Cytokines and brain excitability

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 116-125

  Galic, Michael A ^a   Riazi, Kiarash ^a   Pittman, Quentin J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Chemokine; Cytokine; Epilepsy; Febrile convulsion; Inflammation; Interleukin; Lipopolysaccharide; Seizure; Synapse; Tumor necrosis factor

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; AMPA RECEPTOR; CALCIUM; CALCIUM CHANNEL L TYPE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 1; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 2; GLUTAMIC ACID; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RELEASE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CALCIUM CURRENT; CYTOKINE RELEASE; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTOGENESIS; FEBRILE CONVULSION; GLUTAMATE RELEASE; GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION; HIPPOCAMPAL CA1 REGION; INFLAMMATION; LONG TERM DEPRESSION; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE STEADY POTENTIAL; NERVE EXCITABILITY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEVEL; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SEIZURE SUSCEPTIBILITY;

AKATHISIA, DRUG-INDUCED; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CYTOKINES; DOWN-REGULATION; EPILEPSY; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NEURONS; PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION; SEIZURES; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; UP-REGULATION;

EID: 84857283534     PISSN: 00913022     EISSN: 18734596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.12.002     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Akin D., Ravizza T., Maroso M., Carcak N., Eryigit T., Vanzulli I., Aker R.G., Vezzani A., Onat F.Y. IL-1beta is induced in reactive astrocytes in the somatosensory cortex of rats with genetic absence epilepsy at the onset of spike-and-wave discharges, and contributes to their occurrence. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, 44:259-269.
2. Albensi B.C., Mattson M.P. Evidence for the involvement of TNF and NF-kappaB in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Synapse 2000, 35:151-159.
3. Allan S.M., Tyrrell P.J., Rothwell N.J. Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2005, 5:629-640.
4. Aronica E., Crino P.B. Inflammation in epilepsy: clinical observations. Epilepsia 2011, 52(Suppl. 3):26-32.
5. Auvin S., Mazarati A., Shin D., Sankar R. Inflammation enhances epileptogenesis in the developing rat brain. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 40:303-310.
6. Auvin S., Shin D., Mazarati A., Nakagawa J., Miyamoto J., Sankar R. Inflammation exacerbates seizure-induced injury in the immature brain. Epilepsia 2007, 48(Suppl. 5):27-34.
7. Auvin S., Shin D., Mazarati A., Sankar R. Inflammation induced by LPS enhances epileptogenesis in immature rat and may be partially reversed by IL1RA. Epilepsia 2010, 51(Suppl. 3):34-38.
8. Bajova H., Nelson T.E., Gruol D.L. Chronic CXCL10 alters the level of activated ERK1/2 and transcriptional factors CREB and NF-kappaB in hippocampal neuronal cell culture. J. Neuroimmunol. 2008, 195:36-46.
9. Balosso S., Maroso M., Sanchez-Alavez M., Ravizza T., Frasca A., Bartfai T., Vezzani A. A novel non-transcriptional pathway mediates the proconvulsive effects of interleukin-1beta. Brain 2008, 131:3256-3265.
10. Beattie E.C., Stellwagen D., Morishita W., Bresnahan J.C., Ha B.K., von Zastrow M., Beattie M.S., Malenka R.C. Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha. Science 2002, 295:2282-2285.
11. Beattie M.S., Ferguson A.R., Bresnahan J.C. AMPA-receptor trafficking and injury-induced cell death. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2010, 32:290-297.
12. Bellinger F.P., Madamba S., Siggins G.R. Interleukin 1 beta inhibits synaptic strength and long-term potentiation in the rat CA1 hippocampus. Brain Res. 1993, 628:227-234.
13. Blatteis C.M. The onset of fever: new insights into its mechanism. Progress in Brain Research Neurobiology of Hyperthermia 2007, 3-14. Elsevier. S.S. Hari (Ed.).
14. Bluthe R.M., Pawlowski M., Suarez P., Parnet P., Pittman Q., Kelley K.W., Dantzer R. Synergy between tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin-1 in the induction of sickness behaviour in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994, 19:197-207.
15. Boer K., Crino P.B., Gorter J.A., Nellist M., Jansen F.E., Spliet W.G., van Rijen P.C., Wittink F.R., Breit T.M., Troost D., Wadman W.J., Aronica E. Gene expression analysis of tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers reveals increased expression of adhesion and inflammatory factors. Brain Pathol. 2010, 20:704-719.
16. Boer K., Jansen F., Nellist M., Redeker S., van den Ouweland A.M., Spliet W.G., van Nieuwenhuizen O., Troost D., Crino P.B., Aronica E. Inflammatory processes in cortical tubers and subependymal giant cell tumors of tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsy Res. 2008, 78:7-21.
