Erratum to: The story so far: Post-translational regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by ubiquitination and SUMOylation (Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, (2012), 302, (H515-H526), (doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00703.2011));The story so far: Post-translational regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by ubiquitination and sumoylation

American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology

Volumn 302, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Wadosky, Kristine M ^a   Willis, Monte S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Phosphorylation; Retinoid x receptor; Small ubiquitin like modifier; Ubiquitin

Indexed keywords

PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; RETINOID X RECEPTOR; RETINOID X RECEPTOR ALPHA; SUMO PROTEIN; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE E3;

CONJUGATION; GENE TARGETING; HEART DISEASE; PLEIOTROPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUMOYLATION; UBIQUITINATION;

EID: 84856487109     PISSN: 03636135     EISSN: 15221539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.H-zh4-1214-corr.2014     Document Type: Erratum

References (100)

1. Adhihetty PJ, Uguccioni G, Leick L, Hidalgo J, Pilegaard H, Hood DA. The role of PGC-1alpha on mitochondrial function and apoptotic susceptibility in muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 297: C217-C225, 2009.
2. Anderson RM, Barger JL, Edwards MG, Braun KH, O'Connor CE, Prolla TA, Weindruch R. Dynamic regulation of PGC-1alpha localization and turnover implicates mitochondrial adaptation in calorie restriction and the stress response. Aging Cell 7: 101-111, 2008.
3. Arany Z, He H, Lin J, Hoyer K, Handschin C, Toka O, Ahmad F, Matsui T, Chin S, Wu PH, Rybkin II, Shelton JM, Manieri M, Cinti S, Schoen FJ, Bassel-Duby R, Rosenzweig A, Ingwall JS, Spiegelman BM. Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 alpha controls the energy state and contractile function of cardiac muscle. Cell Metab 1: 259-271, 2005.
4. Baar K, Wende AR, Jones TE, Marison M, Nolte LA, Chen M, Kelly DP, Holloszy JO. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise: rapid increase in the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1. FASEB J 16: 1879-1886, 2002.
5. Bao Y, Li R, Jiang J, Cai B, Gao J, Le K, Zhang F, Chen S, Liu P. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibits endothelin-1-induced cardiac hypertrophy via the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 317: 189-196, 2008.
6. Barger PM, Brandt JM, Leone TC, Weinheimer CJ, Kelly DP. Deactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha during cardiac hypertrophic growth. J Clin Invest 105: 1723-1730, 2000.
7. Barger PM, Browning AC, Garner AN, Kelly DP. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha: a potential role in the cardiac metabolic stress response. J Biol Chem 276: 44495-44501, 2001.
8. Barger PM, Kelly DP. PPAR signaling in the control of cardiac energy metabolism. Trends Cardiovasc Med 10: 238-245, 2000.
9. Belke DD, Larsen TS, Gibbs EM, Severson DL. Altered metabolism causes cardiac dysfunction in perfused hearts from diabetic (db/db) mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279: E1104-E1113, 2000.
10. Blanquart C, Barbier O, Fruchart JC, Staels B, Glineur C. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) turnover by the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls the ligand-induced expression level of its target genes. J Biol Chem 277: 37254-37259, 2002.
11. Bohren KM, Nadkarni V, Song JH, Gabbay KH, Owerbach D. A M55V polymorphism in a novel SUMO gene (SUMO-4) differentially activates heat shock transcription factors and is associated with susceptibility to type I diabetes mellitus. J Biol Chem 279: 27233-27238, 2004.
12. Chau V, Tobias JW, Bachmair A, Marriott D, Ecker DJ, Gonda DK, Varshavsky A. A multiubiquitin chain is confined to specific lysine in a targeted short-lived protein. Science 243: 1576-1583, 1989.
