Polypharmacy and the Role of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

PM and R

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 198-219

  Geller, Andrew I ^a   Nopkhun, Wilawan ^a   Dows Martinez, Marly N ^a   Strasser, Dale C ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; AMIODARONE; BROMOCRIPTINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; DESVENLAFAXINE; DIAZEPAM; DONEPEZIL; DULOXETINE; FLUOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; KETOCONAZOLE; KETOROLAC; METHYLPHENIDATE; MILNACIPRAN; MIRTAZAPINE; MODAFINIL; MORPHINE; NAPROXEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OLANZAPINE; OPIATE; OXYCODONE; PARACETAMOL; PREGABALIN; RIFAMPICIN; RISPERIDONE; RITONAVIR; TRAMADOL; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

AGE; AGITATION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANALGESIA; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BALANCE DISORDER; BLEEDING; BODY COMPOSITION; BRONCHOSPASM; CAREGIVER SUPPORT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONFUSION; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONSTIPATION; COOPERATION; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; DELUSION; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG BINDING; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSPEPSIA; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; EOSINOPHILIA; FATIGUE; FRACTURE; FRACTURE NONUNION; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION; GLAUCOMA; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH HAZARD; HEALTH LITERACY; HEART INFARCTION; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGONADISM; HYPOMANIA; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER TOXICITY; MEDICAL ERROR; MEDICAL HISTORY; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUSCLE STIFFNESS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NAUSEA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NERVOUSNESS; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUTROPENIA; OPIATE ADDICTION; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; OSTEOPOROSIS; PAIN; PATIENT CARE; PEPTIC ULCER; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PHARMACIST; PHYSICAL MEDICINE; PHYSICIAN; POLYPHARMACY; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; PSYCHOSIS; REHABILITATION; RESTLESSNESS; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SEDATION; SEIZURE; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SLEEP; SLEEP DISORDER; STOMACH EMPTYING; STROKE; SUDDEN DEATH; SWEATING; SYNCOPE; TECHNOLOGY; TENSION HEADACHE; TREMOR; URINE RETENTION; VISUAL DISORDER; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; XEROSTOMIA;

HUMANS; PHYSICAL MEDICINE; POLYPHARMACY; PROGRAM EVALUATION;

EID: 84858722616     PISSN: 19341482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.02.012     Document Type: Article

References (248)

1. Jyrkkä J., Vartiainen L., Hartikainen S., Sulkava R., Enlund H. Increasing use of medicines in elderly persons: A five-year follow-up of the Kuopio 75+Study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006, 62:151-158.
2. Kojima T., Akishita M., Nakamura T., et al. Association of polypharmacy with fall risk among geriatric outpatients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011, 11:438-444.
3. Kragh A., Elmstahl S., Atroshi I. Older adults' medication use 6 months before and after hip fracture: A population-based cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011, 59:863-868.
4. Braverman S.E., Howard R.S., Bryant P.R., Belandres P.V. Potential drug interactions in a physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1996, 75:44-49.
5. Maggiore R.J., Gross C.P., Hurria A. Polypharmacy in older adults with cancer. Oncologist 2010, 15:507-522.
6. Scott I., Jayathissa S. Quality of drug prescribing in older patients: Is there a problem and can we improve it?. Intern Med J 2010, 40:7-18.
7. Hayes B.D., Klein-Schwartz W., Barrueto F. Polypharmacy and the geriatric patient. Clin Geriatr Med 2007, 23:371-390. vii.
8. Gallagher R.M. Pain science and rational polypharmacy: An historical perspective. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 84(Suppl):S1-S3.
9. Eskildsen M., Price T. Nursing home care in the USA. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2009, 9:1-6.
10. Greenwald D.A. Aging, the gastrointestinal tract, and risk of acid-related disease. Am J Med 2004, 117(Suppl 5A):8S-13S.
11. Page R.L., Linnebur S.A., Bryant L.L., Ruscin J.M. Inappropriate prescribing in the hospitalized elderly patient: Defining the problem, evaluation tools, and possible solutions. Clin Interv Aging 2010, 5:75-87.
12. Qato D.M., Alexander G.C., Conti R.M., Johnson M., Schumm P., Lindau S.T. Use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States. JAMA 2008, 300:2867-2878.
13. Spinewine A., Schmader K.E., Barber N., et al. Appropriate prescribing in elderly people: How well can it be measured and optimised?. Lancet 2007, 370:173-184.
14. Stegemann S., Ecker F., Maio M., et al. Geriatric drug therapy: Neglecting the inevitable majority. Ageing Res Rev 2010, 9:384-398.
15. Gu Q., Dillon C., Burt V. Prescription drug use continues to increase: U.S. prescription drug data for 2007-2008. NCHS data brief, no 42 2010, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD.
16. Boyle N., Naganathan V., Cumming R.G. Medication and falls: Risk and optimization. Clin Geriatr Med 2010, 26:583-605.
17. Steinman M.A., Hanlon J.T. Managing medications in clinically complex elders: "There's got to be a happy medium.". JAMA 2010, 304:1592-1601.
18. Kaufman D.W., Kelly J.P., Rosenberg L., Anderson T.E., Mitchell A.A. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: The Slone survey. JAMA 2002, 287:337-344.
19. Barnett K., McCowan C., Evans J.M., Gillespie N.D., Davey P.G., Fahey T. Prevalence and outcomes of use of potentially inappropriate medicines in older people: Cohort study stratified by residence in nursing home or in the community. BMJ Qual Saf 2011, 20:275-281.
