Cocroft B.K., Ting-Toomey S. Facework in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1994, 18:469-506.
28. Conway J.M. Managerial performance development constructs and personality correlates. Human Performance 2000, 13:23-46.
29. Conway J.M., Huffcutt A.I. Psychometric properties of multi-source performance ratings: A meta-analysis of subordinate, supervisor, peer, and self-ratings. Human Performance 1997, 10:331-360.
30. Cooper R.K., Sawaf A. Executive EQ: Emotional intelligence in leadership and organizations 1997, Grosset/Putnam, New York.
31. Davis M.H. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 1980, 10:85.
32. Davis M.H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983, 44:113-126.
33. Deshpande S.P., Viswesvaran C. Is cross-cultural training of expatriate managers effective? A meta-analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1992, 16:295-310.
34. DeVoe S.E., Iyengar S.S. Managers' theories of subordinates: A cross-cultural examination of manager perceptions of motivation and appraisal of performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2004, 93:47-61.
35. Dickson M.W., Den Hartog D.N., Mitchelson J.K. Research on leadership in a cross-cultural context: Making progress, and raising new questions. The Leadership Quarterly 2003, 14:729-768.
36. Dorfman P.W., Hanges P.J., Brodbeck F.C. Leadership and cultural variation: The identification of culturally endorsed leadership profiles. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies 2004, 513-563. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. R.J. House, P.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P.W. Dorfman, V. Gupta (Eds.).
37. Dowling P.J., Welch D.E., Schuler R.S. International human resource management 1999, South-Western, Cincinnati, OH.
38. Duan C. Being empathic: The role of motivation to empathize and the nature of target emotions. Motivation and Emotion 2000, 24:29-49.
39. Duan C., Hill C.E. The current state of empathy research. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1996, 43:261-274.
40. Earley P.C. Intercultural training for managers: A comparison of documentary and interpersonal methods. Academy of Management Journal 1987, 30:685-698.
41. Earley P.C. Leading cultural research in the future: A matter of paradigms and taste. Journal of International Business Studies 2006, 37:922-931.
42. Earley P.C., Ang S. Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures 2003, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
43. Earley P.C., Erez M. New perspectives on international industrial/organization psychology 1997, New Lexington Press, San Francisco.
44. Earley P.C., Gibson C.B., Chen C. How did I do versus how did we do? Intercultural contrasts of performance feedback search and self-efficacy in China, Czechoslovakia, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1999, 30:594-619.
45. Earley P.C., Mosakowski E. Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review 2004, 82:139-146.
46. Earley P.C., Stubblebine P. Intercultural assessment of performance feedback. Group and Organizational Studies 1989, 14:161-181.
47. Eylon D., Au K.Y. Exploring empowerment cross-cultural differences along the power distance dimension. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1999, 23:373-385.
48. Fleenor J.W., McCauley C.D., Brutus S. Self-other rating agreement and leader effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly 1996, 487-506.
49. Fox S., Spector P.E. Relations of emotional intelligence, practical intelligence, general intelligence, and trait affectivity with interview outcomes: It's not all just 'G'. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2000, 21:203-220.
50. Friedman H., DiMatteo R. Interpersonal issues in health care 1982, Academic Press, New York.
51. Fu P.P., Kennedy J., Tat J., Yukl G., Bond M.H., Pend T., et al. The impact of societal cultural values and individual social beliefs on the perceived effectiveness of managerial influence strategies: A meso approach. Journal of International Business Studies 2004, 35:284-305.
52. Gentry W.A., Weber T.J., Sadri G. Examining career-related mentoring and managerial performance across cultures: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior 2008, 72:241-253.
53. George J.M. Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations 2000, 53:1027-1055.
54. Gladstein G.A. Empathy and counseling outcome: An empirical and conceptual review. The Counseling Psychologist 1977, 6:70-79.
55. Gladstein, G. A. (1987). Counselor empathy and client outcome. In G.A. Gladstein, & associates (Eds.), Empathy and counseling: Exploration in theory and research. New York: Springer-Verlag.
56. Goleman D. Emotional intelligence 1995, Bantam Dell, New York.
57. Goleman D. Working with emotional intelligence 2006, Bantam Dell, New York.
58. Graves L.M., Ohlott P.J., Ruderman M.N. Commitment to family roles: Effects on managers' attitudes and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 2007, 92:44-56.
59. Greguras G.J., Robie C. A new look at within-source interrater reliability of 360-degree feedback ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology 1998, 83:960-968.
60. Gupta A.K., Govindarajan V., Malhotra A. Feedback-seeking behavior of subsidiary presidents in multinational corporations. Academy of Management Proceedings 1996, 151-155.
61. Hall E.T. The silent language 1973, Anchor/Doubleday, New York.
62. Harris P.R., Moran R.T. Managing cultural differences 1987, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX.
63. Hofmann D.A., Gavin M.B. Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management 1998, 24:623-641.
64. Hofstede G. Culture's consequences 1984, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2nd ed.
65. Hofstede G. Cultures and organizations 1991, McGraw-Hill, London.
66. Hofstede G. Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations 2001, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2nd ed.
