메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 14, 2010, Pages 2282-2303

Contemporary Pharmacologic Treatments for Spasticity of the Upper Limb After Stroke: A Systematic Review

Author keywords

Botulinum toxin; Spasticity; Stroke

Indexed keywords

BACLOFEN; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; BOTULINUM TOXIN B; TIZANIDINE;

EID: 79951816984     PISSN: 01492918     EISSN: 1879114X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.01.005     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (45)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 77649126524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update: A report from the American Heart Association
    • American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee, [published correction appears in Circulation. 2010;121:e260]
    • Lloyd-Jones D., Adams R.J., Brown T.M., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010, 121:e46-e215. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee, [published correction appears in Circulation. 2010;121:e260].
    • (2010) Circulation , vol.121
    • Lloyd-Jones, D.1    Adams, R.J.2    Brown, T.M.3
  • 2
    • 0031034023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke in a defined elderly population, 1967-1985. A less lethal and disabling but no less common disease
    • Barker W.H., Mullooly J.P. Stroke in a defined elderly population, 1967-1985. A less lethal and disabling but no less common disease. Stroke 1997, 28:284-290.
    • (1997) Stroke , vol.28 , pp. 284-290
    • Barker, W.H.1    Mullooly, J.P.2
  • 3
    • 17344385562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinicophysiologic concepts of spasticity and motor dysfunction in adults with an upper motoneuron lesion
    • Mayer N.H. Clinicophysiologic concepts of spasticity and motor dysfunction in adults with an upper motoneuron lesion. Muscle Nerve Suppl 1997, 6:S1-S13.
    • (1997) Muscle Nerve Suppl , vol.6
    • Mayer, N.H.1
  • 4
    • 43549121996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of disabling spasticity 1 year after first-ever stroke
    • Lundström E., Terént A., Borg J. Prevalence of disabling spasticity 1 year after first-ever stroke. Eur J Neurol 2008, 15:533-539.
    • (2008) Eur J Neurol , vol.15 , pp. 533-539
    • Lundström, E.1    Terént, A.2    Borg, J.3
  • 6
    • 0347600948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spasticity after stroke: Its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations
    • Sommerfeld D.K., Eek E.U., Svensson A.K., et al. Spasticity after stroke: Its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations. Stroke 2004, 35:134-139.
    • (2004) Stroke , vol.35 , pp. 134-139
    • Sommerfeld, D.K.1    Eek, E.U.2    Svensson, A.K.3
  • 7
    • 32244432601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity: A benefit-risk assessment
    • Sheean G. Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity: A benefit-risk assessment. Drug Safety 2006, 29:31-48.
    • (2006) Drug Safety , vol.29 , pp. 31-48
    • Sheean, G.1
  • 8
    • 0036840951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin
    • O'Brien C.F. Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin. Clin J Pain 2002, 18(Suppl 6):S182-S190.
    • (2002) Clin J Pain , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL 6
    • O'Brien, C.F.1
  • 10
    • 33751004354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Falls and fractures in older post-stroke patients with spasticity: Consequences and drug treatment considerations
    • Esquenazi A. Falls and fractures in older post-stroke patients with spasticity: Consequences and drug treatment considerations. Clin Geriatr 2004, 12:27-35.
    • (2004) Clin Geriatr , vol.12 , pp. 27-35
    • Esquenazi, A.1
  • 14
    • 29944438130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: A clinical practice guideline
    • Duncan P.W., Zorowitz R., Bates B., et al. Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: A clinical practice guideline. Stroke 2005, 36:e100-e143.
    • (2005) Stroke , vol.36
    • Duncan, P.W.1    Zorowitz, R.2    Bates, B.3
  • 15
    • 43149099933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spasticity (an evidence-based review): Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • Simpson D.M., Gracies J.M., Graham H.K., et al. Assessment: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spasticity (an evidence-based review): Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2008, 70:1691-1698. Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.70 , pp. 1691-1698
    • Simpson, D.M.1    Gracies, J.M.2    Graham, H.K.3
  • 17
    • 68049122102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement
    • PRISMA Group
    • Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 2009, 6:e1000097. PRISMA Group.