20. McMurdo M.E., Witham M.D. Health and welfare of older people in care homes. BMJ 2007, 334:913-914.
21. Stern M.C., Jagger C., Clarke M., et al. Residential care for elderly people: A decade of change. BMJ 1993, 306:827-830.
22. Milton J.C., Hill-Smith I., Jackson S.H. Prescribing for older people. BMJ 2008, 336:606-609.
23. Gurwitz J.H., Soumerai S.B., Avorn J. Improving medication prescribing and utilization in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990, 38:542-552.
24. Hanlon J.T., Schmader K.E., Ruby C.M., Weinberger M. Suboptimal prescribing in older inpatients and outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001, 49:200-209.
25. Simonson W., Feinberg J.L. Medication-related problems in the elderly: Defining the issues and identifying solutions. Drugs Aging 2005, 22:559-569.
26. Cahir C., Fahey T., Teeling M., Teljeur C., Feely J., Bennett K. Potentially inappropriate prescribing and cost outcomes for older people: A national population study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010, 69:543-552.
27. Goulding M.R. Inappropriate medication prescribing for elderly ambulatory care patients. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:305-312.
28. Hilmer S.N. The dilemma of polypharmacy. Aust Prescr 2010, 31:2-3.
29. Steinman M.A., Landefeld C.S., Rosenthal G.E., Berthenthal D., Sen S., Kaboli P.J. Polypharmacy and prescribing quality in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006, 54:1516-1523.
30. Field T.S., Gurwitz J.H., Avorn J., et al. Risk factors for adverse drug events among nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:1629-1634.
31. Gurwitz J.H. Polypharmacy: A new paradigm for quality drug therapy in the elderly?. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:1957-1959.
32. Marcum Z.A., Amuan M.E., Hanlon J.T., et al. Prevalence of unplanned hospitalizations caused by adverse drug reactions in older veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012, 60:34-41.
33. Jyrkkä J., Enlund H., Lavikainen P., Sulkava R., Hartikainen S. Association of polypharmacy with nutritional status, functional ability and cognitive capacity over a three-year period in an elderly population. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011, 20:514-522.
34. Finlayson E., Maselli J., Steinman M.A., Rothberg M.B., Lindenauer P.K., Auerbach A.D. Inappropriate medication use in older adults undergoing surgery: A national study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011, 59:2139-2144.
35. Avorn J. Medication use in older patients: Better policy could encourage better practice. JAMA 2010, 304:1606-1607.
36. Van Spall H.G., Toren A., Kiss A., Fowler R.A. Eligibility criteria of randomized controlled trials published in high-impact general medical journals: A systematic sampling review. JAMA 2007, 297:1233-1240.
37. Crome P., Lally F., Cherubini A., et al. Exclusion of older people from clinical trials: Professional views from nine European countries participating in the PREDICT study. Drugs Aging 2011, 28:667-677.
38. Krumholz H.M., Gross C.P., Peterson E.D., et al. Is there evidence of implicit exclusion criteria for elderly subjects in randomized trials?. Evidence from the GUSTO-1 study. Am Heart J 2003, 146:839-847.
39. Masoudi F.A., Havranek E.P., Wolfe P., et al. Most hospitalized older persons do not meet the enrollment criteria for clinical trials in heart failure. Am Heart J 2003, 146:250-257.
40. Boyd C.M., Darer J., Boult C., Fried L.P., Boult L., Wu A.W. Clinical practice guidelines and quality of care for older patients with multiple comorbid diseases: Implications for pay for performance. JAMA 2005, 294:716-724.
41. Avorn J., Gurwitz J.H. Drug use in the nursing home. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123:195-204.
42. Mangin D., Sweeney K., Heath I. Preventive health care in elderly people needs rethinking. BMJ 2007, 335:285-287.
43. Tinetti M.E., Bogardus S.T., Agostini J.V. Potential pitfalls of disease-specific guidelines for patients with multiple conditions. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:2870-2874.
44. Tinetti M.E., Fried T. The end of the disease era. Am J Med 2004, 116:179-185.
45. Fox C., Richardson K., Maidment I.D., et al. Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population: The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011, 59:1477-1483.
46. Masoodi N. Polypharmacy: To err is human, to correct divine. Br J Med Prac 2008, 1:6-9.
47. Bootman J.L., Harrison D.L., Cox E. The health care cost of drug-related morbidity and mortality in nursing facilities. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:2089-2096.
48. Ernst F.R., Grizzle A.J. Drug-related morbidity and mortality: Updating the cost-of-illness model. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2001, 41:192-199.
49. Hanlon J.T., Handler S.M., Maher R.L., Schmader K.E. Geriatric pharmacotherapy and polypharmacy. Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology 2010, Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA. 7th ed. H. Fillit, K. Rockwood, K.W. Woodhouse, J.C. Brocklehurst (Eds.).
50. Berg J.S., Dischler J., Wagner D.J., Raia J.J., Palmer-Shevlin N. Medication compliance: A healthcare problem. Ann Pharmacother 1993, 27(Suppl):S1-S24.
51. McDonnell P.J., Jacobs M.R. Hospital admissions resulting from preventable adverse drug reactions. Ann Pharmacother 2002, 36:1331-1336.
52. Osterberg L., Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:487-497.
53. Safran D.G., Neuman P., Schoen C., et al. Prescription drug coverage and seniors: Findings from a 2003 national survey. Health Aff (Millwood) 2005, (Suppl). Web Exclusives:W5-152-W155-166.