17. Boulanger L.M. Immune proteins in brain development and synaptic plasticity. Neuron 2009, 64:93-109.
18. Breder C.D., Hazuka C., Ghayur T., Klug C., Huginin M., Yasuda K., Teng M., Saper C.B. Regional induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in the mouse brain after systemic lipopolysaccharide administration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:11393-11397.
19. Brewster A.L., Bernard J.A., Gall C.M., Baram T.Z. Formation of heteromeric hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in the hippocampus is regulated by developmental seizures. Neurobiol. Dis. 2005, 19:200-207.
20. Butterworth R.F. Neuroinflammation in acute liver failure: mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Neurochem. Int. 2011, 59:830-836.
21. Buttini M., Boddeke H. Peripheral lipopolysaccharide stimulation induces interleukin-1 beta messenger RNA in rat brain microglial cells. Neuroscience 1995, 65:523-530.
22. Campbell I.L., Stalder A.K., Akwa Y., Pagenstecher A., Asensio V.C. Transgenic models to study the actions of cytokines in the central nervous system. Neuroimmunomodulation 1998, 5:126-135.
23. Campbell V., Lynch M.A. Biphasic modulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration by interleukin-1beta in cortical synaptosomes: involvement of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein and mitogen-activated protein kinase. NeuroReport 1998, 9:1923-1927.
24. Cartmell T., Ball C., Bristow A.F., Mitchell D., Poole S. Endogenous interleukin-10 is required for the defervescence of fever evoked by local lipopolysaccharide-induced and Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammation in rats. J. Physiol. 2003, 549:653-664.
25. Centonze D., Muzio L., Rossi S., Furlan R., Bernardi G., Martino G. The link between inflammation, synaptic transmission and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Cell Death. Differ. 2010, 17:1083-1091.
26. Chakravarty S., Herkenham M. Toll-like receptor 4 on nonhematopoietic cells sustains CNS inflammation during endotoxemia, independent of systemic cytokines. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:1788-1796.
27. Chen Y., Rex C.S., Rice C.J., Dube C.M., Gall C.M., Lynch G., Baram T.Z. Correlated memory defects and hippocampal dendritic spine loss after acute stress involve corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:13123-13128.
28. Cho J., Gruol D.L. The chemokine CCL2 activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in cultured rat hippocampal cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 2008, 199:94-103.
29. Choi J., Nordli D.R., Jr., Alden T.D., DiPatri A., Laux L., Kelley K., Rosenow J., Schuele S.U., Rajaram V., Koh S. Cellular injury and neuroinflammation in children with chronic intractable epilepsy. J. Neuroinflammation 2009, 6:38.
30. Conti B., Tabarean I., Andrei C., Bartfai T. Cytokines and fever. Front Biosci. 2004, 9:1433-1449.
31. D'Mello C., Le T., Swain M.G. Cerebral microglia recruit monocytes into the brain in response to tumor necrosis factoralpha signaling during peripheral organ inflammation. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:2089-2102.
32. De Simoni M.G., Perego C., Ravizza T., Moneta D., Conti M., Marchesi F., De Luigi A., Garattini S., Vezzani A. Inflammatory cytokines and related genes are induced in the rat hippocampus by limbic status epilepticus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000, 12:2623-2633.
33. Denes A., Thornton P., Rothwell N.J., Allan S.M. Inflammation and brain injury: acute cerebral ischaemia, peripheral and central inflammation. Brain Behav. Immun. 2010, 24:708-723.
34. Desson S.E., Ferguson A.V. Interleukin 1beta modulates rat subfornical organ neurons as a result of activation of a non-selective cationic conductance. J. Physiol. 2003, 550:113-122.
35. Dhote F., Peinnequin A., Carpentier P., Baille V., Delacour C., Foquin A., Lallement G., Dorandeu F. Prolonged inflammatory gene response following soman-induced seizures in mice. Toxicology 2007, 238:166-176.
36. Downes C.E., Crack P.J. Neural injury following stroke: are Toll-like receptors the link between the immune system and the CNS?. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 160:1872-1888.
37. Dube C., Richichi C., Bender R.A., Chung G., Litt B., Baram T.Z. Temporal lobe epilepsy after experimental prolonged febrile seizures: prospective analysis. Brain 2006, 129:911-922.
38. Dube C., Vezzani A., Behrens M., Bartfai T., Baram T.Z. Interleukin-1 beta contributes to the generation of experimental febrile seizures. Ann. Neurol. 2005, 57:152-155.
39. Dube C.M., Brewster A.L., Richichi C., Zha Q., Baram T.Z. Fever, febrile seizures and epilepsy. Trends Neurosci. 2007, 30:490-496.
