Effectiveness of long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain

Pain Physician

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2011, Pages

  Manchikanti, Laxmaiah ^a,b   Vallejo, Ricardo ^c,d   Manchikanti IV, Kavita N ^a,e   Benyamin, Ramsin M ^c,f   Datta, Sukdeb ^g   Christo, Paul J ^h  

^a PAIN MANAGEMENT CENTER OF PADUCAH   (United States)

^b University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

^c MILLENNIUM PAIN CENTER   (United States)

^d ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

^g VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^h JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adverse effects; Chronic non cancer pain; Fentanyl; Hydrocodone; Hydromorphone; Methadone; Morphine; Opioid effectiveness; Opioids; Oxycodone; Tramadol

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUPRENORPHINE; CODEINE; DIHYDROCODEINE; FENTANYL; GABAPENTIN; HYDROCODONE; METHADONE; MORPHINE; MORPHINE SULFATE; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OXYCODONE; OXYMORPHONE; PARACETAMOL; PLACEBO; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TAPENTADOL; TRAMADOL; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ANALGESIA; CHRONIC PAIN; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; DECREASED APPETITE; DEPRESSION; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DIZZINESS; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPEPSIA; EVENING DOSAGE; FEVER; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HEADACHE; HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; LONG TERM CARE; LOW BACK PAIN; MEMORY DISORDER; MORNING DOSAGE; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MUSCLE RIGIDITY; MYOCLONUS; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PERCEPTION DEAFNESS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCRIPTION; PRURITUS; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; SEDATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SOMNOLENCE; STOMACH EMPTYING; SWEATING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VOMITING; XEROSTOMIA;

ANALGESICS, OPIOID; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; PAIN; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79952840522     PISSN: 15333159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (234)

1. Chapman CR, Lipschitz DL, Angst MS, Chou R, Denisco RC, Donaldson GW, Fine PG, Foley KM, Gallagher RM, Gilson AM, Haddox JD, Horn SD, Inturrisi CE, Jick SS, Lipman AG, Loeser JD, Noble M, Porter L, Rowbotham MC, Schoelles KM, Turk DC, Volinn E, Von Korff MR, Webster LR, Weisner CM. Opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic noncancer pain in the united states: a research guideline for developing an evidence-base. J Pain 2010; 11:807-829.
2. Ballantyne JC. Opioid analgesia: Perspectives on right use and utility. Pain Physician 2007; 10:479-491.
3. Eriksen J, Sjogren P, Bruera E, Ekholm O, Rasmussen NK. Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain. An epidemiological study. Pain 2006; 125:172-179.
4. Wang J, Christo PJ. The influence of prescription monitoring programs on chronic pain management. Pain Physician 2009; 12:507-515.
5. Manchikanti L, Fellows B, Ailinani H, Pampati V. Therapeutic use, abuse, and nonmedical use of opioids: A tenyear perspective. Pain Physician 2010; 13:401-435.
6. www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/arcos/retail_drug_summary/index.html.
7. Manchikanti L, Damron KS, McManus CD, Barnhill RC. Patterns of illicit drug use and opioid abuse in patients with chronic pain at initial evaluation: A prospective, observational study. Pain Physician 2004; 7:431-437.
8. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Damron KS, Beyer CD, Barnhill RC, Fellows B. Prevalence of prescription drug abuse and dependency in patients with chronic pain in western Kentucky. J KY Med Assoc 2003; 101:511-517.
9. Manchikanti L, Damron KS, Pampati V, McManus CD. Prevalence of illicit drug use among individuals with chronic pain in the Commonwealth of Kentucky: An evaluation of patterns and trends. J KY Med Assoc 2005; 103:55-62.
10. Manchikanti L, Damron KS, Beyer CD, Pampati V. A comparative evaluation of illicit drug use in patients with or without controlled substance abuse in interventional pain management. Pain Physician 2003; 6:281-285.
11. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Damron KS, Beyer CD, Barnhill RC. Prevalence of illicit drug use in patients without controlled substance abuse in interventional pain management. Pain Physician 2003; 6:173-178.
12. Manchikanti L, Manchukonda R, Pampati V, Damron KS, Brandon DE, Cash KA, McManus CD. Does random urine drug testing reduce illicit drug use in chronic pain patients receiving opioids? Pain Physician 2006; 9:123-129.
13. Katz NP, Sherburne S, Beach M, Rose RJ, Vielguth J, Bradley J, Fanciullo GJ. Behavioral monitoring and urine toxicology testing in patients receiving long-term opioid therapy. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:1097-1102.
14. Michna E, Jamison RN, Pham LD, Ross EL, Nedeljkovic SS, Narang S, Palombi D, Wasan AD. Urine toxicology screening among chronic pain patients on opioid therapy: Frequency and predictability of abnormal findings. Clin J Pain 2007; 23:173-179.
15. Manchikanti L, Damron KS, Pampati V, McManus CD, Weaver SE. Prospective evaluation of patients with increasing opiate needs: Prescription opiate abuse and illicit drug use. Pain Physician 2004; 7:339-344.
16. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Damron KS, Manchukonda R, Pampati V, McManus CD. Controlled substance abuse and illicit drug use in chronic pain patients: An evaluation of multiple variables. Pain Physician 2006; 9:215-226.
17. Manchikanti L, Giordano J, Fellows B, Manchukonda R, Pampati V. Psychological factors as predictors of opioid abuse and illicit drug use in chronic pain patients. J Opioid Manage 2007; 3:89-100.
18. Ives TJ, Chelminski PR, Hammett-Stabler CA, Malone RM, Perhac JS, Potisek NM, Shilliday BB, DeWalt DA, Pignone MP. Predictors of opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain: A prospective cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 2006; 6:46.