    • (2009) PLoS Med , vol.6
    • Moher, D.1    Liberati, A.2    Tetzlaff, J.3    Altman, D.G.4
  • 18
    • 4243430012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Accessed October 29, 2010
    • Levels of evidence Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Accessed October 29, 2010. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1047.
    • Levels of evidence
  • 19
    • 77649228781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined botulinum toxin type A with modified constraint-induced movement therapy for chronic stroke patients with upper extremity spasticity: A randomized controlled study
    • Sun S.F., Hsu C.W., Sun H.P., et al. Combined botulinum toxin type A with modified constraint-induced movement therapy for chronic stroke patients with upper extremity spasticity: A randomized controlled study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010, 24:34-41.
    • (2010) Neurorehabil Neural Repair , vol.24 , pp. 34-41
    • Sun, S.F.1    Hsu, C.W.2    Sun, H.P.3
  • 20
    • 77954746101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin type A in post-stroke upper limb spasticity
    • GSK1358820 Spasticity Study Group
    • Kaji R., Osako Y., Suyama K., et al. Botulinum toxin type A in post-stroke upper limb spasticity. Curr Med Res Opin 2010, 26:1983-1992. GSK1358820 Spasticity Study Group.
    • (2010) Curr Med Res Opin , vol.26 , pp. 1983-1992
    • Kaji, R.1    Osako, Y.2    Suyama, K.3
  • 21
    • 16344376740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lowest effective dose of botulinum A toxin in adult patients with upper limb spasticity
    • Suputtitada A., Suwanwela N.C. The lowest effective dose of botulinum A toxin in adult patients with upper limb spasticity. Disabil Rehabil 2005, 27:176-184.
    • (2005) Disabil Rehabil , vol.27 , pp. 176-184
    • Suputtitada, A.1    Suwanwela, N.C.2
  • 22
    • 0033956617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after stroke or head injury
    • Smith S.J., Ellis E., White S., Moore A.P. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after stroke or head injury. Clin Rehabil 2000, 14:5-13.
    • (2000) Clin Rehabil , vol.14 , pp. 5-13
    • Smith, S.J.1    Ellis, E.2    White, S.3    Moore, A.P.4
  • 23
    • 34547625414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of shoulder pain in spastic hemiplegia by reducing spasticity of the subscapular muscle: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of botulinum toxin A
    • Yelnik A.P., Colle F.M., Bonan I.V., Vicaut E. Treatment of shoulder pain in spastic hemiplegia by reducing spasticity of the subscapular muscle: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of botulinum toxin A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007, 78:845-848.
    • (2007) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.78 , pp. 845-848
    • Yelnik, A.P.1    Colle, F.M.2    Bonan, I.V.3    Vicaut, E.4
  • 24
    • 67649105266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin A for treatment of upper limb spasticity following stroke: A multi-centre randomized placebo-controlled study of the effects on the quality of life and other person-centred outcomes
    • McCrory P., Turner-Stokes L., Baguley I.J., et al. Botulinum toxin A for treatment of upper limb spasticity following stroke: A multi-centre randomized placebo-controlled study of the effects on the quality of life and other person-centred outcomes. J Rehabil Med 2009, 41:536-544.
    • (2009) J Rehabil Med , vol.41 , pp. 536-544
    • McCrory, P.1    Turner-Stokes, L.2    Baguley, I.J.3
  • 25
    • 34447577981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is botulinum toxin type A effective in the treatment of spastic shoulder pain in patients after stroke?. A double-blind randomized clinical trial
    • Marco E., Duarte E., Vila J., et al. Is botulinum toxin type A effective in the treatment of spastic shoulder pain in patients after stroke?. A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Rehabil Med 2007, 39:440-447.
    • (2007) J Rehabil Med , vol.39 , pp. 440-447
    • Marco, E.1    Duarte, E.2    Vila, J.3
  • 26
    • 33846558492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled study of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity
    • Kong K.H., Neo J.J., Chua K.S. A randomized controlled study of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity. Clin Rehabil 2007, 21:28-35.