13. Choi SJ, Chung SS, Rho EJ, Lee HW, Lee MH, Choi HS, Seol JH, Baek SH, Bang OS, Chung CH. Negative modulation of RXRalpha transcriptional activity by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification and its reversal by SUMO-specific protease SUSP1. J Biol Chem 281: 30669-30677, 2006.
14. Chung SS, Ahn BY, Kim M, Choi HH, Park HS, Kang S, Park SG, Kim YB, Cho YM, Lee HK, Chung CH, Park KS. Control of adipogenesis by the SUMO-specific protease SENP2. Mol Cell Biol 30: 2135-2146, 2010.
15. Chung SS, Ahn BY, Kim M, Kho JH, Jung HS, Park KS. SUMO modification selectively regulates transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in C2C12 myotubes. Biochem J 433: 155-161, 2011.
16. Ciechanover A, Ben-Saadon R. N-terminal ubiquitination: more protein substrates join in. Trends Cell Biol 14: 103-106, 2004.
17. de Mendonca RL, Escriva H, Bouton D, Zelus D, Vanacker JM, Bonnelye E, Cornette J, Pierce RJ, Laudet V. Structural and functional divergence of a nuclear receptor of the RXR family from the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Eur J Biochem 267: 3208-3219, 2000.
18. Desterro JM, Thomson J, Hay RT. Ubch9 conjugates SUMO but not ubiquitin. FEBS Lett 417: 297-300, 1997.
19. Diep QN, Benkirane K, Amiri F, Cohn JS, Endemann D, Schiffrin EL. PPAR alpha activator fenofibrate inhibits myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in angiotensin II-infused rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 36: 295-304, 2004.
20. Ding L, Liang X, Zhu D, Lou Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is involved in cardiomyocyte differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells in vitro. Cell Biol Int 31: 1002-1009, 2007.
21. Dowell P, Ishmael JE, Avram D, Peterson VJ, Nevrivy DJ, Leid M. Identification of nuclear receptor corepressor as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha interacting protein. J Biol Chem 274: 15901-15907, 1999.
22. Fantappie MR, Osman A, Ericsson C, Niles EG, LoVerde PT. Cloning of Schistosoma mansoni Seven in Absentia (SmSINA)(+) homologue cDNA, a gene involved in ubiquitination of SmRXR1 and SmRXR2. Mol Biochem Parasitol 131: 45-54, 2003.
23. Fernandez-Marcos PJ, Auwerx J. Regulation of PGC-1alpha, a nodal regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 93: 884S-890S, 2011.
24. Finck BN, Kelly DP. PGC-1 coactivators: inducible regulators of energy metabolism in health and disease. J Clin Invest 116: 615-622, 2006.
25. Floyd ZE, Stephens JM. Control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 stability and activity by SUMOylation. Obes Res 12: 921-928, 2004.
26. Floyd ZE, Stephens JM. Interferon-gamma-mediated activation and ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of PPARgamma in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 277: 4062-4068, 2002.
27. Galan JM, Haguenauer-Tsapis R. Ubiquitin lys63 is involved in ubiquitination of a yeast plasma membrane protein. EMBO J 16: 5847-5854, 1997.
28. Gareau JR, Lima CD. The SUMO pathway: emerging mechanisms that shape specificity, conjugation and recognition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11: 861-871, 2010.
29. Garnier A, Fortin D, Delomenie C, Momken I, Veksler V, Ventura-Clapier R. Depressed mitochondrial transcription factors and oxidative capacity in rat failing cardiac and skeletal muscles. J Physiol 551: 491-501, 2003.
30. Genini D, Catapano CV. Block of nuclear receptor ubiquitination. A mechanism of ligand-dependent control of peroxisome proliferator-acti-vated receptor delta activity. J Biol Chem 282: 11776-11785, 2007.
31. Glickman MH, Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway: destruction for the sake of construction. Physiol Rev 82: 373-428, 2002.
32. Gong L, Kamitani T, Fujise K, Caskey LS, Yeh ET. Preferential interaction of sentrin with a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Ubc9. J Biol Chem 272: 28198-28201, 1997.
33. Gong ST, Chao IM. Changes in serum thyroglobulin and thyroid autoantibodies in patients with Graves' disease treated with antithyroid drug and their relationship to relapse. J Formos Med Assoc 90: 1155- 1162, 1991.
34. Gopinathan L, Hannon DB, Peters JM, Vanden Heuvel JP. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha by MDM2. Toxicol Sci 108: 48-58, 2009.