19. Manchikanti L, Manchukonda R, Pampati V, Damron KS. Evaluation of abuse of prescription and illicit drugs in chronic pain patients receiving short-acting (hydrocodone) or long-acting (methadone) opioids. Pain Physician 2005; 8:257-261.
20. Manchikanti L, Manchukonda R, Damron KS, Brandon D, McManus CD, Cash KA. Does adherence monitoring reduce controlled substance abuse in chronic pain patients? Pain Physician 2006; 9:57-60.
21. Rodriguez KL, Hanlon JT, Perera S, Jaffe EJ, Sevick MA. A cross-sectional analysis of the prevalence of undertreatment of nonpain symptoms and factors associated with undertreatment in older nursing home hospice/palliative care patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2010; 8:225-232.
22. Candiotti KA, Gitlin MC. Review of the effect of opioid-related side effects on the undertreatment of moderate to severe chronic non-cancer pain: Tapentadol, a step toward a solution? Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26:1677-1684.
23. Fairchild A. Under-treatment of cancer pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2010; 4:11-15.
24. Claxton RN, Blackhall L, Weisbord SD, Holley JL. Undertreatment of symptoms in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010; 39:211-218.
25. Mularski RA, White-Chu F, Overbay D, Miller L, Asch SM, Ganzini L. Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21:607-612.
26. Okie S. A flood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths. New Engl J Med 2010; 363:1981-1985.
27. Braden JB, Russo J, Fan MY, Edlund MJ, Martin BC, DeVries A, Sullivan MD. Emergency department visits among recipients of chronic opioid therapy. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170:1425-1432.
28. Kuehn BM. Opioid prescriptions soar: Increase in legitimate use as well as abuse. JAMA 2007; 297:249-251.
29. Trescot AM, Helm S, Hansen H, Benyamin R, Adlaka R, Patel S, Manchikanti L. Opioids in the management of chronic non-cancer pain: An update of American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians' (ASIPP) guidelines. Pain Physician 2008; 11:S5-S62.
30. Pergolizzi J, Böger RH, Budd K, Dahan A, Erdine S, Hans G, Kress HG, Langford R, Likar R, Raffa RB, Sacerdote P. Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: Consensus statement of an International Expert Panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone). Pain Pract 2008; 8:287-313.
31. Caudill-Slosberg MA, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S. Office visits and analgesic prescriptions for musculoskeletal pain in US: 1980 vs. 2000. Pain 2004; 109:514-519.
32. Boudreau D, Von Korff M, Rutter CM, Saunders K, Ray GT, Sullivan MD, Campbell CI, Merrill JO, Silverberg MJ, Banta-Green C, Weisner C. Trends in long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009; 18:1166-1175.
33. Sullivan MD, Edlund MJ, Fan MY, Devries A, Brennan Braden J, Martin BC. Trends in use of opioids for non-cancer pain conditions 2000-2005 in commercial and Medicaid insurance plans: The TROUP study. Pain 2008; 138:440-449.
34. Vogt MT, Kwoh CK, Cope DK, Osial TA, Culyba M, Starz TW. Analgesic usage for low back pain: Impact on health care costs and service use. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30:1075-1081.
35. Luo X, Pietrobon R, Hey L. Patterns and trends in opioid use among individuals with back pain in the United States. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004; 29:884-891.
36. Dhalla IA, Mamdani MM, Sivilotti ML, Kopp A, Qureshi O, Juurlink DN. Prescribing of opioid analgesics and related mortality before and after the introduction of long-acting oxycodone. CMAJ 2009; 181:891-896.
37. Toblin RL, Paulozzi LJ, Logan JE, Hall AJ, Kaplan JA. Mental illness and psychotropic drug use among prescription drug overdose deaths: A medical examiner chart review. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71:491-496.
38. Kidner CL, Mayer TG, Gatchel RJ. Higher opioid doses predict poorer functional outcome in patients with chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91:919-927.
39. Sjøgren P, Grønbæk M, Peuckmann V, Ekholm O. A population-based cohort study on chronic pain: The role of opioids. Clin J Pain 2010; 26:763-769.
40. Dunn KM, Saunders KW, Rutter CM, Banta-Green CJ, Merrill JO, Sullivan MD, Weisner CM, Silverberg MJ, Campbell CI, Psaty BM, Von Korff M. Opioid prescriptions for chronic pain and overdose: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152:85-92.
41. Manchikanti L, Ailinani H, Koyyalagunta L, Datta S, Singh V, Eriator I, Sehgal N, Shah R, Benyamina RM, Vallejo R, Fellows B, Christo PJ. A systematic review of randomized trials of long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain. Pain Physician 2011;14:91-121.
42. Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, Helm S, Hirsch JA. Evidence-based medicine, systematic reviews, and guidelines in interventional pain management: Part 3: Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Pain Physician 2009; 12:35-72.
43. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151:W65-W94.
44. Furlan AD, Pennick V, Bombardier C, van Tulder M; Editorial Board, Cochrane Back Review Group. 2009 updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009; 34:1929-1941.
45. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, Elbourne D, Egger M, Altman DG. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010; 340:c869.
46. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:573-577.
47. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB. Metaanalysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000; 283:2008-2012.
48. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Smith HS, Hirsch JA. Evidence-based medicine, systematic reviews, and guidelines in interventional pain management: Part 4: Observational studies. Pain Physician 2009; 12:73-108.
49. Manchikanti L, Datta S, Smith HS, Hirsch JA. Evidence-based medicine, systematic reviews, and guidelines in interventional pain management: Part 6. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. Pain Physician 2009; 12:819-850.
50. Manchikanti L, Falco FJE, Boswell MV, Hirsch JA. Facts, fallacies, and politics of comparative effectiveness research: Part 1. Basic considerations. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E23-E54.