    • (2007) Clin Rehabil , vol.21 , pp. 28-35
    • Kong, K.H.1    Neo, J.J.2    Chua, K.S.3
  • 27
    • 0031665692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Hesse S., Reiter F., Konrad M., Jahnke M.T. Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 1998, 12:381-388.
    • (1998) Clin Rehabil , vol.12 , pp. 381-388
    • Hesse, S.1    Reiter, F.2    Konrad, M.3    Jahnke, M.T.4
  • 28
    • 58149524812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin dilution and endplate targeting in spasticity: A double-blind controlled study
    • Gracies J.M., Lugassy M., Weisz D.J., et al. Botulinum toxin dilution and endplate targeting in spasticity: A double-blind controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009, 90:9e2-16e2.
    • (2009) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.90
    • Gracies, J.M.1    Lugassy, M.2    Weisz, D.J.3
  • 29
    • 38849092630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associated reactions after stroke: A randomized controlled trial of the effect of botulinum toxin type A
    • Bhakta B.B., O'Connor R.J., Cozens J.A. Associated reactions after stroke: A randomized controlled trial of the effect of botulinum toxin type A. J Rehabil Med 2008, 40:36-41.
    • (2008) J Rehabil Med , vol.40 , pp. 36-41
    • Bhakta, B.B.1    O'Connor, R.J.2    Cozens, J.A.3
  • 30
    • 0033926243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and career burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial [published correction appears in J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:821]
    • Bhakta B.B., Cozens J.A., Chamberlain M.A., Bamford J.M. Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and career burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial [published correction appears in J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:821]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 69:217-221.
    • (2000) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 217-221
    • Bhakta, B.B.1    Cozens, J.A.2    Chamberlain, M.A.3    Bamford, J.M.4
  • 31
    • 0035553935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke
    • Bakheit A.M., Pittock S., Moore A.P., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke. Eur J Neurol 2001, 8:559-565.
    • (2001) Eur J Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 559-565
    • Bakheit, A.M.1    Pittock, S.2    Moore, A.P.3
  • 32
    • 2942642140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin type B in upper-limb poststroke spasticity: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Brashear A., McAfee A.L., Kuhn E.R., Fyffe J. Botulinum toxin type B in upper-limb poststroke spasticity: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 85:705-709.
    • (2004) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.85 , pp. 705-709
    • Brashear, A.1    McAfee, A.L.2    Kuhn, E.R.3    Fyffe, J.4
  • 33
    • 3242735082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke
    • Childers M.K., Brashear A., Jozefczyk P., et al. Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 85:1063-1069.
    • (2004) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.85 , pp. 1063-1069
    • Childers, M.K.1    Brashear, A.2    Jozefczyk, P.3
  • 34
    • 0029951449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Simpson D.M., Alexander D.N., O'Brien C.F., et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1996, 46:1306-1310.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 1306-1310
    • Simpson, D.M.1    Alexander, D.N.2    O'Brien, C.F.3
  • 35
    • 0036117664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after acquired brain injury: A randomized trial comparing dilution techniques
    • Francisco G.E., Boake C., Vaughn A. Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after acquired brain injury: A randomized trial comparing dilution techniques. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002, 81:355-363.
    • (2002) Am J Phys Med Rehabil , vol.81 , pp. 355-363
    • Francisco, G.E.1    Boake, C.2    Vaughn, A.3
  • 36
    • 0037043682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke
    • Botox Post-Stroke Spasticity Study Group
    • Brashear A., Gordon M.F., Elovic E., et al. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:395-400. Botox Post-Stroke Spasticity Study Group.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , pp. 395-400
    • Brashear, A.1    Gordon, M.F.2    Elovic, E.3
  • 37
    • 38149142842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular botulinum toxin-A reduces hemiplegic shoulder pain: A randomized, double-blind, comparative study versus intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide
    • Lim J.Y., Koh J.H., Paik N.J. Intramuscular botulinum toxin-A reduces hemiplegic shoulder pain: A randomized, double-blind, comparative study versus intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide. Stroke 2008, 39:126-131.