54. Becker M.L., Kallewaard M., Caspers P.W., Schalekamp T., Stricker B.H. Potential determinants of drug-drug interaction associated dispensing in community pharmacies. Drug Saf 2005, 28:371-378.
55. Black D.M., Brand R.J., Greenlick M., Hughes G., Smith J. Compliance to treatment for hypertension in elderly patients: The SHEP pilot study. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. J Gerontol 1987, 42:552-557.
56. Lin J.L., Armour D. Selected medical management of the older rehabilitative patient. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 85(Suppl 3):S76-S82. quiz S83-74.
57. Urquhart J. The electronic medication event monitor. Lessons for pharmacotherapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997, 32:345-356.
58. Urquhart J. The odds of the three nons when an aptly prescribed medicine isn't working: Non-compliance, non-absorption, non-response. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002, 54:212-220.
59. Chia L.R., Schlenk E.A., Dunbar-Jacob J. Effect of personal and cultural beliefs on medication adherence in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2006, 23:191-202.
60. Gebregziabher M., Lynch C.P., Mueller M., et al. Using quantile regression to investigate racial disparities in medication non-adherence. BMC Med Res Methodol 2011, 11:88.
61. Davis T.C., Wolf M.S., Bass P.F., et al. Literacy and misunderstanding prescription drug labels. Ann Intern Med 2006, 145:887-894.
62. Gellad W.F., Grenard J.L., Marcum Z.A. A systematic review of barriers to medication adherence in the elderly: Looking beyond cost and regimen complexity. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2011, 9:11-23.
63. Wolf M.S., Davis T.C., Tilson H.H., Bass P.F., Parker R.M. Misunderstanding of prescription drug warning labels among patients with low literacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006, 63:1048-1055.
64. Zarcadoolas C., Pleasant A., Greer D.S. Understanding health literacy: An expanded model. Health Promot Int 2005, 20:195-203.
65. Col N., Fanale J.E., Kronholm P. The role of medication noncompliance and adverse drug reactions in hospitalizations of the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1990, 150:841-845.
66. Gooneratne N.S., Tavaria A., Patel N., et al. Perceived effectiveness of diverse sleep treatments in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011, 59:297-303.
67. Hanlon J.T., Sloane R.J., Pieper C.F., Schmader K.E. Association of adverse drug reactions with drug-drug and drug-disease interactions in frail older outpatients. Age Ageing 2011, 40:274-277.
68. Gallagher P., Barry P., O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in the elderly. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007, 32:113-121.
69. Hanlon J.T., Schmader K.E., Koronkowski M.J., et al. Adverse drug events in high risk older outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997, 45:945-948.
70. Bates D.W. Frequency, consequences and prevention of adverse drug events. J Qual Clin Pract 1999, 19:13-17.
71. Bates D.W., Cullen D.J., Laird N., et al. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. Implications for prevention. ADE Prevention Study Group. JAMA 1995, 274:29-34.
72. Bates D.W., Leape L.L., Petrycki S. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events in hospitalized adults. J Gen Intern Med 1993, 8:289-294.
73. Chrischilles E.A., Foley D.J., Wallace R.B., et al. Use of medications by persons 65 and over: Data from the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. J Gerontol 1992, 47:M137-M144.
74. Johnson J.A., Bootman J.L. Drug-related morbidity and mortality and the economic impact of pharmaceutical care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1997, 54:554-558.
75. Lindley C.M., Tully M.P., Paramsothy V., Tallis R.C. Inappropriate medication is a major cause of adverse drug reactions in elderly patients. Age Ageing 1992, 21:294-300.
76. Phillips D.P., Christenfeld N., Glynn L.M. Increase in US medication-error deaths between 1983 and 1993. Lancet 1998, 351:643-644.
77. Rochon P.A., Gurwitz J.H. Optimising drug treatment for elderly people: The prescribing cascade. BMJ 1997, 315:1096-1099.
78. Beard K. Adverse reactions as a cause of hospital admission in the aged. Drugs Aging 1992, 2:356-367.
79. Hohl C.M., Dankoff J., Colacone A., Afilalo M. Polypharmacy, adverse drug-related events, and potential adverse drug interactions in elderly patients presenting to an emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2001, 38:666-671.
80. Lazarou J., Pomeranz B.H., Corey P.N. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 1998, 279:1200-1205.
81. Brennan T.A., Leape L.L., Laird N.M., et al. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. 1991. Qual Saf Health Care 2004, 13:145-151. discussion 151-142.
82. Kohn L.T., Corrigan J., Donaldson M.S. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System 2000, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
83. Budnitz D.S., Pollock D.A., Weidenbach K.N., Mendelsohn A.B., Schroeder T.J., Annest J.L. National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA 2006, 296:1858-1866.
84. Budnitz D.S., Lovegrove M.C., Shehab N., Richards C.L. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans. N Engl J Med 2011, 365:2002-2012.
85. Gurwitz J.H., Field T.S., Avorn J., et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events in nursing homes. Am J Med 2000, 109:87-94.
86. Gurwitz J.H., Field T.S., Judge J., et al. The incidence of adverse drug events in two large academic long-term care facilities. Am J Med 2005, 118:251-258.
87. Chan M., Nicklason F., Vial J.H. Adverse drug events as a cause of hospital admission in the elderly. Intern Med J 2001, 31:199-205.