35. Gottlicher M, Widmark E, Li Q, Gustafsson JA. Fatty acids activate a chimera of the clofibric acid-activated receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 4653-4657, 1992.
36. Gregori L, Poosch MS, Cousins G, Chau V. A uniform isopeptide-linked multiubiquitin chain is sufficient to target substrate for degradation in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. J Biol Chem 265: 8354-8357, 1990.
37. Guellich A, Damy T, Lecarpentier Y, Conti M, Claes V, Samuel JL, Quillard J, Hebert JL, Pineau T, Coirault C. Role of oxidative stress in cardiac dysfunction of PPARa mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293: H93-H102, 2007.
38. Hauser S, Adelmant G, Sarraf P, Wright HM, Mueller E, Spiegel-man BM. Degradation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is linked to ligand-dependent activation. J Biol Chem 275: 18527-18533, 2000.
39. Hicke L. Protein regulation by monoubiquitin. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2: 195-201, 2001.
40. Hirotani M, Tsukamoto T, Bourdeaux J, Sadano H, Osumi T. Stabilization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha by the ligand. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 288: 106-110, 2001.
41. Iglarz M, Touyz RM, Viel EC, Paradis P, Amiri F, Diep QN, Schiffrin EL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and receptor-gamma activators prevent cardiac fibrosis in mineralocorticoid-dependent hypertension. Hypertension 42: 737-743, 2003.
42. Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Miyauchi T, Sakai S, Kasuya Y, Ogata T, Takanashi M, Iemitsu M, Sudo T, Goto K, Yamaguchi I. Endothelin-1-induced cardiac hypertrophy is inhibited by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha partly via blockade of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway. Circulation 109: 904-910, 2004.
43. Johnson ES. Protein modification by SUMO. Annu Rev Biochem 73: 355-382, 2004.
44. Johnson ES, Ma PC, Ota IM, Varshavsky A. A proteolytic pathway that recognizes ubiquitin as a degradation signal. J Biol Chem 270: 17442-17456, 1995.
45. Karbowska J, Kochan Z, Smolenski RT. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is downregulated in the failing human heart. Cell Mol Biol Lett 8: 49-53, 2003.
46. Kilroy GE, Zhang X, Floyd ZE. PPAR-gamma AF-2 domain functions as a component of a ubiquitin-dependent degradation signal. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17: 665-673, 2009.
47. Komar CM, Braissant O, Wahli W, Curry TE. Expression and localization of PPARs in the rat ovary during follicular development and the periovulatory period. Endocrinology 142: 4831-4838, 2001.
48. Kota BP, Huang TH, Roufogalis BD. An overview on biological mechanisms of PPARs. Pharmacol Res 51: 85-94, 2005.
49. Lattuada D, Vigano P, Mangioni S, Sassone J, Di Francesco S, Vignali M, Di Blasio AM. Accumulation of retinoid X receptor-alpha in uterine leiomyomas is associated with a delayed ligand-dependent pro-teasome-mediated degradation and an alteration of its transcriptional activity. Mol Endocrinol 21: 602-612, 2007.
50. Lehman JJ, Barger PM, Kovacs A, Saffitz JE, Medeiros DM, Kelly DP. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 promotes cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis. J Clin Invest 106: 847-856, 2000.
51. Lehman JJ, Kelly DP. Transcriptional activation of energy metabolic switches in the developing and hypertrophied heart. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 29: 339-345, 2002.
52. Lei B, Lionetti V, Young ME, Chandler MP, d'Agostino C, Kang E, Altarejos M, Matsuo K, Hintze TH, Stanley WC, Recchia FA. Paradoxical downregulation of the glucose oxidation pathway despite enhanced flux in severe heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 36: 567-576, 2004.
53. Leuenberger N, Pradervand S, Wahli W. Sumoylated PPARalpha mediates sex-specific gene repression and protects the liver from estrogen-induced toxicity in mice. J Clin Invest 119: 3138-3148, 2009.
54. Li HH, Willis MS, Lockyer P, Miller N, McDonough H, Glass DJ, Patterson C. Atrogin-1 inhibits Akt-dependent cardiac hypertrophy in mice via ubiquitin-dependent coactivation of Forkhead proteins. J Clin Invest 117: 3211-3223, 2007.