51. Manchikanti L, Falco FJE, Boswell MV, Hirsch JA. Facts, fallacies, and politics of comparative effectiveness research: Part 2. Implications for interventional pain management. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E55-E79.
52. Manchikanti L, Datta S, Gupta S, Munglani R, Bryce DA, Ward SP, Benyamin RM, Sharma ML, Helm II S, Fellows B, Hirsch JA. A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: Part 2. Therapeutic interventions. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E215-E264.
53. Martell BA, O'Connor PG, Kerns RD, Beck WC, Morales KH, Kosten TR, Fiellen DA. Systematic review: Opioid treatment for chronic back pain: Prevalence, efficacy, and association with addiction. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:116-127.
54. Mahowald ML, Singh JA, Majeski P. Opioid use by patients in an orthopedics spine clinic. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52:312-321.
55. Fillingim RB, Doleys DM, Edwards RR, Lowery D. Clinical characteristics of chronic back pain as a function of gender and oral opioid use. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003; 28:143-150.
56. France RD, Urban BJ, Keefe FJ. Long-term use of narcotic analgesics in chronic pain. Soc Sci Med 1984; 19:1379-1382.
57. Long DM, BenDebba M, Torgerson WS, Boyd RJ, Dawson EG, Hardy RW, Robertson JT, Sypert GW, Watts C. Persistent back pain and sciatica in the United States: Patient characteristics. J Spinal Disord 1996; 9:40-58.
58. Turk DC, Okifuji A. What factors affect physicians' decisions to prescribe opioids for chronic noncancer pain patients? Clin J Pain 1997; 13:330-336.
59. Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS. Management of nonmalignant pain in home-dwelling older people: A population-based survey. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50:1861-1865.
60. Coste J, Venot A. An epidemiologic approach to drug prescribing quality assessment: A study in primary care practice in France. Med Care 1999; 37:1294-1307.
61. McCracken LM, Velleman SC, Eccleston C. Patterns of prescription and concern about opioid analgesics for chronic non-malignant pain in general practice. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2008; 9:146-156.
62. Kamboj SK, Tookman A, Jones L, Curran HV. The effects of immediate-release morphine on cognitive functioning in patients receiving chronic opioid therapy in palliative care. Pain 2005; 117:388-395.
63. Webster BS, Verma SK, Gatchel RJ. Relationship between early opioid prescribing for acute occupational low back pain and disability duration, medical costs, subsequent surgery, and late opioid use. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007; 32:2127-2132.
64. Mahmud MA, Webster BS, Courtney TK, Matz S, Tacci JA, Christiani DC. Clinical management and the duration of disability for work-related low back pain. J Occup Environ Med 2000; 42:1178-1187.
65. Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain 2006; 10:287-333.
66. Franklin GM, Stover BD, Turner JA, Fulton-Kehoe D, Wickizer TM; Disability Risk Identification Study Cohort. Early opioid prescription and subsequent disability among workers with back injuries: The Disability Risk Identification Study Cohort. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33:199-204.
67. Rhee Y, Taitel MS, Walker DR, Lau DT. Narcotic drug use among patients with lower back pain in employer health plans: A retrospective analysis of risk factors and health care services. Clin Ther 2007; 29:2603-2612.
68. White AG, Birnbaum HG, Mareva MN, Daher M, Vallow S, Schein J, Katz N. Direct costs of opioid abuse in an insured population in the United States. J Manag Care Pharm 2005; 11:469-479.
69. Edlund MJ, Steffick D, Hudson T, Harris KM, Sullivan M. Risk factors for clinically recognized opioid abuse and dependence among veterans using opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. Pain 2007; 129:355-362.
70. Manchikanti L, Malla Y, Wargo BW, Cash KA, Pampati V, Damron KS, McManus CD, Brandon DE. Protocol for accuracy of point of care (POC) or in-office urine drug testing (immunoassay) in chronic pain patients: A prospective analysis of immunoassay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectometry (LC/MS/MS). Pain Physician 2010; 13:E1-E22.
71. Pesce A, Rosenthal M, West R, West C, Mikel C, Almazan P, Latyshev S. An evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry versus immunoassay drug testing in pain patients. Pain Physician 2010; 13:273-281.
72. Pesce A, West C. In response: Numerous studies show urine drug testing a critical tool in treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. Pain Physician 2010; 13:503-504.
73. Gilbert JW, Wheeler GR, Mick GE, Storey BB, Herder SL, Richardson GB, Watts E, Gyarteng-Dakwa K, Marino BS, Kenney CM, Siddiqi M, Broughton PG. Importance of urine drug testing in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain: Implications of recent medicare policy changes in Kentucky. Pain Physician 2010; 13:167-186.
74. Gilbert JW, Wheeler GR, Mick GE, Storey BB, Herder SL, Richardson GB, Watts E, Gyarteng-Dakwa K, Marino BS, Kenney CM, Siddiqi M, Broughton PG. Urine drug testing in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain in a Kentucky private neuroscience practice: The potential effect of Medicare benefit changes in Kentucky. Pain Physician 2010; 13:187-194.
75. Cone EJ, Caplan YH. Urine toxicology testing in chronic pain management. Postgrad Med 2009; 121:91-102.
76. Couto JE, Romney MC, Leider HL, Sharma S, Goldfarb NI. High rates of inappropriate drug use in the chronic pain population. Popul Health Manage 2009; 12:185-190.
77. Evans M, Kriger S, Gunn J, Schwilke G. Effective monitoring of opiates in chronic pain patients. Pract Pain Manag 2009; 9:32-33.