88. Doucet J., Jego A., Noel D., et al. Preventable and non-preventable risk factors for adverse drug events related to hospital admissions in the elderly: A prospective study. Clin Drug Investig 2002, 22:385-392.
89. Budnitz D.S., Shehab N., Kegler S.R., Richards C.L. Medication use leading to emergency department visits for adverse drug events in older adults. Ann Intern Med 2007, 147:755-765.
90. Sarkar U., Lopez A., Maselli J.H., Gonzales R. Adverse drug events in U.S. adult ambulatory medical care. Health Serv Res 2011, 46:1517-1533.
91. Steinman M.A., Lund B.C., Miao Y., Boscardin W.J., Kaboli P.J. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011, 59:615-621.
92. Goldberg R.M., Mabee J., Chan L., Wong S. Drug-drug and drug-disease interactions in the ED: Analysis of a high-risk population. Am J Emerg Med 1996, 14:447-450.
93. Classen S., Garvan C., Meuleman J., Ried L.D., Komarayiri V., Mann W. Epidemiology of polypharmacy, inappropriate drug use, and drug-drug interactions in home-based older adults with stroke: A pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 85:e3.
94. Frontera W.R., Silver J.K., Rizzo T.D. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain, and Rehabilitation 2008, Saunders-Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA. 2nd ed.
95. Green J.L., Hawley J.N., Rask K.J. Is the number of prescribing physicians an independent risk factor for adverse drug events in an elderly outpatient population?. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007, 5:31-39.
96. Runciman W.B., Roughead E.E., Semple S.J., Adams R.J. Adverse drug events and medication errors in Australia. Int J Qual Health Care 2003, 15(Suppl 1):i49-i59.
97. Klotz U. Pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism in the elderly. Drug Metab Rev 2009, 41:67-76.
98. Hanlon J.T., Backonja M., Weiner D., Argoff C. Evolving pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. Pain Med 2009, 10:959-961.
99. Baillie S.P., Bateman D.N., Coates P.E., Woodhouse K.W. Age and the pharmacokinetics of morphine. Age Ageing 1989, 18:258-262.
100. Hanlon J.T., Guay D.R.P., Ives T. Oral analgesics: Efficacy, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, drug interactions, and practical recommendations for use in older adults. Pain in Older Persons: Progress in Pain Research and Management 2005, 205-222. IASP Press, Seattle, WA. S.J. Gibson, D.K. Weiner (Eds.).
101. Cooney D., Pascuzzi K. Polypharmacy in the elderly: Focus on drug interactions and adherence in hypertension. Clin Geriatr Med 2009, 25:221-233.
102. Vestal R.E., Wood A.J., Shand D.G. Reduced beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity in the elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979, 26:181-186.
103. Berman N., Hostetter T.H. Comparing the Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations for calculation of GFR and drug doses in the elderly. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007, 3:644-645.
104. Noble R.E. Drug therapy in the elderly. Metabolism 2003, 52(Suppl 2):27-30.
105. Shorr R.I., Hoth A.B., Rawls N. Drugs for the Geriatric Patient 2007, Saunders-Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.
106. Richardson J.S., Segal J.L. Spinal cord injury: The role of pharmacokinetics in optimizing drug therapy. Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles and Practice 2003, 247-256. Demos, New York. V.W. Lin (Ed.).
107. Mestre H., Alkon T., Salazar S., Ibarra A. Spinal cord injury sequelae alter drug pharmacokinetics: An overview. Spinal Cord 2011, 49:955-960.
108. Segal J.L., Brunnemann S.R., Gray D.R. Gentamicin bioavailability and single-dose pharmacokinetics in spinal cord injury. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1988, 22:461-465.
109. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009, 57:1331-1346.
110. Lee W.M. Acetaminophen-related acute liver failure in the United States. Hepatol Res 2008, 38:S3-S8.
111. Budnitz D.S., Lovegrove M.C., Crosby A.E. Emergency department visits for overdoses of acetaminophen-containing products. Am J Prev Med 2011, 40:585-592.
112. Larson A.M., Polson J., Fontana R.J., et al. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: Results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2005, 42:1364-1372.
113. Burgess S. FDA limits acetaminophen in prescription combination products; requires liver toxicity warnings. FDA News release 2011, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD.
114. Filitz J., Ihmsen H., Gunther W., et al. Supra-additive effects of tramadol and acetaminophen in a human pain model. Pain 2008, 136:262-270.
115. Gatti A., Sabato E., Di Paolo A.R., Mammucari M., Sabato A.F. Oxycodone/paracetamol: A low-dose synergic combination useful in different types of pain. Clin Drug Investig 2010, 30(Suppl 2):3-14.
116. Ruoff G.E., Rosenthal N., Jordan D., Karim R., Kamin M. Tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets for the treatment of chronic lower back pain: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient study. Clin Ther 2003, 25:1123-1141.
117. Zhang Q., Bal-dit-Sollier C., Drouet L., et al. Interaction between acetaminophen and warfarin in adults receiving long-term oral anticoagulants: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011, 67:309-314.
118. Schilling A., Corey R., Leonard M., Eghtesad B. Acetaminophen: Old drug, new warnings. Cleve Clin J Med 2010, 77:19-27.
119. Lee C., Straus W.L., Balshaw R., Barlas S., Vogel S., Schnitzer T.J. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents versus acetaminophen in the treatment of osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 51:746-754.
120. Moore N.D. In search of an ideal analgesic for common acute pain. Acute Pain 2009, 11:129-137.
121. Vandraas K.F., Spigset O., Mahic M., Slordal L. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Use and co-treatment with potentially interacting medications in the elderly. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010, 66:823-829.