    • (2008) Stroke , vol.39 , pp. 126-131
    • Lim, J.Y.1    Koh, J.H.2    Paik, N.J.3
  • 38
    • 64749110674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum neurotoxin vs tizanidine in upper limb spasticity: A placebo-controlled study
    • BoNT/TZD Study Team
    • Simpson D.M., Gracies J.M., Yablon S.A., et al. Botulinum neurotoxin vs tizanidine in upper limb spasticity: A placebo-controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008, 80:380-385. BoNT/TZD Study Team.
    • (2008) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.80 , pp. 380-385
    • Simpson, D.M.1    Gracies, J.M.2    Yablon, S.A.3
  • 39
    • 0033800715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke
    • Bakheit A.M., Thilmann A.F., Ward A.B., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke. Stroke 2000, 31:2402-2406.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 2402-2406
    • Bakheit, A.M.1    Thilmann, A.F.2    Ward, A.B.3
  • 40
    • 69549097906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A preliminary assessment of the benefits of the addition of botulinum toxin a to a conventional therapy program on the function of people with longstanding stroke
    • Meythaler J.M., Vogtle L., Brunner R.C. A preliminary assessment of the benefits of the addition of botulinum toxin a to a conventional therapy program on the function of people with longstanding stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009, 90:1453-1461.
    • (2009) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.90 , pp. 1453-1461
    • Meythaler, J.M.1    Vogtle, L.2    Brunner, R.C.3
  • 41
    • 77952987671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does low-dose botulinum toxin help the recovery of arm function when given early after stroke?. A phase II randomized controlled pilot study to estimate effect size
    • Cousins E., Ward A., Roffe C., et al. Does low-dose botulinum toxin help the recovery of arm function when given early after stroke?. A phase II randomized controlled pilot study to estimate effect size. Clin Rehabil 2010, 24:501-513.
    • (2010) Clin Rehabil , vol.24 , pp. 501-513
    • Cousins, E.1    Ward, A.2    Roffe, C.3
  • 42
    • 70350442511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic splinting after treatment with botulinum toxin type-A: A randomized controlled pilot study
    • Lai J.M., Francisco G.E., Willis F.B. Dynamic splinting after treatment with botulinum toxin type-A: A randomized controlled pilot study. Adv Ther 2009, 26:241-248.
    • (2009) Adv Ther , vol.26 , pp. 241-248
    • Lai, J.M.1    Francisco, G.E.2    Willis, F.B.3
  • 43
    • 23644444333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of a portable muscle tone measurement device to measure the effects of botulinum toxin type a on elbow flexor spasticity
    • Chen J.J., Wu Y.N., Huang S.C., et al. The use of a portable muscle tone measurement device to measure the effects of botulinum toxin type a on elbow flexor spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86:1655-1660.
    • (2005) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.86 , pp. 1655-1660
    • Chen, J.J.1    Wu, Y.N.2    Huang, S.C.3
  • 44
    • 8844255485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated dosing of botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity following stroke
    • BOTOX Poststroke Spasticity Study Group
    • Gordon M.F., Brashear A., Elovic E., et al. Repeated dosing of botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity following stroke. Neurology 2004, 63:1971-1973. BOTOX Poststroke Spasticity Study Group.
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , pp. 1971-1973
    • Gordon, M.F.1    Brashear, A.2    Elovic, E.3
  • 45
    • 34548126459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin a, evidence-based exercise therapy, and constraint-induced movement therapy for upper-limb hemiparesis attributable to stroke: A preliminary study
    • Levy C.E., Giuffrida C., Richards L., et al. Botulinum toxin a, evidence-based exercise therapy, and constraint-induced movement therapy for upper-limb hemiparesis attributable to stroke: A preliminary study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007, 86:696-706.