78. Davstad I, Stenbacka M, Leifman A, Beck O, Korkmaz S, Romelsjo A. Patterns of illicit drug use and retention in a methadone program: A longitudinal study. J Opioid Manag 2007; 3:27-34.
79. Havens JR, Oser CB, Leukefeld CG. Increasing prevalence of prescription opiate misuse over time among rural probationers. J Opioid Manage 2007; 3:107-112.
80. Wiedemer NL, Harden PS, Arndt IO, Gallagher RM. The opioid renewal clinic: A primary care, managed approach to opioid therapy in chronic pain patients at risk for substance abuse. Pain Med 2007; 8:573-584.
81. Office of National Drug Control Policy. National Drug Control Strategy 2010. www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/policy/ndcs10/ndcs2010.pdf
82. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2007: Area profiles of drug-related mortality. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2009. HHS publication no. SMA 09-4407. http://dawninfo.samhsa.gov/pubs/mepubs/
83. US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2008: Area Profiles of Drug-Related Mortality. Rockville, MD, 2010.
84. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2007: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. Rockville, MD, 2010. https://dawninfo.samhsa.gov/files/ED2007/DAWN2k7ED.pdf
85. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2006: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. DAWN Series D-30, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 08-4339, Rockville, MD, 2008.
86. Strom KJ, Wong L, Weimer BJ, Ancheta J, Rachal V. NFLIS Special Report: Controlled Prescription Drugs, 2001-2005. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Washington DC, 2006. www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/nflis/2006rx_drugs_report.pdf
87. Paulozzi LJ, Budnitz DS, Yongli X. Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006; 15:618-627.
88. Paulozzi L. Unintentional poisoning deaths-United States, 1999-2004. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007; 56:93-96. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5605a1.htm
89. US Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Background Information for Methadone Mortality-A Reassessment. Sponsored by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse, and Mental Health Services Administration. Washington, DC. July 20, 2007.
90. Manchikanti KN, Manchikanti L, Damron KS, Pampati V, Fellows B. Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States: An evaluation in an interventional pain management practice. J Opioid Manage 2008; 4:271-283.
91. Warner M, Chen LJ, Makuc DM. Increase in fatal poisonings involving opioid analgesics in the United States, 1999--2006. NCHS data brief, no 22. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2009.
92. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids among Medicaid enrollees-Washington, 2004-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009; 58:1171-1175.
93. Paulozzi LJ, Logan JE, Hall AJ, McKinstry E, Kaplan JA, Crosby AE. A comparison of drug overdose deaths involving methadone and other opioid analgesics in West Virginia. Addiction 2009; 104:1541-1548.
94. Boyles S. CDC: Alarming increase in methadone deaths. Deaths from opioid painkillers have tripled since 1999. WebMD Health News. September 30, 2009. www.webmd.com/pain-management/news/20090930/alarming-increase-inmethadone-deaths
95. Unintentional Drug Poisoning in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 2010. www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreational-Safety/pdf/poison-issue-brief.pdf
96. Furlan AD, Sandoval JA, Mailis-Gagnon A, Tunks E. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: A meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects. Can Med Assoc J 2006; 174:1589-1594.
97. Kalso E, Edwards JE, Moore RA, Mc-Quay HJ. Opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: Systematic review of efficacy and safety. Pain 2004; 112:372-380.
98. Eisenberg E, McNicol E, Carr DB. Opioids for neuropathic pain (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 3: CD006146.
99. Deshpande A, Furlan A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk D. Opioids for chronic low back pain (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 3:CD004959.
100. Cepeda MS, Camargo F, Zea C, Valencia L. Tramadol for osteoarthritis: A systematic review and metaanalysis. J Rheumatol 2007; 34:543-555.
101. Sandoval JA, Furlan AD, Mailis-Gagnon AM. Oral methadone for chronic noncancer pain: A systemic literature review of reasons for administration, prescription patterns, effectiveness, and side effects. Clin J Pain 2005; 21:503-512.
102. Chou R, Huffman L. Use of Chronic Opioid Therapy in Chronic Noncancer Pain: Evidence Review. American Pain Society, Glenview, IL, 2009.
103. Noble M, Tregear SJ, Treadwell JR, Schoelles K. Long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 35:214-228.
104. Noble M, Treadwell JR, Tregear SJ, Coates VH, Wiffen PJ, Akafomo C, Schoelles KM. Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD006605.
105. Papaleontiou M, Henderson CR, Turner BJ, Moore AA, Olkhovskaya Y, Amanfo L, Reid MC. Outcomes associated with opioid use in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58:1353-1369.
106. Allan L, Richarz U, Simpson K, Slappendel R. Transdermal fentanyl versus sustained release oral morphine in strongopioid naïve patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30:2484-2490.
107. Caldwell JR, Rapoport RJ, Davis JC, Offenberg HL, Marker HW, Roth SH, Yuan W, Eliot L, Babul N, Lynch PM. Efficacy and safety of a once-daily morphine formulation in chronic, moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis pain: Results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial and an open-label extension trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23:278-291.
108. Zenz M, Strumpf M, Tryba M. Longterm oral opioid therapy in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992; 7:69-77.
109. Pascual MLG, Fleming RRB, Gana TJ, Vorsanger GJ. Open-label study of the safety and effectiveness of long-term therapy with extended-release tramadol in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23:2531-2542.
110. Thorne C, Beaulieu AD, Callaghan DJ, O'Mahony WF, Bartlett JM, Knight R, Kraag GR, Akhras R, Piraino PS, Eisenhoffer J, Harsanyi Z, Darke AC. A randomized, double-blind, crossover comparison of the efficacy and safety of oral controlled-release tramadol and placebo in patients with painful osteoarthritis. Pain Res Manag 2008; 13:93-102.