122. Hegeman J., van den Bemt B.J., Duysens J., van Limbeek J. NSAIDs and the risk of accidental falls in the elderly: A systematic review. Drug Saf 2009, 32:489-498.
123. Weinblatt M.E. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity: Increased risk in the elderly. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1991, 91:9-17.
124. Hawkey C.J., Svedberg L.E., Naesdal J., Byrne C. Esomeprazole for the management of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients who require NSAIDs: A review of the NASA and SPACE double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Clin Drug Investig 2009, 29:677-687.
125. Choi K.H., Kim A.J., Son I.J., et al. Risk factors of drug interaction between warfarin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in practical setting. J Korean Med Sci 2010, 25:337-341.
126. Elliott W.J. Drug interactions and drugs that affect blood pressure. J Clin Hypertens 2006, 8:731-737.
127. Mackenzie I.S., MacDonald T.M. Treatment of osteoarthritis in hypertensive patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010, 11:393-403.
128. Okie S. A flood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1981-1985.
129. Manchikanti L., Vallejo R., Manchikanti K.N., Benyamin R.M., Datta S., Christo P.J. Effectiveness of long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain. Pain Physician 2011, 14:E133-E156.
130. Noble M., Treadwell J.R., Tregear S.J., et al. Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, (1). CD006605.
131. Chou R., Ballantyne J.C., Fanciullo G.J., Fine P.G., Miaskowski C. Research gaps on use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain: Findings from a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society and American Academy of Pain Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Pain 2009, 10:147-159.
132. Fishbain D.A., Cole B., Lewis J., Rosomoff H.L., Rosomoff R.S. What percentage of chronic nonmalignant pain patients exposed to chronic opioid analgesic therapy develop abuse/addiction and/or aberrant drug-related behaviors?. A structured evidence-based review. Pain Med 2008, 9:444-459.
133. McLachlan A.J., Bath S., Naganathan V., et al. Clinical pharmacology of analgesic medicines in older people: Impact of frailty and cognitive impairment. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011, 71:351-364.
134. Fine P.G., Portenoy R.K. Establishing "best practices" for opioid rotation: Conclusions of an expert panel. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009, 38:418-425.
135. Slatkin N.E. Opioid switching and rotation in primary care: Implementation and clinical utility. Curr Med Res Opin 2009, 25:2133-2150.
136. Barber J.B., Gibson S.J. Treatment of chronic non-malignant pain in the elderly: Safety considerations. Drug Saf 2009, 32:457-474.
137. Leppert W. Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain. Pharmacol Rep 2009, 61:978-992.
138. Bril V., England J., Franklin G.M., et al. Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. PM R 2011, 3:345-352. 352.e1-21.
139. Moore R.A., Straube S., Wiffen P.J., Derry S., McQuay H.J. Pregabalin for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, (3). CD007076.
140. Moore R.A., Wiffen P.J., Derry S., McQuay H.J. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, (3). CD007938.
141. Reisner L. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. J Pain 2011, 12(Suppl 1):S21-S29.
142. Hanlon J.T., Aspinall S.L., Semla T.P., et al. Consensus guidelines for oral dosing of primarily renally cleared medications in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009, 57:335-340.
143. Cernich A.N., Kurtz S.M., Mordecai K.L., Ryan P.B. Cognitive rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2010, 12:412-423.
144. Meyer M.J., Megyesi J., Meythaler J., et al. Acute management of acquired brain injury Part III: An evidence-based review of interventions used to promote arousal from coma. Brain Inj 2010, 24:722-729.
145. Sivan M., Neumann V., Kent R., Stroud A., Bhakta B.B. Pharmacotherapy for treatment of attention deficits after non-progressive acquired brain injury. A systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2010, 24:110-121.
146. Zhao C.S., Hartikainen S., Schallert T., Sivenius J., Jolkkonen J. CNS-active drugs in aging population at high risk of cerebrovascular events: Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008, 32:56-71.
147. Cicerone K.D., Langenbahn D.M., Braden C., et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011, 92:519-530.
148. Francisco G.E., Walker W.C., Zasler N.D., Bouffard M.H. Pharmacological management of neurobehavioural sequelae of traumatic brain injury: A survey of current physiatric practice. Brain Inj 2007, 21:1007-1014.
149. Ray W.A., Chung C.P., Murray K.T., Hall K., Stein C.M. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:225-235.
150. Lehman A.F., Lieberman J.A., Dixon L.B., et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161(Suppl):1-56.
151. Essock S.M., Schooler N.R., Stroup T.S., et al. Effectiveness of switching from antipsychotic polypharmacy to monotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 2011, 168:702-708.
152. Tranulis C., Skalli L., Lalonde P., Nicole L., Stip E. Benefits and risks of antipsychotic polypharmacy: An evidence-based review of the literature. Drug Saf 2008, 31:7-20.
153. Rochon P.A., Normand S.L., Gomes T., et al. Antipsychotic therapy and short-term serious events in older adults with dementia. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168:1090-1096.
154. Weeks D.L., Greer C.L., Bray B.S., Schwartz C.R., White J.R. Association of antidepressant medication therapy with inpatient rehabilitation outcomes for stroke, traumatic brain injury, or traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011, 92:683-695.
155. Schmid A.A., Kroenke K., Hendrie H.C., Bakas T., Sutherland J.M., Williams L.S. Poststroke depression and treatment effects on functional outcomes. Neurology 2011, 76:1000-1005.