    • (2007) Am J Phys Med Rehabil , vol.86 , pp. 696-706
    • Levy, C.E.1    Giuffrida, C.2    Richards, L.3
  • 46
    • 19444381918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity following stroke: An open-label study with individualised, flexible injection regimens
    • Slawek J., Bogucki A., Reclawowicz D. Botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity following stroke: An open-label study with individualised, flexible injection regimens. Neurol Sci 2005, 26:32-39.
    • (2005) Neurol Sci , vol.26 , pp. 32-39
    • Slawek, J.1    Bogucki, A.2    Reclawowicz, D.3
  • 47
    • 2942748141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change of stretch reflex threshold in spasticity: Effect of botulinum toxin injections
    • Stampacchia G., Bradaschia E., Rossi B. Change of stretch reflex threshold in spasticity: Effect of botulinum toxin injections. Arch Ital Biol 2004, 142:265-273.
    • (2004) Arch Ital Biol , vol.142 , pp. 265-273
    • Stampacchia, G.1    Bradaschia, E.2    Rossi, B.3
  • 48
    • 33750479523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal baclofen management of poststroke spastic hypertonia: Implications for function and quality of life
    • Ivanhoe C.B., Francisco G.E., McGuire J.R., et al. Intrathecal baclofen management of poststroke spastic hypertonia: Implications for function and quality of life. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006, 87:1509-1515.
    • (2006) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.87 , pp. 1509-1515
    • Ivanhoe, C.B.1    Francisco, G.E.2    McGuire, J.R.3
  • 50
    • 0033944972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-stroke spasticity management with repeated botulinum toxin injections in the upper limb
    • Lagalla G., Danni M., Reiter F., et al. Post-stroke spasticity management with repeated botulinum toxin injections in the upper limb. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2000, 79:377-384.
    • (2000) Am J Phys Med Rehabil , vol.79 , pp. 377-384
    • Lagalla, G.1    Danni, M.2    Reiter, F.3
  • 51
    • 0036158874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of botulinum toxin A in upper limb function of hemiplegic patients
    • Rousseaux M., Kozlowski O., Froger J. Efficacy of botulinum toxin A in upper limb function of hemiplegic patients. J Neurol 2002, 249:76-84.
    • (2002) J Neurol , vol.249 , pp. 76-84
    • Rousseaux, M.1    Kozlowski, O.2    Froger, J.3
  • 52
    • 0036205626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of intramuscular botulinum toxin injection on upper limb spasticity in stroke patients
    • Wang H.C., Hsieh L.F., Chi W.C., Lou S.M. Effect of intramuscular botulinum toxin injection on upper limb spasticity in stroke patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002, 81:272-278.
    • (2002) Am J Phys Med Rehabil , vol.81 , pp. 272-278
    • Wang, H.C.1    Hsieh, L.F.2    Chi, W.C.3    Lou, S.M.4
  • 53
    • 0036744479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are we underestimating the clinical efficacy of botulinum toxin (type A)?. Quantifying changes in spasticity, strength and upper limb function after injections of Botox to the elbow flexors in a unilateral stroke population
    • Pandyan A.D., Vuadens P., van Wijck F.M., et al. Are we underestimating the clinical efficacy of botulinum toxin (type A)?. Quantifying changes in spasticity, strength and upper limb function after injections of Botox to the elbow flexors in a unilateral stroke population. Clin Rehabil 2002, 16:654-660.
    • (2002) Clin Rehabil , vol.16 , pp. 654-660
    • Pandyan, A.D.1    Vuadens, P.2    van Wijck, F.M.3
  • 54
    • 21344452509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disability changes after treatment of upper limb spasticity with botulinum toxin
    • Reiter F., Danni M., Ceravolo M.G., Provinciali L. Disability changes after treatment of upper limb spasticity with botulinum toxin. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 1996, 10:47-52.
    • (1996) Neurorehabil Neural Repair , vol.10 , pp. 47-52
    • Reiter, F.1    Danni, M.2    Ceravolo, M.G.3    Provinciali, L.4
  • 55
    • 0033956414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin injection of spastic finger flexors in hemiplegic patients
    • Rodriquez A.A., McGinn M., Chappell R. Botulinum toxin injection of spastic finger flexors in hemiplegic patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2000, 79:44-47.