40. Dube C.M., Ravizza T., Hamamura M., Zha Q., Keebaugh A., Fok K., Andres A.L., Nalcioglu O., Obenaus A., Vezzani A., Baram T.Z. Epileptogenesis provoked by prolonged experimental febrile seizures: mechanisms and biomarkers. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:7484-7494.
41. Eikelenboom P., Veerhuis R., van Exel E., Hoozemans J.J., Rozemuller A.J., van Gool W.A. The early involvement of the innate immunity in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease: neuropathological, epidemiological and genetic evidence. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2011, 8:142-150.
42. Ericsson A., Liu C., Hart R.P., Sawchenko P.E. Type 1 interleukin-1 receptor in the rat brain: Distribution, regulation, and relationship to sites of IL-1-induced cellular activation. J. Comp. Neurol. 1995, 361:681-698.
43. Fabene P.F., Bramanti P., Constantin G. The emerging role for chemokines in epilepsy. J. Neuroimmunol. 2010, 224:22-27.
44. Fabry Z., Fitzsimmons K.M., Herlein J.A., Moninger T.O., Dobbs M.B., Hart M.N. Production of the cytokines interleukin 1 and 6 by murine brain microvessel endothelium and smooth muscle pericytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 1993, 47:23-34.
45. Farber K., Kettenmann H. Physiology of microglial cells. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2005, 48:133-143.
46. Fernandes A., Barateiro A., Falcao A.S., Silva S.L., Vaz A.R., Brito M.A., Silva R.F., Brites D. Astrocyte reactivity to unconjugated bilirubin requires TNF-alpha and IL-1beta receptor signaling pathways. Glia 2011, 59:14-25.
47. Ferri C.C., Ferguson A.V. Interleukin-1 beta depolarizes paraventricular nucleus parvocellular neurones. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2003, 15:126-133.
48. Ferri C.C., Yuill E.A., Ferguson A.V. Interleukin-1beta depolarizes magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus through prostaglandin-mediated activation of a non selective cationic conductance. Regul. Pept. 2005, 129:63-71.
49. Fine S.M., Angel R.A., Perry S.W., Epstein L.G., Rothstein J.D., Dewhurst S., Gelbard H.A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits glutamate uptake by primary human astrocytes. Implications for pathogenesis of HIV-1 dementia. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:15303-15306.
50. Fourgeaud L., Boulanger L.M. Role of immune molecules in the establishment and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2010, 32:207-217.
51. Furukawa K., Mattson M.P. The transcription factor NF-kappaB mediates increases in calcium currents and decreases in. J. Neurochem. 1998, 70:1876-1886.
52. Gadient R.A., Otten U. Identification of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-expressing neurons in the cerebellum and hippocampus of normal adult rats. Neurosci. Lett. 1994, 182:243-246.
53. Gadient R.A., Otten U. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 receptor mRNA expression in rat central nervous system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1995, 762:403-406.
54. Galic M.A., Riazi K., Heida J.G., Mouihate A., Fournier N.M., Spencer S.J., Kalynchuk L.E., Teskey G.C., Pittman Q.J. Postnatal inflammation increases seizure susceptibility in adult rats. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:6904-6913.
55. Galic M.A., Riazi K., Henderson A.K., Tsutsui S., Pittman Q.J. Viral-like brain inflammation during development causes increased seizure susceptibility in adult rats. Neurobiol. Dis. 2009, 36:343-351.
56. Giulian D., Young D.G., Woodward J., Brown D.C., Lachman L.B. Interleukin-1 is an astroglial growth factor in the developing brain. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:709-714.
57. Golan H., Levav T., Mendelsohn A., Huleihel M. Involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha in hippocampal development and function. Cereb. Cortex 2004, 14:97-105.
58. Gorelick P.B. Role of inflammation in cognitive impairment: results of observational epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2010, 1207:155-162.
59. Gosselin D., Rivest S. MyD88 signaling in brain endothelial cells is essential for the neuronal activity and glucocorticoid release during systemic inflammation. Mol. Psychiatry 2008, 13:480-497.
60. Grassi F., Mileo A.M., Monaco L., Punturieri A., Santoni A., Eusebi F. TNF-alpha increases the frequency of spontaneous miniature synaptic currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 1994, 659:226-230.
61. Gruol D.L., Nelson T.E. Purkinje neuron physiology is altered by the inflammatory factor interleukin-6. Cerebellum 2005, 4:198-205.
62. Harre E.M., Galic M.A., Mouihate A., Noorbakhsh F., Pittman Q.J. Neonatal inflammation produces selective behavioural deficits and alters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit mRNA in the adult rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008, 27:644-653.