156. Hackett M.L., Anderson C.S., House A., Xia J. Interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, (4). CD003437.
157. Price A., Rayner L., Okon-Rocha E., et al. Antidepressants for the treatment of depression in neurological disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011, 82:914-923.
158. Diem S.J., Blackwell T.L., Stone K.L., et al. Use of antidepressant medications and risk of fracture in older women. Calcif Tissue Int 2011, 88:476-484.
159. Wu C.S., Wang S.C., Cheng Y.C., Gau S.S. Association of cerebrovascular events with antidepressant use: A case-crossover study. Am J Psychiatry 2011, 168:511-521.
160. Jacob S., Spinler S.A. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother 2006, 40:1618-1622.
161. Ramasubbu R. Cerebrovascular effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 65:1642-1653.
162. Andrade C., Sandarsh S., Chethan K.B., Nagesh K.S. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and abnormal bleeding: A review for clinicians and a reconsideration of mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry 2010, 71:1565-1575.
163. Fick D.M., Cooper J.W., Wade W.E., Waller J.L., Maclean J.R., Beers M.H. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: Results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:2716-2724.
164. Taricco M., Pagliacci M.C., Telaro E., Adone R. Pharmacological interventions for spasticity following spinal cord injury: Results of a Cochrane systematic review. Eura Medicophys 2006, 42:5-15.
165. Olvey E.L., Armstrong E.P., Grizzle A.J. Contemporary pharmacologic treatments for spasticity of the upper limb after stroke: A systematic review. Clin Ther 2010, 32:2282-2303.
166. Simon O., Yelnik A.P. Managing spasticity with drugs. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2010, 46:401-410.
167. Stevenson V.L. Rehabilitation in practice: Spasticity management. Clin Rehabil 2010, 24:293-304.
168. Cristian A. Medical Management of Adults With Neurologic Disabilities 2008, Demos Medical Publishing, New York.
169. Roth T. Insomnia: Definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Clin Sleep Med 2007, 3(Suppl):S7-S10.
170. Castriotta R.J., Murthy J.N. Sleep disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury: A review. CNS Drugs 2011, 25:175-185.
171. Kim C.R., Chun M.H., Han E.Y. Effects of hypnotics on sleep patterns and functional recovery of patients with subacute stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2010, 89:315-322.
172. Campbell S.S., Dawson D., Anderson M.W. Alleviation of sleep maintenance insomnia with timed exposure to bright light. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993, 41:829-836.
173. Friedman L., Bliwise D.L., Yesavage J.A., Salom S.R. A preliminary study comparing sleep restriction and relaxation treatments for insomnia in older adults. J Gerontol 1991, 46:P1-P8.
174. King A.C., Oman R.F., Brassington G.S., Bliwise D.L., Haskell W.L. Moderate-intensity exercise and self-rated quality of sleep in older adults. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997, 277:32-37.
175. Briesacher B.A., Soumerai S.B., Field T.S., Fouayzi H., Gurwitz J.H. Medicare part D's exclusion of benzodiazepines and fracture risk in nursing homes. Arch Intern Med 2010, 170:693-698.
176. Glass J., Lanctot K.L., Herrmann N., Sproule B.A., Busto U.E. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: Meta-analysis of risks and benefits. BMJ 2005, 331:1169.
177. Larson E.B., Zollman F.S. The effect of sleep medications on cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2010, 25:61-67.
178. Passaro A., Volpato S., Romagnoni F., Manzoli N., Zuliani G., Fellin R. Benzodiazepines with different half-life and falling in a hospitalized population: The GIFA study. Gruppo Italiano di Farmacovigilanza nell'Anziano. J Clin Epidemiol 2000, 53:1222-1229.
179. Zint K., Haefeli W.E., Glynn R.J., Mogun H., Avorn J., Sturmer T. Impact of drug interactions, dosage, and duration of therapy on the risk of hip fracture associated with benzodiazepine use in older adults. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010, 19:1248-1255.
180. Barry P.J., O'Keefe N., O'Connor K.A., O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in the elderly: A comparison of the Beers criteria and the improved prescribing in the elderly tool (IPET) in acutely ill elderly hospitalized patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2006, 31:617-626.
181. van der Hooft C.S., Schoofs M.W., Ziere G., et al. Inappropriate benzodiazepine use in older adults and the risk of fracture. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008, 66:276-282.
182. Lin C.L., Dumont A.S., Lieu A.S., et al. Characterization of perioperative seizures and epilepsy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2003, 99:978-985.
183. Khan A.A., Banerjee A. The role of prophylactic anticonvulsants in moderate to severe head injury. Int J Emerg Med 2010, 3:187-191.
184. Chang B.S., Lowenstein D.H. Practice parameter: Antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2003, 60:10-16.
185. Vespa P.M., O'Phelan K., Shah M., et al. Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: A factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology 2003, 60:1441-1446.
186. Pinder C., Young C. Adverse cognitive effects of phenytoin in severe brain injury: A case report. Brain Inj 2011, 25:634-637.
187. Gambardella A., Labate A., Colosimo E., Ambrosio R., Quattrone A. Monotherapy for partial epilepsy: Focus on levetiracetam. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008, 4:33-38.
188. Levy H.B., Marcus E.L., Christen C. Beyond the Beers criteria: A comparative overview of explicit criteria. Ann Pharmacother 2010, 44:1968-1975.