    • (2000) Am J Phys Med Rehabil , vol.79 , pp. 44-47
    • Rodriquez, A.A.1    McGinn, M.2    Chappell, R.3
  • 57
    • 0031050845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of arm and hand spasticity in stroke patients
    • Sampaio C., Ferreira J.J., Pinto A.A., et al. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of arm and hand spasticity in stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 1997, 11:3-7.
    • (1997) Clin Rehabil , vol.11 , pp. 3-7
    • Sampaio, C.1    Ferreira, J.J.2    Pinto, A.A.3
  • 58
    • 0031796368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum treatment for post-stroke spasticity: Low dose regime
    • Viriyavejakul A., Vachalathiti R., Poungvarin N. Botulinum treatment for post-stroke spasticity: Low dose regime. J Med Assoc Thai 1998, 81:413-422.
    • (1998) J Med Assoc Thai , vol.81 , pp. 413-422
    • Viriyavejakul, A.1    Vachalathiti, R.2    Poungvarin, N.3
  • 59
    • 9844235915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity: Study of reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles
    • Girlanda P., Quartarone A., Sinicropi S., et al. Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity: Study of reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles. Neuroreport 1997, 8:3039-3044.
    • (1997) Neuroreport , vol.8 , pp. 3039-3044
    • Girlanda, P.1    Quartarone, A.2    Sinicropi, S.3
  • 60
    • 0034884152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open-label dose-titration safety and efficacy study of tizanidine hydrochloride in the treatment of spasticity associated with chronic stroke
    • Gelber D.A., Good D.C., Dromerick A., et al. Open-label dose-titration safety and efficacy study of tizanidine hydrochloride in the treatment of spasticity associated with chronic stroke. Stroke 2001, 32:1841-1846.
    • (2001) Stroke , vol.32 , pp. 1841-1846
    • Gelber, D.A.1    Good, D.C.2    Dromerick, A.3
  • 61
    • 0033771967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional and clinical changes in upper limb spastic patients treated with botulinum toxin (BTX)
    • Panizza M., Castagna M., di Summa A., et al. Functional and clinical changes in upper limb spastic patients treated with botulinum toxin (BTX). Funct Neurol 2000, 15:147-155.
    • (2000) Funct Neurol , vol.15 , pp. 147-155
    • Panizza, M.1    Castagna, M.2    di Summa, A.3
  • 62
    • 42649100971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated treatments with botulinum toxin type a produce sustained decreases in the limitations associated with focal upper-limb poststroke spasticity for caregivers and patients
    • Elovic E.P., Brashear A., Kaelin D., et al. Repeated treatments with botulinum toxin type a produce sustained decreases in the limitations associated with focal upper-limb poststroke spasticity for caregivers and patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008, 89:799-806.
    • (2008) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.89 , pp. 799-806
    • Elovic, E.P.1    Brashear, A.2    Kaelin, D.3
  • 64
    • 67650070636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of upper limb botulinum toxin injections on impairment, activity, participation, and quality of life among stroke patients
    • Caty G.D., Detrembleur C., Bleyenheuft C., et al. Effect of upper limb botulinum toxin injections on impairment, activity, participation, and quality of life among stroke patients. Stroke 2009, 40:2589-2591.
    • (2009) Stroke , vol.40 , pp. 2589-2591
    • Caty, G.D.1    Detrembleur, C.2    Bleyenheuft, C.3
  • 65
    • 1242269907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin in post-stroke patients: Stiffness modifications and clinical implications
    • Miscio G., Del Conte C., Pianca D., et al. Botulinum toxin in post-stroke patients: Stiffness modifications and clinical implications. J Neurol 2004, 251:189-196.
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , pp. 189-196
    • Miscio, G.1    Del Conte, C.2    Pianca, D.3
  • 66
    • 0141958550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the reduction of spasticity by botulinum toxin a beneficial for the recovery of motor function of arm and hand in stroke patients?