111. Harati Y, Gooch C, Swenson M, Edelman SV, Greene D, Raskin P, Donofrio P, Cornblath D, Olson WH, Kamin M. Maintenance of the long-term effectiveness of tramadol in treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2000; 14:65-70.
112. Galski T, Willimas B, Ehle HT. Effects of opioids on driving ability. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 19:200-208.
113. Roth SH, Fleischmann RM, Burch FX, Dietz F, Bockow B, Rapoport RJ, Rutstein J, Lacouture PG. Around-the-clock, controlled-release oxycodone therapy for osteoarthritis-related pain: Placebocontrolled trial and long-term evaluation. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:853-860.
114. Fredheim OM, Kaasa S, Dale O, Klepstad P, Landrø NI, Borchgrevink PC. Opioid switching from oral slow release morphine to oral methadone may improve pain control in chronic non-malignant pain: A nine-month follow-up study. Palliat Med 2006; 20:35-41.
115. Hermos JA, Young MM, Gagnon DR, Fiore LD. Characterizations of long-term oxycodone/acetaminophen prescriptions in veteran patients. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:2361-2366.
116. McIlwain H, Ahdieh H. Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of oxymorphone extended release for moderate to severe osteoarthritis pain: A one-year study. Am J Ther 2005; 12:106-112.
117. Milligan K, Lanteri-Minet M, Borchert K, Helmers H, Donald R, Kress H-G, Adriaensen H, Moulin D, Järvimäki V, Haasen L. Evaluation of long-term efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain. J Pain 2001; 2:197-204.
118. Mystakidou K, Parpa E, Tsilika E, Mavromati A, Smyrniotis V, Georgaki S, Vlahos L. Long-term management of noncancer pain with transdermal therapeutic system-fentanyl. J Pain 2003; 4:298-306.
119. Jamison RN, Raymond SA, Slawsby EA, Nedeljkovic SS, Katz NP. Opioid therapy for chronic noncancer back pain. A randomized prospective study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998; 23:2591-2600.
120. Vondrackova D, Leyendecker P, Meissner W, Hopp M, Szombati I, Hermanns K, Ruckes C, Weber S, Grothe B, Fleischer W, Reimer K. Analgesic efficacy and safety of oxycodone in combination with naloxone as prolonged release tablets in patients with moderate to severe chronic pain. J Pain 2008; 9:1144-1154.
121. Wild JE, Grond S, Kuperwasser B, Gilbert J, McCann B, Lange B, Steup A, Häufel T, Etropolski MS, Rauschkolb C, Lange R. Long-term safety and tolerability of tapentadol extended release for the management of chronic low back pain or osteoarthritis pain. Pain Pract 2010; 10:416-427.
122. Portenoy RK, Foley KM. Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: Report of 38 cases. Pain 1986; 25:171-186.
123. Katz N. Methodological issues in clinical trials of opioids for chronic pain. Neurology 2005; 65:S32-49.
124. Pflughaupt M, Scharnagel R, Gossrau G, Kaiser U, Koch T, Sabatowski R. Physicians' knowledge and attitudes concerning the use of opioids in the treatment of chronic cancer and non-cancer pain. Schmerz 2010; 24:267-275.
125. Lee M, Silverman S, Hansen H, Patel V, Manchikanti L. A comprehensive review of opioid induced hyperalgesia. Pain Physician 2011; 14:145-162.
126. Mercadante S. Opioid rotation for cancer pain: Rationale and clinical aspects. Cancer 1999; 86:1856-1866.
127. Silverman SM. Opioid induced hyperalgesia: Clinical implications for the pain practitioner. Pain Physician 2009; 12:679-684.
128. Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, Buenaventura R, Adlaka R, Sehgal N, Glaser SE, Vallejo R. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician 2008; 11:S105-S120.
129. Schutter U, Grunert S, Meyer C, Schmidt T, Nolte T. Innovative pain therapy with a fixed combination of prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone: A large observational study under conditions of daily practice. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26:1377-1387.
130. Tessaro L, Bandieri E, Costa G, Fornasier G, Iorno V, Pizza C, Pastacaldi G, Micheletto G. Use of oxycodone controlledrelease immediately after NSAIDs: A new approach to obtain good pain control. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010; 14:113-121.
131. Blondell RD, Ashrafioun L, Dambra CM, Foschio EM, Zielinski AL, Salcedo DM. A clinical trial comparing tapering doses of buprenorphine with steady doses for chronic pain and co-existent opioid addiction. J Addict Med 2010; 4:140-146.
132. Jonsson T, Christrup LL, Højsted J, Villesen HH, Albjerg TH, Ravn-Nielsen LV, Sjøgren P. Symptoms and side effects in chronic non-cancer pain: Patient report vs. systematic assessment. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.
133. Adams EH, Breiner S, Cicero TJ, Geller A, Inciardi JA, Schnoll SH, Senay EC, Woody GE. A comparison of the abuse liability of tramadol, NSAIDs, and hydrocodone in patients with chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006; 31:465-476.
134. Rauck RL, Bookbinder SA, Bunker TR, Alftine CD. A randomized, open-label, multicenter trial comparing once-aday Avinza (morphine sulfate extended-release capsules) versus twice-aday OxyContin (oxycodone hydrochloride controlled release tablets) for the treatment of chronic, moderate to severe low back pain: Improved physical functioning in the ACTION trial. J Opioid Manage 2007; 3:35-43.
135. Portenoy RK, Farrar JT, Backonja MM, Cleeland CS, Yang K, Friedman M, Coluci SV, Richards P. Long-term use of controlled-release oxycodone for noncancer pain: Results of a 3-year registry study. Clin J Pain 2007; 23:287-299.
136. Ytterberg SR, Mahowald ML, Woods SR. Codeine and oxycodone use in patients with chronic rheumatic disease pain. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:1603-1612.