63. Heida J.G., Boisse L., Pittman Q.J. Lipopolysaccharide induced febrile convulsions in the rat: short-term sequelae. Epilepsia 2004, 45:1-13.
64. Heida J.G., Moshe S.L., Pittman Q.J. The role of interleukin-1beta in febrile seizures. Brain Dev. 2009, 31:388-393.
65. Heida J.G., Pittman Q.J. Causal links between brain cytokines and experimental febrile convulsions in the rat. Epilepsia 2005, 46:1906-1913.
66. Heida J.G., Teskey G.C., Pittman Q.J. Febrile convulsions induced by the combination of lipopolysaccharide and low-dose kainic acid enhance seizure susceptibility, not epileptogenesis, in rats. Epilepsia 2005, 46:1898-1905.
67. Hellstrom I.C., Danik M., Luheshi G.N., Williams S. Chronic LPS exposure produces changes in intrinsic membrane properties and a sustained IL-beta-dependent increase in GABAergic inhibition in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus 2005, 15:656-664.
68. Hermann G.E., Holmes G.M., Rogers R.C. TNF(alpha) modulation of visceral and spinal sensory processing. Curr. Pharm. Des 2005, 11:1391-1409.
69. Hermann G.E., Rogers R.C. TNFalpha: a trigger of autonomic dysfunction. Neuroscientist 2008, 14:53-67.
70. Hopwood N., Maswanganyi T., Harden L.M. Comparison of anorexia, lethargy, and fever induced by bacterial and viral mimetics in rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2009, 87:211-220.
71. Hosking M.P., Lane T.E. The role of chemokines during viral infection of the CNS. PLoS. Pathog. 2010, 6:e1000937.
72. Hu S., Sheng W.S., Ehrlich L.C., Peterson P.K., Chao C.C. Cytokine effects on glutamate uptake by human astrocytes. Neuroimmunomodulation 2000, 7:153-159.
73. Hubschle T., Mutze J., Muhlradt P.F., Korte S., Gerstberger R., Roth J. Pyrexia, anorexia, adipsia, and depressed motor activity in rats during systemic inflammation induced by the Toll-like receptors-2 and -6 agonists MALP-2 and FSL-1. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2006, 290:R180-R187.
74. Iyer A., Zurolo E., Spliet W.G., van Rijen P.C., Baayen J.C., Gorter J.A., Aronica E. Evaluation of the innate and adaptive immunity in type I and type II focal cortical dysplasias. Epilepsia 2010, 51:1763-1773.
75. Johnson E.A., Dao T.L., Guignet M.A., Geddes C.E., Koemeter-Cox A.I., Kan R.K. Increased expression of the chemokines CXCL1 and MIP-1alpha by resident brain cells precedes neutrophil infiltration in the brain following prolonged soman-induced status epilepticus in rats. J. Neuroinflammation 2011, 8:41.
76. Kadhim H., De Prez C., Gazagnes M.D., Sebire G. In situ cytokine immune responses in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: insights into pathophysiologic mechanisms. Hum. Pathol. 2003, 34:293-297.
77. Kadhim H.J., Duchateau J., Sebire G. Cytokines and brain injury: invited review. J. Inten. Care Med. 2008, 23:236-249.
78. Katafuchi T., Kondo T., Take S., Yoshimura M. Brain cytokines and the 5-HT system during poly I:C-induced fatigue. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2006, 1088:230-237.
79. Kentner A.C., Pittman Q.J. Minireview: early-life programming by inflammation of the neuroendocrine system. Endocrinology 2010, 151:4602-4606.
80. Kerfoot S.M., D'Mello C., Nguyen H., Ajuebor M.N., Kubes P., Le T., Swain M.G. TNF-alpha-secreting monocytes are recruited into the brain of cholestatic mice. Hepatology 2006, 43:154-162.
81. Koller H., Siebler M., Hartung H.P. Immunologically induced electrophysiological dysfunction: implications for inflammatory diseases of the CNS and PNS. Prog. Neurobiol. 1997, 52:1-26.
82. Konsman J.P., Parnet P., Dantzer R. Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: mechanisms and implications. Trends Neurosci. 2002, 25:154-159.
83. Konsman J.P., Veeneman J., Combe C., Poole S., Luheshi G.N., Dantzer R. Central nervous action of interleukin-1 mediates activation of limbic structures and behavioural depression in response to peripheral administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:2499-2510.
84. Krueger J.M., Fang J., Taishi P., Chen Z., Kushikata T., Gardi J. Sleep. A physiologic role for IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1998, 856:148-159.
85. Kuijpers M., van Gassen K.L., de Graan P.N., Gruol D. Chronic exposure to the chemokine CCL3 enhances neuronal network activity in rat hippocampal cultures. J. Neuroimmunol. 2010, 229:73-80.