    • Woldag H., Hummelsheim H. Is the reduction of spasticity by botulinum toxin a beneficial for the recovery of motor function of arm and hand in stroke patients?. Eur Neurol 2003, 50:165-171.
    • (2003) Eur Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 165-171
    • Woldag, H.1    Hummelsheim, H.2
  • 67
    • 60949106601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of shoulder and proximal upper limb spasticity using botulinum toxin and concurrent therapy interventions: A preliminary analysis of goals and outcomes
    • Ashford S., Turner-Stokes L. Management of shoulder and proximal upper limb spasticity using botulinum toxin and concurrent therapy interventions: A preliminary analysis of goals and outcomes. Disabil Rehabil 2009, 31:220-226.
    • (2009) Disabil Rehabil , vol.31 , pp. 220-226
    • Ashford, S.1    Turner-Stokes, L.2
  • 68
    • 7244242242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The beneficial antispasticity effect of botulinum toxin type A is maintained after repeated treatment cycles
    • Bakheit A.M., Fedorova N.V., Skoromets A.A., et al. The beneficial antispasticity effect of botulinum toxin type A is maintained after repeated treatment cycles. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004, 75:1558-1561.
    • (2004) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.75 , pp. 1558-1561
    • Bakheit, A.M.1    Fedorova, N.V.2    Skoromets, A.A.3
  • 69
    • 34548828825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does botulinum toxin improve the function of the patient with spasticity after stroke?
    • Cardoso E., Pedreira G., Prazeres A., et al. Does botulinum toxin improve the function of the patient with spasticity after stroke?. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007, 65:592-595.
    • (2007) Arq Neuropsiquiatr , vol.65 , pp. 592-595
    • Cardoso, E.1    Pedreira, G.2    Prazeres, A.3
  • 70
    • 69549124332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of baseline spastic hemiparesis on recovery of upper-limb function following botulinum toxin type A injections and postinjection therapy
    • Chang C.L., Munin M.C., Skidmore E.R., et al. Effect of baseline spastic hemiparesis on recovery of upper-limb function following botulinum toxin type A injections and postinjection therapy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009, 90:1462-1468.
    • (2009) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.90 , pp. 1462-1468
    • Chang, C.L.1    Munin, M.C.2    Skidmore, E.R.3
  • 71
    • 77954350110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BoTULS: A multicentre randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of treating upper limb spasticity due to stroke with botulinum toxin type A
    • BoTULS Investigators
    • Shaw L., Rodgers H., Price C., et al. BoTULS: A multicentre randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of treating upper limb spasticity due to stroke with botulinum toxin type A. Health Technol Assess 2010, 14:1-113. BoTULS Investigators.
    • (2010) Health Technol Assess , vol.14 , pp. 1-113
    • Shaw, L.1    Rodgers, H.2    Price, C.3
  • 72
    • 77749304758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin to treat upper-limb spasticity in hemiparetic patients: Analysis of function and kinematics of reaching movements
    • Bensmail D., Robertson J.V., Fermanian C., Roby-Brami A. Botulinum toxin to treat upper-limb spasticity in hemiparetic patients: Analysis of function and kinematics of reaching movements. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010, 24:273-281.
    • (2010) Neurorehabil Neural Repair , vol.24 , pp. 273-281
    • Bensmail, D.1    Robertson, J.V.2    Fermanian, C.3    Roby-Brami, A.4
  • 73
    • 75949150955 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis
    • Ashworth B. Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner 1964, 192:540-542.
    • (1964) Practitioner , vol.192 , pp. 540-542
    • Ashworth, B.1
  • 74
    • 0023130157 scopus 로고
    • Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity
    • Bohannon R.W., Smith M.B. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 1987, 67:206-207.