137. Maier C, Schaub C, Willweber-Strumpf A, Zenz M. Long-term efficacy of opioid medication in patients with chronic non-cancer-associated pain. Results of a survey 5 years after onset of medical treatment. Schmerz 2005; 19:410-417.
138. Tassain V, Attal N, Fletcher D, Brasseur L, Degieux P, Chauvin M, Bouhassira D. Long-term effects of oral sustained release morphine on neuropsychological performance in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Pain 2003; 104:389-400.
139. Quang-Cantagrel ND, Wallace MS, Magnuson SK. Opioid substitution to improve the effectiveness of chronic noncancer pain control: A chart review. Anesth Analg 2000; 90:933-937.
140. Moulin DE, Palma D, Watling C, Schulz V. Methadone in the management of intractable neuropathic pain. Pain Res Manag 2003; 8:51B.
141. Fredheim OM, Borchgrevink PC, Klepstad P, Kaasa S, Dale O. Long-term methadone for chronic pain: A pilot study of pharmacokinetic aspects. Eur J Pain 2007; 11:599-604.
142. Robbins L. Daily opioids (methadone) for refractory chronic daily headache. Headache Quart 1996; 7:39-42.
143. Robbins L. Long-acting opioids (methadone) for refractory chronic daily headache: Quality of life assessment. Headache Quart 1997; 8:234-236.
144. Mironer YE, Haasis JC III, Chapple IT, Somerville JJ, Barsanti JM. Successful use of methadone in neuropathic pain: A multicenter study by the National Forum of Independent Pain Clinicians. Pain Digest 1999; 9:191-193.
145. Rauck R, Ma T, Kerwin R, Ahdieh H. Titration with oxymorphone extended release to achieve effective long-term pain relief and improved tolerability in opioid-naïve patients with moderate to severe pain. Pain Med 2008; 9:777-785.
146. Dillie KS, Fleming MF, Mundt MP, French MT. Quality of life associated with daily opioid therapy in a primary care chronic pain sample. Am Board Fam Med 2008; 21:108-117.
147. Jensen MK, Thomsen AB, Hojsted J. 10 year follow-up of chronic non-malignant pain patients: Opioid use, health related quality of life and health care utilization. Eur J Pain 2006; 10:423-433.
148. Deshpande MA, Holden RR, Gilron I. The impact of therapy on quality of life and mood in neuropathic pain: What is the effect of pain reduction? Anesth Analog 2006; 102:1473-1479.
149. Adams EH, Chwiecko P, Ace-Wagoner Y, Mangefrida B, Duerden ME, Perdikis GC, Kunkel FA, Ghalie R. A study of AVINZA (morphine sulfate extended-release capsules) for chronic moderateto-severe noncancer pain conducted under real-world treatment conditions-the ACCPT study. Pain Pract 2006; 6:254-264.
150. Large RG, Schug SA. Opioids for chronic pain of non-malignant origin-caring or crippling. Health Care Anal 1995; 3: 5-11.
151. Lawrence JT, London N, Bohlman HH, Chin KR. Preoperative narcotic use as a predictor of clinical outcome. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33:2074-2078.
152. Strassels SA. Cognitive effects of opioids. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2008; 12:32-36.
153. Fishbain DA, Cutler RB, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. Are opioid-dependent/tolerant patients impaired in drivingrelated skills? A structured evidencebased review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003; 25:559-577.
154. Patel VB, Manchikanti L, Singh V, Schultz DM, Hayek SM, Smith HS. Systematic review of intrathecal infusion systems for long-term management of chronic non-cancer pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:345-360.
155. Manchikanti L, Manchikanti KN, Pampati V, Cash KA. Prevalence of side effects of prolonged low or moderate dose opioid therapy with concomitant benzodiazepine and/or antidepressant therapy in chronic non-cancer pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:259-267.
156. Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, Miaskowski C, Passik SD, Portenoy RK. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: Prediction and identification of aberrant drug-related behaviors: A review of the evidence for an American Pain Society and American Academy of Pain Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Pain 2009; 10:131-146.
157. Woodcock J. A difficult balance-pain management, drug safety, and the FDA. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2105-2107.
158. Wunsch MJ, Nakamoto K, Behonick G, Massello W. Opioid deaths in rural Virginia: A description of the high prevalence of accidental fatalities involving prescribed medications. Am J Addict 2009; 18:5-14.
159. Hall AJ, Logan JE, Toblin RL, Kaplan JA, Kraner JC, Bixler D, Crosby AE, Paulozzi LJ. Patterns of abuse among unintentional pharmaceutical overdose fatalities. JAMA 2008; 300:2613-2620.
160. McLellan AT, Turner B. Prescription opioids, overdose deaths, and physician responsibility. JAMA 2008; 300:2613-2620.
161. Højsted J, Sjøgren P. Addiction to opioids in chronic pain patients: A literature review. Eur J Pain 2007; 11:490-518.
162. Ruan X. Drug-related side effects of long-term intrathecal morphine therapy. Pain Physician 2007; 10:357-366.
163. Smith HS, Deer TR. Safety and efficacy of intrathecal ziconotide in the management of severe chronic pain. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2009; 5:521-534.
164. Manchikanti L, Benyamin R, Datta S, Vallejo R, Smith HS. Opioids in chronic noncancer pain. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 10:775-789.
165. Trescot AM, Datta S, Glaser S, Sehgal N, Hansen H, Benyamin R, Patel S. Effectiveness of opioids in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. Pain Physician 2008; 11:S181-S200.