189. Lund B.C., Carnahan R.M., Egge J.A., Chrischilles E.A., Kaboli P.J. Inappropriate prescribing predicts adverse drug events in older adults. Ann Pharmacother 2010, 44:957-963.
190. Woodward M.C. Deprescribing: Achieving better health outcomes for older people through reducing medications. J Pharm Pract Res 2003, 33:323-328.
191. Needham D.M., Korupolu R. Rehabilitation quality improvement in an intensive care unit setting: Implementation of a quality improvement model. Top Stroke Rehabil 2010, 17:271-281.
192. Stevens A.B., Strasser D.C., Uomoto J., Bowen S.E., Falconer J.A. Utility of treatment implementation methods in clinical trial with rehabilitation teams. J Rehabil Res Dev 2007, 44:537-546.
193. Cristian A., Thomas J., Nisenbaum M., Jeu L. Practical considerations in the assessment and treatment of pain in adults with physical disabilities. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2005, 16:57-90.
194. Paasche-Orlow M.K., Parker R.M., Gazmararian J.A., Nielsen-Bohlman L.T., Rudd R.R. The prevalence of limited health literacy. J Gen Intern Med 2005, 20:175-184.
195. Weingart S.N., Gandhi T.K., Seger A.C., et al. Patient-reported medication symptoms in primary care. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:234-240.
196. Higashi T., Shekelle P.G., Adams J.L., et al. Quality of care is associated with survival in vulnerable older patients. Ann Intern Med 2005, 143:274-281.
197. Campbell S.M., Cantrill J.A. Consensus methods in prescribing research. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001, 26:5-14.
198. Hanlon J.T., Schmader K.E., Samsa G.P., et al. A method for assessing drug therapy appropriateness. J Clin Epidemiol 1992, 45:1045-1051.
199. Samsa G.P., Hanlon J.T., Schmader K.E., et al. A summated score for the medication appropriateness index: Development and assessment of clinimetric properties including content validity. J Clin Epidemiol 1994, 47:891-896.
200. Chang C.M., Liu P.Y., Yang Y.H., Yang Y.C., Wu C.F., Lu F.H. Use of the Beers criteria to predict adverse drug reactions among first-visit elderly outpatients. Pharmacotherapy 2005, 25:831-838.
201. Fick D.M., Waller J.L., Maclean J.R., et al. Potentially inappropriate medication use in a Medicare managed care population: Association with higher costs and utilization. J Managed Care Pharm 2001, 7:407-413.
202. Fitzgerald L.S., Hanlon J.T., Shelton P.S., et al. Reliability of a modified medication appropriateness index in ambulatory older persons. Ann Pharmacother 1997, 31:543-548.
203. Fu A.Z., Liu G.G., Christensen D.B. Inappropriate medication use and health outcomes in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004, 52:1934-1939.
204. Kassam R., Martin L.G., Farris K.B. Reliability of a modified medication appropriateness index in community pharmacies. Ann Pharmacother 2003, 37:40-46.
205. Lau D.T., Kasper J.D., Potter D.E., Lyles A., Bennett R.G. Hospitalization and death associated with potentially inappropriate medication prescriptions among elderly nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:68-74.
206. Perri M., Menon A.M., Deshpande A.D., et al. Adverse outcomes associated with inappropriate drug use in nursing homes. Ann Pharmacother 2005, 39:405-411.
207. Schmader K.E., Hanlon J.T., Landsman P.B., Samsa G.P., Lewis I.K., Weinberger M. Inappropriate prescribing and health outcomes in elderly veteran outpatients. Ann Pharmacother 1997, 31:529-533.
208. Zuckerman I.H., Langenberg P., Baumgarten M., et al. Inappropriate drug use and risk of transition to nursing homes among community-dwelling older adults. Med Care 2006, 44:722-730.
209. Aparasu R.R., Mort J.R. Prevalence, correlates, and associated outcomes of potentially inappropriate psychotropic use in the community-dwelling elderly. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2004, 2:102-111.
210. Fillenbaum G.G., Hanlon J.T., Landerman L.R., et al. Impact of inappropriate drug use on health services utilization among representative older community-dwelling residents. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2004, 2:92-101.
211. Franic D.M., Jiang J.Z. Potentially inappropriate drug use and health-related quality of life in the elderly. Pharmacotherapy 2006, 26:768-778.
212. Gupta S., Rappaport H.M., Bennett L.T. Inappropriate drug prescribing and related outcomes for elderly medicaid beneficiaries residing in nursing homes. Clin Ther 1996, 18:183-196.
213. Hanlon J.T., Fillenbaum G.G., Kuchibhatla M., et al. Impact of inappropriate drug use on mortality and functional status in representative community dwelling elders. Med Care 2002, 40:166-176.
214. Klarin I., Wimo A., Fastbom J. The association of inappropriate drug use with hospitalisation and mortality: A population-based study of the very old. Drugs Aging 2005, 22:69-82.
215. Laroche M.L., Charmes J.P., Nouaille Y., Picard N., Merle L. Is inappropriate medication use a major cause of adverse drug reactions in the elderly?. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007, 63:177-186.
216. Raivio M.M., Laurila J.V., Strandberg T.E., Tilvis R.S., Pitkala K.H. Use of inappropriate medications and their prognostic significance among in-hospital and nursing home patients with and without dementia in Finland. Drugs Aging 2006, 23:333-343.
217. Rask K.J., Wells K.J., Teitel G.S., Hawley J.N., Richards C., Gazmararian J.A. Can an algorithm for appropriate prescribing predict adverse drug events?. Am J Manag Care 2005, 11:145-151.