86. Laflamme N., Rivest S. Toll-like receptor 4: the missing link of the cerebral innate immune response triggered by circulating gram-negative bacterial cell wall components. FASEB J. 2001, 15:155-163.
87. Lai A.Y., Swayze R.D., El Husseini A., Song C. Interleukin-1 beta modulates AMPA receptor expression and phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons. J. Neuroimmunol. 2006, 175:97-106.
88. Lane T.E., Hosking M.P. The pathogenesis of murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 2010, 30:119-130.
89. Laye S., Parnet P., Goujon E., Dantzer R. Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide induces the expression of cytokine transcripts in the brain and pituitary of mice. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1994, 27:157-162.
90. Lazarus M., Yoshida K., Coppari R., Bass C.E., Mochizuki T., Lowell B.B., Saper C.B. EP3 prostaglandin receptors in the median preoptic nucleus are critical for fever responses. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:1131-1133.
91. Lehtimaki K.A., Keranen T., Palmio J., Peltola J. Levels of IL-1beta and IL-1ra in cerebrospinal fluid of human patients after single and prolonged seizures. Neuroimmunomodulation 2010, 17:19-22.
92. Lehtimaki K.A., Liimatainen S., Peltola J., Arvio M. The serum level of interleukin-6 in patients with intellectual disability and refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2011, 95:184-187.
93. Leonoudakis D., Zhao P., Beattie E.C. Rapid tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced exocytosis of glutamate receptor 2-lacking AMPA receptors to extrasynaptic plasma membrane potentiates excitotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:2119-2130.
94. Letiembre M., Hao W., Liu Y., Walter S., Mihaljevic I., Rivest S., Hartmann T., Fassbender K. Innate immune receptor expression in normal brain aging. Neuroscience 2007, 146:248-254.
95. Libbey J.E., Kennett N.J., Wilcox K.S., White H.S., Fujinami R.S. Interleukin-6, produced by resident cells of the central nervous system and infiltrating cells, contributes to the development of seizures following viral infection. J. Virol. 2011, 85:6913-6922.
96. Louboutin J.P., Chekmasova A., Marusich E., Agrawal L., Strayer D.S. Role of CCR5 and its ligands in the control of vascular inflammation and leukocyte recruitment required for acute excitotoxic seizure induction and neural damage. FASEB J. 2011, 25:737-753.
97. Lundborg C., Westerlund A., Bjorklund U., Biber B., Hansson E. Ifenprodil restores GDNF-evoked Ca(2+) signalling and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression in inflammation-pretreated astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 2011, 119:686-696.
98. Maroso M., Balosso S., Ravizza T., Iori V., Wright C.I., French J., Vezzani A. Interleukin-1beta biosynthesis inhibition reduces acute seizures and drug resistant chronic epileptic activity in mice. Neurotherapeutics 2011, 8:304-315.
99. Maroso M., Balosso S., Ravizza T., Liu J., Aronica E., Iyer A.M., Rossetti C., Molteni M., Casalgrandi M., Manfredi A.A., Bianchi M.E., Vezzani A. Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures. Nat. Med. 2010, 16:413-419.
100. Marshall-Clarke S., Downes J.E., Haga I.R., Bowie A.G., Borrow P., Pennock J.L., Grencis R.K., Rothwell P. Polyinosinic acid is a ligand for toll-like receptor 3. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:24759-24766.
101. Melik-Parsadaniantz S., Rostene W. Chemokines and neuromodulation. J. Neuroimmunol. 2008, 198:62-68.
102. Miller R.J., Rostene W., Apartis E., Banisadr G., Biber K., Milligan E.D., White F.A., Zhang J. Chemokine action in the nervous system. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:11792-11795.
103. Minami M., Kuraishi Y., Yamaguchi T., Nakai S., Hirai Y., Satoh M. Convulsants induce interleukin-1 beta messenger RNA in rat brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1990, 171:832-837.
104. Mitchell K., Yang H.Y., Berk J.D., Tran J.H., Iadarola M.J. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the choroid plexus: a potential link between vascular pro-inflammatory mediators and the CNS during peripheral tissue inflammation. Neuroscience 2009, 158:885-895.
105. Mogensen T.H., Paludan S.R. Molecular pathways in virus-induced cytokine production. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2001, 65:131-150.
106. Nadeau S., Rivest S. Regulation of the gene encoding tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the rat brain and pituitary in response in different models of systemic immune challenge. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1999, 58:61-77.
107. Nelson T.E., Gruol D.L. The chemokine CXCL10 modulates excitatory activity and intracellular calcium signaling in cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Neuroimmunol. 2004, 156:74-87.