67. Hofstede G. What did GLOBE really measure? Researchers' minds versus respondents' minds. Journal of International Business Studies 2006, 37:882-896.
68. Hogan R., Curphy G.J., Hogan J. What we know about leadership: Effectiveness and personality. American Psychologist 1994, 49:493-504.
69. House R.J., Hanges P.J., Javidan M., Dorfman P.W., Gupta V. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies 2004, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
70. House R.J., Hanges P.J., Ruiz-Quintanilla S.A., Dorfman P.W., Javidan M., Dickson M., et al. Cultural influences on leadership and organizations: The GLOBE project. Advances in global leadership 1999, vol. 1:171-234. JAI Press, Stanford, CT. W. Mobley, J. Gessner, V. Arnold (Eds.).
71. House R.J., Javidan M. Overview of GLOBE. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies 2004, 513-563. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. R.J. House, P.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P.W. Dorfman, V. Gupta (Eds.).
72. House R.J., Podsakoff P.M. Leadership effectiveness: Past perspectives and future directions for research. Organizational behavior: The state of the science 1994, 45-82. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. J. Greenberg (Ed.).
73. Humphrey R.H. The many faces of emotional leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 2002, 13:493-504.
74. Inglehart R., Basáñez M., Moreno A.M. Human values and beliefs: A cross-cultural sourcebook: Political, religious, sexual, and economic norms in 43 societies; findings from the 1990-1993 world values survey 1998, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
75. James L.R. Organizational climate: Another look at a potentially important construct. Applications of interactionist psychology: Essays in honor of Saul B. Sells 1988, 253-282. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. S.G. Cole, R.G. Demaree (Eds.).
76. James L.R., Demaree R.G., Wolf G. Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology 1984, 69:85-98.
77. Javidan M., House R.J., Dorfman P.W., Hanges P.J., Sully de Luque M. Conceptualizing and measuring cultures and their consequences: A comparative review of GLOBE's and Hofstede's approaches. Journal of International Business Studies 2006, 37:897-914.
78. Johnson T., Kulesa P., Cho Y.I., Shavitt S. The relation between culture and response styles: Evidence from 19 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2005, 36:264-277.
79. Joireman J., Kamdar D., Daniels D., Duell B. Good citizens to the end? It depends: Empathy and concern with future consequences moderate the impact of a short-term time horizon on organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:1307-1320.
80. Jokinen T. Global leadership competencies: A review and discussion. Journal of European Industrial Training 2005, 29:199-218.
81. Judge T.A., Cable D.M., Boudreau J.W., Bretz R.D. An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success. Personnel Psychology 1995, 48:485-519.
82. Judiesch M.K., Lyness K.S. Left behind? The impact of leaves of absence on managers' career success. Academy of Management Journal 1999, 42:641-651.
83. Kellett J.B., Humphrey R.H., Sleeth R.G. Empathy and complex task performance: Two routes to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 2002, 13:523-544.
84. Kellett J.B., Humphrey R.H., Sleeth R.G. Empathy and the emergence of task and relations leaders. The Leadership Quarterly 2006, 17:146-162.
85. Kerr W.A., Speroff B.J. The empathy test 1951, Psychometric Affiliates, Chicago.
86. Kim B.S.K., Ng G.F., Ahn A.J. Effects of client expectation for counseling success, client - counselor worldview match, and client adherence to Asian and European American cultural values on counseling process with Asian Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2005, 52:67-76.
87. Kirkman B.L., Lowe K.B., Gibson C.B. A quarter century of culture's consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies 2006, 37:285-320.
88. Lewis K.M. When leaders display emotion: How followers respond to negative emotional expression of male and female leaders. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2000, 21:221-234.
89. Lievens F., Harris M.M., Van Keer E., Bisqueret C. Predicting crosscultural training performance: The validity of personality, cognitive ability, and dimensions measured by an assessment center and a behavior description interview. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:476-489.
90. Lombardo M.M., McCauley C.D. BENCHMARKS®: A manual and trainer's guide 1994, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
91. Lombardo M.M., McCauley C.D., McDonald-Mann D., Leslie J.B. BENCHMARKS® developmental reference points 1999, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
92. Lyness K.S., Judiesch M.K. Can a manager have a life and a career? International and multisource perspectives on work-life balance and career advancement potential. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:789-805.
93. Marcoulides G.A., Yavas B.F., Bilgin Z., Gibson C.B. Reconciling culturalist and rationalist approaches: Leadership in the United States and Turkey. Thunderbird International Business Review (1986-1998) 1998, 40:563-683.
94. McCauley C., Lombardo M. BENCHMARKS®: An instrument for diagnosing managerial strengths and weaknesses. Measures of leadership 1990, 535-545. Leadership Library of America, West Orange, NJ. K.E. Clark, M.B. Clark (Eds.).