    • (1987) Phys Ther , vol.67 , pp. 206-207
    • Bohannon, R.W.1    Smith, M.B.2
  • 75
    • 7244243788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does reducing spasticity translate into functional benefit?. An exploratory meta-analysis
    • Francis H.P., Wade D.T., Turner-Stokes L., et al. Does reducing spasticity translate into functional benefit?. An exploratory meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004, 75:1547-1551.
    • (2004) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.75 , pp. 1547-1551
    • Francis, H.P.1    Wade, D.T.2    Turner-Stokes, L.3
  • 76
    • 17444387942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of the upper limb spasticity after stroke: A meta-analysis
    • Cardoso E., Rodrigues B., Lucena R., et al. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of the upper limb spasticity after stroke: A meta-analysis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2005, 63:30-33.
    • (2005) Arq Neuropsiquiatr , vol.63 , pp. 30-33
    • Cardoso, E.1    Rodrigues, B.2    Lucena, R.3
  • 77
    • 33646792975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pooled analysis of the safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of poststroke spasticity
    • Turkel C.C., Bowen B., Liu J., Brin M.F. Pooled analysis of the safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of poststroke spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006, 87:786-792.
    • (2006) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.87 , pp. 786-792
    • Turkel, C.C.1    Bowen, B.2    Liu, J.3    Brin, M.F.4
  • 78
    • 34347353153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of neutralizing antibodies in patients receiving botulinum toxin type A for treatment of poststroke spasticity: A pooled-data analysis of three clinical trials
    • Yablon S.A., Brashear A., Gordon M.F., et al. Formation of neutralizing antibodies in patients receiving botulinum toxin type A for treatment of poststroke spasticity: A pooled-data analysis of three clinical trials. Clin Ther 2007, 29:683-690.
    • (2007) Clin Ther , vol.29 , pp. 683-690
    • Yablon, S.A.1    Brashear, A.2    Gordon, M.F.3
  • 79
    • 33845216007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consensus statement on the use of botulinum neurotoxin to treat spasticity in adults
    • Davis T.L., Brodsky M.A., Carter V.A., et al. Consensus statement on the use of botulinum neurotoxin to treat spasticity in adults. P&T 2006, 31:666-682.
    • (2006) P&T , vol.31 , pp. 666-682
    • Davis, T.L.1    Brodsky, M.A.2    Carter, V.A.3
  • 81
    • 0036235092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: A systematic review of the literature
    • van Kuijk A.A., Geurts A.C., Bevaart B.J., van Limbeek J. Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: A systematic review of the literature. J Rehabil Med 2002, 34:51-61.
    • (2002) J Rehabil Med , vol.34 , pp. 51-61
    • van Kuijk, A.A.1    Geurts, A.C.2    Bevaart, B.J.3    van Limbeek, J.4
  • 82
    • 67651159120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum neurotoxins for post-stroke spasticity in adults: A systematic review
    • Elia A.E., Filippini G., Calandrella D., Albanese A. Botulinum neurotoxins for post-stroke spasticity in adults: A systematic review. Mov Disord 2009, 24:801-812.
    • (2009) Mov Disord , vol.24 , pp. 801-812
    • Elia, A.E.1    Filippini, G.2    Calandrella, D.3    Albanese, A.4
  • 83
    • 59649116458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity
    • Wissel J., Ward A.B., Erztgaard P., et al. European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med 2009, 41:13-25.
    • (2009) J Rehabil Med , vol.41 , pp. 13-25
    • Wissel, J.1    Ward, A.B.2    Erztgaard, P.3
  • 84
    • 7044237006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral antispastic drugs in nonprogressive neurologic diseases: A systematic review
    • Montané E., Vallano A., Laporte J.R. Oral antispastic drugs in nonprogressive neurologic diseases: A systematic review. Neurology 2004, 63:1357-1363.
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , pp. 1357-1363
    • Montané, E.1    Vallano, A.2    Laporte, J.R.3
  • 85
    • 3242786494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative efficacy and safety of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions: A systematic review
    • Chou R., Peterson K., Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions: A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004, 28:140-175.
    • (2004) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.28 , pp. 140-175
    • Chou, R.1    Peterson, K.2    Helfand, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.