108. Nguyen M.D., Julien J.P., Rivest S. Innate immunity: the missing link in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration?. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2002, 3:216-227.
109. Ogoshi F., Yin H.Z., Kuppumbatti Y., Song B., Amindari S., Weiss J.H. Tumor necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces rapid insertion of Ca2+-permeable alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA)/kainate (Ca-A/K) channels in a subset of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Exp. Neurol. 2005, 193:384-393.
110. Pedrazzi M., Patrone M., Passalacqua M., Ranzato E., Colamassaro D., Sparatore B., Pontremoli S., Melloni E. Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box 1 protein signaling. J. Immunol. 2007, 179:8525-8532.
111. Peltola J., Palmio J., Korhonen L., Suhonen J., Miettinen A., Hurme M., Lindholm D., Keranen T. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with recent tonic-clonic seizures. Epilepsy Res. 2000, 41:205-211.
112. Pickering M., Cumiskey D., O'Connor J.J. Actions of TNF-alpha on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Exp. Physiol. 2005, 90:663-670.
113. Pickering M., O'Connor J.J. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and their effects in the dentate gyrus. Prog. Brain Res. 2007, 163:339-354.
114. 2+ channel currents in hippocampal neurons through protein kinase C. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 266:1-10.
115. Plata-Salaman C.R., Ilyin S.E., Turrin N.P., Gayle D., Flynn M.C., Romanovitch A.E., Kelly M.E., Bureau Y., Anisman H., McIntyre D.C. Kindling modulates the IL-1beta system, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, and neuropeptide mRNAs in specific brain regions. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2000, 75:248-258.
116. Probert L., Akassoglou K., Kassiotis G., Pasparakis M., Alexopoulou L., Kollias G. TNF-alpha transgenic and knockout models of CNS inflammation and degeneration. J. Neuroimmunol. 1997, 72:137-141.
117. Pyter L.M., Pineros V., Galang J.A., McClintock M.K., Prendergast B.J. Peripheral tumors induce depressive-like behaviors and cytokine production and alter hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:9069-9074.
118. Qin L., Wu X., Block M.L., Liu Y., Breese G.R., Hong J.S., Knapp D.J., Crews F.T. Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Glia 2007, 55:453-462.
119. Quan N., Stern E.L., Whiteside M.B., Herkenham M. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in the brain after peripheral injection of subseptic doses of lipopolysaccharide in the rat. J. Neuroimmunol. 1999, 93:72-80.
120. Ransohoff R.M., Kivisakk P., Kidd G. Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003, 3:569-581.
121. Ravizza T., Boer K., Redeker S., Spliet W.G., van Rijen P.C., Troost D., Vezzani A., Aronica E. The IL-1beta system in epilepsy-associated malformations of cortical development. Neurobiol. Dis. 2006, 24:128-143.
122. Ravizza T., Gagliardi B., Noe F., Boer K., Aronica E., Vezzani A. Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol. Dis. 2008, 29:142-160.
123. Ravizza T., Lucas S.M., Balosso S., Bernardino L., Ku G., Noe F., Malva J., Randle J.C., Allan S., Vezzani A. Inactivation of caspase-1 in rodent brain: a novel anticonvulsive strategy. Epilepsia 2006, 47:1160-1168.
124. Ravizza T., Vezzani A. Status epilepticus induces time-dependent neuronal and astrocytic expression of interleukin-1 receptor type I in the rat limbic system. Neuroscience 2006, 137:301-308.
125. Reid A.Y., Galic M.A., Teskey G.C., Pittman Q.J. Febrile seizures: current views and investigations. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 2009, 36:679-686.
126. Reyes T.M., Fabry Z., Coe C.L. Brain endothelial cell production of a neuroprotective cytokine, interleukin-6, in response to noxious stimuli. Brain Res. 1999, 851:215-220.
127. Riazi K., Galic M.A., Kuzmiski J.B., Ho W., Sharkey K.A., Pittman Q.J. Microglial activation and TNFalpha production mediate altered CNS excitability following peripheral inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:17151-17156.
128. Riazi K., Galic M.A., Pittman Q.J. Contributions of peripheral inflammation to seizure susceptibility: cytokines and brain excitability. Epilepsy Res. 2010, 89:34-42.
129. Ringheim G.E., Burgher K.L., Heroux J.A. Interleukin-6 mRNA expression by cortical neurons in culture: evidence for neuronal sources of interleukin-6 production in the brain. J. Neuroimmunol. 1995, 63:113-123.
130. Rivest S. Molecular insights on the cerebral innate immune system. Brain Behav. Immun. 2003, 17:13-19.
131. Rodgers K.M., Hutchinson M.R., Northcutt A., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R., Barth D.S. The cortical innate immune response increases local neuronal excitability leading to seizures. Brain 2009, 132:2478-2486.