95. Mendez-Russell A. Diversity leadership. Executive Excellence 2001, 18:16.
96. Mete S. The empathic tendencies and skills of nursing students. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal 2007, 35:1181-1188.
97. Morris T., Pavett C.M. Management style and productivity in two cultures. Journal of International Business Studies 1992, 23:169-179.
98. Ng K.Y., Earley P.C. Culture + intelligence: Old constructs, new frontiers. Group and Organization Management 2006, 31:4-19.
99. Ng T.W.H., Eby L.T., Sorensen K.L., Feldman D.C. Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology 2005, 58:367-408.
100. Ostroff C., Atwater L.E., Feinberg B.J. Understanding self-other agreement: A look at rater and ratee characteristics, context, and outcomes. Personnel Psychology 2004, 57:333-375.
101. Oyserman D., Coon H.M., Kemmelmeier M. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin 2002, 128:3-72.
102. Parboteeah K.P., Bronson J.W., Cullen J.B. Does national culture affect willingness to justify ethically suspect behaviors?: A focus on the GLOBE national culture scheme. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2005, 5:123-138.
103. Pasa S.F. Leadership in a high power distance and collectivist culture. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal 2000, 21:414-425.
104. Peterson B. Cultural intelligence: A guide to working with people from other cultures 2004, Intercultural Press, Boston, MA.
105. Pillai R., Scandura T.A., Williams E.A. Leadership and organizational justice: Similarities and differences across cultures. Journal of International Business Studies 1999, 30:763-779.
106. Rahim M.A., Psenicka C., Polychroniou P., Zhao J.-H., Yu C.-S., Chan K.A., et al. A model of emotional intelligence and conflict management strategies: A study in seven countries. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 2002, 10:302-326.
107. Raudenbush S.W., Bryk A.S. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods 2002, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2nd ed.
108. Resick C.J., Hanges P.J., Dickson M.W., Mitchelson J.K. A cross-cultural examination of the endorsement of ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics 2006, 63:345-359.
109. Rogers C.R. Client-centered therapy 1951, Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, MA.
110. Rogers C.R. The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1957, 21:95-103.
111. Rogers C.R. On becoming a person 1961, Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, MA.
112. Rubin R.S., Munz D.C., Bommer W.H. Leading from within: The effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior. Academy of Management Journal 2005, 48:845-858.
113. Salovey P., Mayer J.D. Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 1990, 9:185-211.
114. Schwartz S.H. Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications 1994, Vol. 18:85-119. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
115. Shahin A.I., Wright P.L. Leadership in the context of culture: An Egyptian perspective. Leadership and Organization Development Journal 2004, 25:499-511.
116. Silvester J., Patterson F., Koczwara A., Ferguson E. "Trust me...": Psychological and behavioral predictors of perceived physician empathy. Journal of Applied Psychology 2007, 92:519-527.
117. Skinner C., Spurgeon P. Valuing empathy and emotional intelligence in health leadership: A study of empathy, leadership behavior and outcome effectiveness. Health Services Management Research 2005, 18:1-12.
118. Smith P.B. When elephants fight, the grass gets trampled: The GLOBE and Hofstede projects. Journal of International Business Studies 2006, 37:915-921.
119. Takahashi M., Overton W.F. Wisdom: A culturally inclusive developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development 2002, 26:269-277.
120. Thomas D.C. Domain and development of cultural intelligence: The importance of mindfulness. Group and Organization Management 2006, 36:78-99.
121. Tobolski F.P., Kerr W.A. Predictive value of the empathy test in automobile salesmanship. Journal of Applied Psychology 1952, 36:310-311.
122. Triandis H.C. Individualism and collectivism 1995, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
123. Triandis H.C. Cultural intelligence in organizations. Group and Organization Management 2006, 31:20-26.
124. Trompenaars A., Hampden-Turner C. Riding the waves of culture: Understanding cultural diversity in global business 1998, McGraw-Hill, New York. 2nd ed.
125. Van Velsor E., Leslie J.B. Feedback to managers: Vol 1. A guide to evaluating multi-rater feedback instruments 1991, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
126. Van Velsor E., Taylor S., Leslie J.B. An examination of the relationships among self-perception accuracy, self-awareness, gender, and leader effectiveness. Human Resource Management 1993, 32(2-3):249-263.
127. Viswesvaran C., Ones D.S., Schmidt F.L. Comparative analysis of the reliability of job performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology 1996, 81:557-574.
128. Walumbwa F.O., Avolio B.J., Gardner W.L., Wernsing T.S., Peterson S.J. Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management 2008, 34:89-126.
129. Wolff S.B., Pescosolido A.T., Druskat V.U. Emotional intelligence as the basis of leadership emergence in self-managing teams. The Leadership Quarterly 2002, 13:505-522.
130. Wright R.W., Ricks D.A. Trends in international business research 25years later. Journal of International Business Studies 1994, 25:687-701.
131. Yan J., Hunt J.G. A cross cultural perspective on perceived leadership effectiveness. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2005, 5:49-66.
132. Yukl G. Leadership in organizations 1998, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River: NJ. 4th ed.