166. National Opioids Use Guideline Group (NOUGG). Canadian guidelines for safe and effective use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain, Version 5.6. April 2010. http://nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca/documents/opioid_guideline_part_b_v5_6.pdf
167. British Pain Society. Opioids for persistent pain: Good practice. A consensus statement prepared on behalf of the British Pain Society, the Royal College of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of General Practitioners and the Faculty of Addictions of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. London, UK: The British Pain Society; January 2010.
168. Cepeda MS, Camargo F, Zea CLV. Tramadol for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3:CD005522.
169. Hollingshead J, Duhmke R, Cornblath D. Tramadol for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst 2006; 3: CD003726.
170. Moore RA, McQuay H. Prevalence of opioid adverse events in chronic nonmalignant pain: Systematic review of randomised trials of oral opioids. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R1046-R1051.
171. Tuteja AK, Biskupiak J, Stoddard GJ, Lipman AG. Opioid-induced bowel disorders and narcotic bowel syndrome in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:424-430.
172. Saunders KW, Dunn KM, Merrill JO, Sullivan M, Weisner C, Braden JB, Psaty BM, Von Korff M. Relationship of opioid use and dosage levels to fractures in older chronic pain patients. J Gen Intern Med 2010; 25:310-315.
173. Mercadante S. Pathophysiology and treatment of opioid-related myoclonus in cancer patients. Pain 1998; 74:5-9.
174. Han PK, Arnold R, Bond G, Janson D, Abu-Elmagd K. Myoclonus secondary to withdrawal from transdermal fentanyl: Case report and literature review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23:66-72.
175. Moore P, Dimsdale JE. Opioids, sleep, and cancer-related fatigue. Med Hypotheses 2002; 58:77-82.
176. Ersek M, Cherrier MM, Overman SS, Irving GA. The cognitive effects of opioids. Pain Manag Nurs 2004; 5:75-93.
177. Ballantyne JC, Shin NS. Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain. Clin J Pain 2008; 24:469-478.
178. Trescot AM, Datta S, Lee M, Hansen H. Opioid pharmacology. Pain Physician 2008; 11:S133-S154.
179. Ho T, Vrabec JT, Burton AW. Hydrocodone use and sensorineural hearing loss. Pain Physician 2007; 10:467-472.
180. Manchikanti L. Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12: E35-E70.
181. Harkness EF, Macfarlane GJ, Silman AJ, McBeth J. Is musculoskeletal pain more common now than 40 years ago?: Two population-based cross-sectional studies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:890-895.
182. Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, Castel LD, Kalsbeek WD, Carey TS. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169:251-258.
183. Ballantyne JC, Mao J. Opioid therapy for chronic pain. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1943-1953.
184. Dole V. What we have learned from three decades of methadone maintenance treatment. Drug & Alcohol Review 1994; 13:3-4.
185. Brecher E, Editors of Consumer Reports Magazine. How well does methadone maintenance work? In: The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/cu/cument/htm.
186. Tennant FS, Uelman GF. Narcotic maintenance for chronic pain: Medical and legal guidelines. Postgrad Med 1983; 73:81-94.
187. Bouckoms A, Masand P, Murray G, Cassem E, Stern T, Tesar G. Chronic nonmalignant pain treatment with long-term analgesics. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1992; 4:185-192.
188. Haythornthwaite JA, Menefee LA, Quatrano-Piacentini AL, Pappagallo M. Outcome of chronic opioid therapy for non-cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 15:185-194.
189. Avouac J, Gossec L, Dougados M. Efficacy and safety of opioids for osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:957-965.
190. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Fellows B, Abdi S, Buenaventura RM, Conn A, Datta S, Derby R, Falco FJE, Erhart S, Diwan S, Hayek SM, Helm S, Parr AT, Schultz DM, Smith HS, Wolfer LR, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:699-802.
191. Chou R, Clark E, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of long-acting oral opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003; 26:1026-1048.
192. Manchikanti L, Derby R, Wolfer LR, Singh V, Datta S, Hirsch JA. Evidencebased medicine, systematic reviews, and guidelines in interventional pain management: Part 7: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy studies. Pain Physician 2009; 12:929-963.
193. Manchikanti L, Datta S, Derby R, Wolfer LR, Benyamin RM, Hirsch JA. A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: Part 1. Diagnostic interventions. Pain Physician 2010; 13: E141-E174.
194. Atluri S, Datta S, Falco FJE, Lee M. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of thoracic facet joint interventions. Pain Physician 2008; 11:611-629.
195. Falco FJE, Erhart S, Wargo BW, Bryce DA, Atluri S, Datta S, Hayek SM. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Pain Physician 2009; 12:323-344.
196. Datta S, Lee M, Falco FJE, Bryce DA, Hayek SM. Systematic assessment of diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic utility of lumbar facet joint interventions. Pain Physician 2009; 12:437-460.
197. Singh V, Manchikanti L, Shah RV, Dunbar EE, Glaser SE. Systematic review of thoracic discography as a diagnostic test for chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2008; 11:631-642.
198. Wolfer L, Derby R, Lee JE, Lee SH. Systematic review of lumbar provocation discography in asymptomatic subjects with a meta-analysis of false-positive rates. Pain Physician 2008; 11:513-538.
199. Manchikanti L, Dunbar EE, Wargo BW, Shah RV, Derby R, Cohen SP. Systematic review of cervical discography as a diagnostic test for chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:305-321.
200. Manchikanti L, Glaser S, Wolfer L, Derby R, Cohen SP. Systematic review of lumbar discography as a diagnostic test for chronic low back pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:541-559.
201. Conn A, Buenaventura R, Datta S, Abdi S, Diwan S. Systematic review of caudal epidural injections in the management of chronic low back pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:109-135.
202. Parr AT, Diwan S, Abdi S. Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic low back and lower extremity pain: A systematic review. Pain Physician 2009; 12:163-188.