218. Beers M.H. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. An update. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:1531-1536.
219. Beers M.H., Ouslander J.G., Rollingher I., Reuben D.B., Brooks J., Beck J.C. Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. UCLA Division of Geriatric Medicine. Arch Intern Med 1991, 151:1825-1832.
220. McLeod P.J., Huang A.R., Tamblyn R.M., Gayton D.C. Defining inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people: A national consensus panel. CMAJ 1997, 156:385-391.
221. Basger B.J., Chen T.F., Moles R.J. Inappropriate medication use and prescribing indicators in elderly Australians: Development of a prescribing indicators tool. Drugs Aging 2008, 25:777-793.
222. Barry P.J., Gallagher P., Ryan C., O'Mahony D. START (screening tool to alert doctors to the right treatment): An evidence-based screening tool to detect prescribing omissions in elderly patients. Age Ageing 2007, 36:632-638.
223. Oborne C.A., Hooper R., Swift C.G., Jackson S.H. Explicit, evidence-based criteria to assess the quality of prescribing to elderly nursing home residents. Age Ageing 2003, 32:102-108.
224. Shekelle P.G., MacLean C.H., Morton S.C., Wenger N.S. Assessing care of vulnerable elders: Methods for developing quality indicators. Ann Intern Med 2001, 135:647-652.
225. Gallagher P., O'Mahony D. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): Application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing 2008, 37:673-679.
226. Higashi T., Shekelle P.G., Solomon D.H., et al. The quality of pharmacologic care for vulnerable older patients. Ann Intern Med 2004, 140:714-720.
227. Kuzuya M., Masuda Y., Hirakawa Y., et al. Underuse of medications for chronic diseases in the oldest of community-dwelling older frail Japanese. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006, 54:598-605.
228. Sloane P.D., Gruber-Baldini A.L., Zimmerman S., et al. Medication undertreatment in assisted living settings. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:2031-2037.
229. Havranek E.P., Abrams F., Stevens E., Parker K. Determinants of mortality in elderly patients with heart failure: The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158:2024-2028.
230. Soumerai S.B., McLaughlin T.J., Spiegelman D., Hertzmark E., Thibault G., Goldman L. Adverse outcomes of underuse of beta-blockers in elderly survivors of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1997, 277:115-121.
231. McCrory D.C., Matchar D.B., Samsa G., Sanders L.L., Pritchett E.L. Physician attitudes about anticoagulation for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:277-281.
232. Feldstein A., Elmer P.J., Orwoll E., Herson M., Hillier T. Bone mineral density measurement and treatment for osteoporosis in older individuals with fractures: A gap in evidence-based practice guideline implementation. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:2165-2172.
233. Holmes H.M., Hayley D.C., Alexander G.C., Sachs G.A. Reconsidering medication appropriateness for patients late in life. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:605-609.
234. Hajjar E.R., Hanlon J.T., Sloane R.J., et al. Unnecessary drug use in frail older people at hospital discharge. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005, 53:1518-1523.
235. Spinewine A., Dumont C., Mallet L., Swine C. Medication appropriateness index: Reliability and recommendations for future use. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006, 54:720-722.
236. Atkins D., Eccles M., Flottorp S., et al. Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: Critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC Health Serv Res 2004, 4:38.
237. Gallagher P.F., Barry P.J., Ryan C., Hartigan I., O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers' Criteria. Age Ageing 2008, 37:96-101.
238. Williams M.E., Pulliam C.C., Hunter R., et al. The short-term effect of interdisciplinary medication review on function and cost in ambulatory elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004, 52:93-98.
239. Garfinkel D., Zur-Gil S., Ben-Israel J. The war against polypharmacy: A new cost-effective geriatric-palliative approach for improving drug therapy in disabled elderly people. Isr Med Assoc J 2007, 9:430-434.
240. Garfinkel D., Mangin D. Feasibility study of a systematic approach for discontinuation of multiple medications in older adults: Addressing polypharmacy. Arch Intern Med 2010, 170:1648-1654.
241. Marcum Z.A., Handler S.M., Wright R., Hanlon J.T. Interventions to improve suboptimal prescribing in nursing homes: A narrative review. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2010, 8:183-200.
242. Gurwitz J.H., Field T.S., Rochon P., et al. Effect of computerized provider order entry with clinical decision support on adverse drug events in the long-term care setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008, 56:2225-2233.
243. Field T.S., Rochon P., Lee M., Gavendo L., Baril J.L., Gurwitz J.H. Computerized clinical decision support during medication ordering for long-term care residents with renal insufficiency. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009, 16:480-485.
244. Willmott C., Ponsford J. Efficacy of methylphenidate in the rehabilitation of attention following traumatic brain injury: A randomised, crossover, double blind, placebo controlled inpatient trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009, 80:552-557.
245. Writer B.W., Schillerstrom J.E. Psychopharmacological treatment for cognitive impairment in survivors of traumatic brain injury: A critical review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009, 21:362-370.
246. Rees L., Marshall S., Hartridge C., Mackie D., Weiser M. Cognitive interventions post acquired brain injury. Brain Inj 2007, 21:161-200.
247. Kumar R. Approved and investigational uses of modafinil: An evidence-based review. Drugs 2008, 68:1803-1839.
248. American Geriatrics Society Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults The American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel, Accessed March 13, 2012. http://www.americangeriatrics.org/files/documents/beers/2012BeersCriteria_JAGS.pdf.