132. Rostene W., Guyon A., Kular L., Godefroy D., Barbieri F., Bajetto A., Banisadr G., Callewaere C., Conductier G., Rovere C., Melik-Parsadaniantz S., Florio T. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: new actors in neuroendocrine regulations. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2011, 32:10-24.
133. Rostene W., Kitabgi P., Parsadaniantz S.M. Chemokines: a new class of neuromodulator?. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:895-903.
134. Roth J., Rummel C., Barth S.W., Gerstberger R., Hubschle T. Molecular aspects of fever and hyperthermia. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 2009, 29:229-245.
135. Rothwell N.J., Luheshi G., Toulmond S. Cytokines and their receptors in the central nervous system: physiology, pharmacology, and pathology. Pharmacol. Ther. 1996, 69:85-95.
136. Sanchez-Alavez M., Tabarean I.V., Behrens M.M., Bartfai T. Ceramide mediates the rapid phase of febrile response to IL-1beta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:2904-2908.
137. Santello M., Bezzi P., Volterra A. TNFalpha controls glutamatergic gliotransmission in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neuron 2011, 69:988-1001.
138. Saper C.B. The dance of the perivascular and endothelial cells: mechanisms of brain response to immune signaling. Neuron 2010, 65:4-6.
139. Sayyah M., Javad-Pour M., Ghazi-Khansari M. The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide enhances seizure susceptibility in mice: involvement of proinflammatory factors: nitric oxide and prostaglandins. Neuroscience 2003, 122:1073-1080.
140. Schafers M., Sorkin L. Effect of cytokines on neuronal excitability. Neurosci. Lett. 2008, 437:188-193.
141. Schilling T., Nitsch R., Heinemann U., Haas D., Eder C. Astrocyte-released cytokines induce ramification and outward K+ channel expression in microglia via distinct signalling pathways. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2001, 14:463-473.
142. Schobitz B., de Kloet E.R., Sutanto W., Holsboer F. Cellular localization of interleukin 6 mRNA and interleukin 6 receptor mRNA in rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1993, 5:1426-1435.
143. Sebire G., Emilie D., Wallon C., Hery C., Devergne O., Delfraissy J.F., Galanaud P., Tardieu M. In vitro production of IL-6, IL-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human embryonic microglial and neural cells. J. Immunol. 1993, 150:1517-1523.
144. Serrats J., Schiltz J.C., Garcia-Bueno B., Van Rooijen N., Reyes T.M., Sawchenko P.E. Dual roles for perivascular macrophages in immune-to-brain signaling. Neuron 2010, 65:94-106.
145. Somera-Molina K.C., Robin B., Somera C.A., Anderson C., Stine C., Koh S., Behanna H.A., Van Eldik L.J., Watterson D.M., Wainwright M.S. Glial activation links early-life seizures and long-term neurologic dysfunction: evidence using a small molecule inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine upregulation. Epilepsia 2007, 48:1785-1800.
146. Spencer S.J., Mouihate A., Pittman Q.J. Peripheral inflammation exacerbates damage after global ischemia independently of temperature and acute brain inflammation. Stroke 2007, 38:1570-1577.
147. Srinivasan D., Yen J.H., Joseph D.J., Friedman W. Cell type-specific interleukin-1beta signaling in the CNS. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:6482-6488.
148. Steinmetz C.C., Turrigiano G.G. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling maintains the ability of cortical synapses to express synaptic scaling. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:14685-14690.
149. Stellwagen D., Beattie E.C., Seo J.Y., Malenka R.C. Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:3219-3228.
150. Stellwagen D., Malenka R.C. Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-alpha. Nature 2006, 440:1054-1059.
151. Tabarean I.V., Korn H., Bartfai T. Interleukin-1beta induces hyperpolarization and modulates synaptic inhibition in preoptic and anterior hypothalamic neurons. Neuroscience 2006, 141:1685-1695.
152. Tancredi V., D'Arcangelo G., Grassi F., Tarroni P., Palmieri G., Santoni A., Eusebi F. Tumor necrosis factor alters synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci. Lett. 1992, 146:176-178.
153. Tellez-Zenteno J.F., Patten S.B., Jette N., Williams J., Wiebe S. Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy: a population-based analysis. Epilepsia 2007, 48:2336-2344.
154. Turrigiano G.G. More than a sidekick: glia and homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Trends Mol. Med. 2006, 12:458-460.
155. Turrigiano G.G., Leslie K.R., Desai N.S., Rutherford L.C., Nelson S.B. Activity-dependent scaling of quantal amplitude in neocortical neurons. Nature 1998, 391:892-896.