203. Benyamin RM, Singh V, Parr AT, Conn A, Diwan S, Abdi S. Systematic review of the effectiveness of cervical epidurals in the management of chronic neck pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:137-157.
204. Buenaventura RM, Datta S, Abdi S, Smith HS. Systematic review of therapeutic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Pain Physician 2009; 12:233-251.
205. Helm S, Hayek S, Benyamin RM, Manchikanti L. Systematic review of the effectiveness of thermal annular procedures in treating discogenic low back pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:207-232.
206. Frey ME, Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, Schultz DM, Smith HS, Cohen SP. Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome: A systematic review. Pain Physician 2009; 12:379-397.
207. Epter RS, Helm S, Hayek SM, Benyamin RM, Smith HS, Abdi S. Systematic review of percutaneous adhesiolysis and management of chronic low back pain in post lumbar surgery syndrome. Pain Physician 2009; 12:361-378.
208. Rupert MP, Lee M, Manchikanti L, Datta S, Cohen SP. Evaluation of sacroiliac joint interventions: A systematic appraisal of the literature. Pain Physician 2009; 12:399-418.
209. Hayek SM, Helm S, Benyamin RM, Singh V, Bryce DA, Smith HS. Effectiveness of spinal endoscopic adhesiolysis in post lumbar surgery syndrome: A systematic review. Pain Physician 2009; 12:419-435.
210. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJ, Cash KA, Pampati V. Lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic facet joint pain: One-year follow-up of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial: Clinical Trial NCT00355914. Pain Physician 2008; 11:121-132.
211. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V. Evaluation of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up. Int J Med Sci 2010; 7:124-135.
212. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJ, Cash KA, Fellows B. Cervical medial branch blocks for chronic cervical facet joint pain: A randomized double-blind, controlled trial with one-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33:1813-1820.
213. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Fellows B. Comparative outcomes of a 2-year follow-up of cervical medial branch blocks in management of chronic neck pain: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:437-450.
214. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V. Effectiveness of thoracic medial branch blocks in managing chronic pain: A preliminary report of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial; Clinical trial NCT00355706. Pain Physician 2008; 11:491-504.
215. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Smith HS. Preliminary results of randomized, equivalence trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain: Part 1. Discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis. Pain Physician 2008; 11:785-800.
216. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, Pampati V, Damron KS, Boswell MV. Preliminary results of randomized, equivalence trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain: Part 2. Disc herniation and radiculitis. Pain Physician 2008; 11:801-815.
217. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, Pampati V, Datta S. Preliminary results of randomized, equivalence trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain: Part 3. Post surgery syndrome. Pain Physician 2008; 11:817-831.
218. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Abdi S. Preliminary results of randomized, equivalence trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain: Part 4. Spinal stenosis. Pain Physician 2008; 11:833-848.
219. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, Pampati V, Datta S. Management of pain of post lumbar surgery syndrome: Oneyear results of a randomized, double double-blind, active controlled trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections. Pain Physician 2010; 13:509-522.
220. Smith HS, Chopra P, Patel VB, Frey ME, Rastogi R. Systematic review on the role of sedation in diagnostic spinal interventional techniques. Pain Physician 2009; 12:195-206.
221. Singh V, Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, Helm S, Hirsch JA. Percutaneous lumbar laser disc decompression: A systematic review of current evidence. Pain Physician 2009; 12:573-588.
222. Singh V, Benyamin RM, Datta S, Falco FJE, Helm S, Manchikanti L. Systematic review of percutaneous lumbar mechanical disc decompression utilizing Dekompressor. Pain Physician 2009; 12:589-599.
223. Manchikanti L, Derby R, Benyamin RM, Helm S, Hirsch JA. A systematic review of mechanical lumbar disc decompression with nucleoplasty. Pain Physician 2009; 12:561-572.
224. Gerges FJ, Lipsitz SR, Nedeljkovic SS. A systematic review on the effectiveness of the nucleoplasty procedure for discogenic pain. Pain Physician 2010; 13:117-132.
225. Kloth DS, Fenton DS, Andersson GBJ, Block JE. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET) for the treatment of discogenic low back pain: Patient selection and indications for use. Pain Physician 2008; 11:659-668.
226. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Derby R, Fellows B, Falco FJE, Datta S, Smith HS, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive review of neurophysiologic basis and diagnostic interventions in managing chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:E71-E120.
227. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Datta S, Fellows B, Abdi S, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Falco FJE, Helm S, Hayek S, Smith HS. Comprehensive review of therapeutic interventions in managing chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:E123-E198.
228. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Wargo BW, Malla Y. Cervical epidural injections in chronic discogenic neck pain without disc herniation or radiculitis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E265-E278.
229. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Wargo BW, Malla Y. The effectiveness of fluoroscopic cervical interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic cervical disc herniation and radiculitis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:223-236.
230. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V. Evaluation of the effectiveness of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic pain of lumbar disc herniation or radiculitis: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:343-355.
231. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Benyamin R. Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of fluoroscopic lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic lumbar discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E279-E292.
232. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Singh V, Benyamin RM. The preliminary results of a comparative effectiveness evaluation of adhesiolysis and caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain secondary to spinal stenosis: A randomized, equivalence controlled trial. Pain Physician 2009; 12:E341-E354.
233. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, Pampati V, Datta S. A comparative effectiveness evaluation of percutaneous adhesiolysis and epidural steroid injections in managing lumbar post surgery syndrome: A randomized, equivalence controlled trial. Pain Physician 2009; 12:E355-E368.
234. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Cash KA. Protocol for evaluation of the comparative effectiveness of percutaneous adhesiolysis and caudal epidural steroid injections in low back and/or lower extremity pain without post surgery syndrome or spinal stenosis. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E91-E110.