156. Turrin N.P., Gayle D., Ilyin S.E., Flynn M.C., Langhans W., Schwartz G.J., Plata-Salaman C.R. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induction in the periphery and brain following intraperitoneal administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Brain Res. Bull. 2001, 54:443-453.
157. Turrin N.P., Rivest S. Innate immune reaction in response to seizures: implications for the neuropathology associated with epilepsy. Neurobiol. Dis. 2004, 16:321-334.
158. Van Dam A.M., Bauer J., Tilders F.J.H., Berkenbosch F. Endotoxin-induced appearance of immunoreactive interleukin-1b in ramified microglia in rat brain: a light and electron microscopic study. Neuroscience 1995, 65:815-826.
159. Van Dam A.M., Bol J.G., Gaykema R.P., Goehler L.E., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R., Tilders F.J. Vagotomy does not inhibit high dose lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1beta immunoreactivity in rat brain and pituitary gland. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 285:169-172.
160. Vereyken E.J., Bajova H., Chow S., de Graan P.N., Gruol D.L. Chronic interleukin-6 alters the level of synaptic proteins in hippocampus in culture and in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007, 25:3605-3616.
161. Vezzani A., Conti M., De Luigi A., Ravizza T., Moneta D., Marchesi F., De Simoni M.G. Interleukin-1beta immunoreactivity and microglia are enhanced in the rat hippocampus by focal kainate application: functional evidence for enhancement of electrographic seizures. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:5054-5065.
162. Vezzani A., French J., Bartfai T., Baram T.Z. The role of inflammation in epilepsy. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2011, 7:31-40.
163. Vezzani A., Moneta D., Conti M., Richichi C., Ravizza T., De Luigi A., De Simoni M.G., Sperk G., Andell-Jonsson S., Lundkvist J., Iverfeldt K., Bartfai T. Powerful anticonvulsant action of IL-1 receptor antagonist on intracerebral injection and astrocytic overexpression in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:11534-11539.
164. Vezzani A., Moneta D., Richichi C., Aliprandi M., Burrows S.J., Ravizza T., Perego C., De Simoni M.G. Functional role of inflammatory cytokines and antiinflammatory molecules in seizures and epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 2002, 43(Suppl. 5):30-35.
165. Viviani B., Bartesaghi S., Gardoni F., Vezzani A., Behrens M.M., Bartfai T., Binaglia M., Corsini E., Di Luca M., Galli C.L., Marinovich M. Interleukin-1beta enhances NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:8692-8700.
166. Voutsinos-Porche B., Koning E., Kaplan H., Ferrandon A., Guenounou M., Nehlig A., Motte J. Temporal patterns of the cerebral inflammatory response in the rat lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol. Dis. 2004, 17:385-402.
167. Wang S., Cheng Q., Malik S., Yang J. Interleukin-1beta inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor current in cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2000, 292:497-504.
168. Wheeler D., Knapp E., Bandaru V.V., Wang Y., Knorr D., Poirier C., Mattson M.P., Geiger J.D., Haughey N.J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutral sphingomyelinase-2 modulates synaptic plasticity by controlling the membrane insertion of NMDA receptors. J. Neurochem. 2009, 109:1237-1249.
169. Wilkinson M.F., Mathison W.B., Pittman Q.J. Interleukin-IB has excitatory effects on neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Brain Res. 1993, 625:342-346.
170. Wittchen H.U., Gloster A., Beesdo K., Schonfeld S., Perkonigg A. Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnostic and epidemiological perspectives. CNS Spectrosc. 2009, 14:5-12.
171. Wong M.L., Bongiorno P.B., Gold P.W., Licinio J. Localization of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme mRNA in rat brain vasculature: evidence that the genes encoding the interleukin-1 system are constitutively expressed in brain blood vessels. Pathophysiological implications. Neuroimmunomodulation 1995, 2:141-148.
172. Yang H.Y., Mitchell K., Keller J.M., Iadarola M.J. Peripheral inflammation increases Scya2 expression in sensory ganglia and cytokine and endothelial related gene expression in inflamed tissue. J. Neurochem. 2007, 103:1628-1643.
173. Ye Z.C., Sontheimer H. Cytokine modulation of glial glutamate uptake: a possible involvement of nitric oxide. NeuroReport 1996, 7:2181-2185.
174. Zhou Y., Tang H., Liu J., Dong J., Xiong H. Chemokine CCL2 modulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurochem. 2011, 116:406-414.
175. Zhu G., Okada M., Yoshida S., Mori F., Ueno S., Wakabayashi K., Kaneko S. Effects of interleukin-1beta on hippocampal glutamate and GABA releases associated with Ca2+-induced Ca2+ releasing systems. Epilepsy Res. 2006, 71:107-116.