55. Li R, Zheng W, Pi R, Gao J, Zhang H, Wang P, Le K, Liu P. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha prevents glycogen synthase 3beta phosphorylation and inhibits cardiac hypertrophy. FEBS J 581: 3311-3316, 2007.
56. Lim S, Ahn BY, Chung SS, Park HS, Cho BJ, Kim M, Choi SH, Lee IK, Lee SW, Choi SJ, Chung CH, Cho YM, Lee HK, Park KS. Effect of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma sumoylation mutant on neointimal formation after balloon injury in rats. Atherosclerosis 206: 411-417, 2009.
57. Lin J, Handschin C, Spiegelman BM. Metabolic control through the PGC-1 family of transcription coactivators. Cell Metab 1: 361-370, 2005.
58. Loftus LT, Gala R, Yang T, Jessick VJ, Ashley MD, Ordonez AN, Thompson SJ, Simon RP, Meller R. Sumo-2/3-ylation following in vitro modeled ischemia is reduced in delayed ischemic tolerance. Brain Res 1272: 71-80, 2009.
59. Madrazo JA, Kelly DP. The PPAR trio: regulators of myocardial energy metabolism in health and disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 44: 968-975, 2008.
60. Mahajan R, Delphin C, Guan T, Gerace L, Melchior F. A small ubiquitin-related polypeptide involved in targeting RanGAP1 to nuclear pore complex protein RanBP2. Cell 88: 97-107, 1997.
61. Matunis MJ, Coutavas E, Blobel G. A novel ubiquitin-like modification modulates the partitioning of the Ran-GTPase-activating protein RanGAP1 between the cytosol and the nuclear pore complex. J Cell Biol 135: 1457-1470, 1996.
62. Michalik L, Auwerx J, Berger JP, Chatterjee VK, Glass CK, Gonzalez FJ, Grimaldi PA, Kadowaki T, Lazar MA, O'Rahilly S, Palmer CN, Plutzky J, Reddy JK, Spiegelman BM, Staels B, Wahli W. International Union of Pharmacology. LXI Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Pharmacol Rev 58: 726-741, 2006.
63. Michalik L, Desvergne B, Dreyer C, Gavillet M, Laurini RN, Wahli W. PPAR expression and function during vertebrate development. Int J Dev Biol 46: 105-114, 2002.
64. Morgan EE, Chandler MP, Young ME, McElfresh TA, Kung TA, Rennison JH, Tserng KY, Hoit BD, Stanley WC. Dissociation between gene and protein expression of metabolic enzymes in a rodent model of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 8: 687-693, 2006.
65. Morgan EE, Rennison JH, Young ME, McElfresh TA, Kung TA, Tserng KY, Hoit BD, Stanley WC, Chandler MP. Effects of chronic activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha or high-fat feeding in a rat infarct model of heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290: H1899-H1904, 2006.
66. Muller S, Hoege C, Pyrowolakis G, Jentsch S. SUMO, ubiquitin's mysterious cousin. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2: 202-210, 2001.
67. Neubauer S. The failing heart-an engine out of fuel. N Engl J Med 356: 1140-1151, 2007.
68. Ohshima T, Koga H, Shimotohno K. Transcriptional activity of per-oxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is modulated by SUMO-1 modification. J Biol Chem 279: 29551-29557, 2004.
69. Okere IC, Young ME, McElfresh TA, Chess DJ, Sharov VG, Sabbah HN, Hoit BD, Ernsberger P, Chandler MP, Stanley WC. Low carbohydrate/high-fat diet attenuates cardiac hypertrophy, remodeling, and altered gene expression in hypertension. Hypertension 48: 1116-1123, 2006.
70. Okuma T, Honda R, Ichikawa G, Tsumagari N, Yasuda H. In vitro SUMO-1 modification requires two enzymatic steps, E1 and E2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 254: 693-698, 1999.
71. Osorio JC, Stanley WC, Linke A, Castellari M, Diep QN, Panchal AR, Hintze TH, Lopaschuk GD, Recchia FA. Impaired myocardial fatty acid oxidation and reduced protein expression of retinoid X receptor-alpha in pacing-induced heart failure. Circulation 106: 606-612, 2002.
72. Owerbach D, McKay EM, Yeh ET, Gabbay KH, Bohren KM. A proline-90 residue unique to SUMO-4 prevents maturation and sumoy-lation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 337: 517-520, 2005.
73. Pascual G, Fong AL, Ogawa S, Gamliel A, Li AC, Perissi V, Rose DW, Willson TM, Rosenfeld MG, Glass CK. A SUMOylation-depen-dent pathway mediates transrepression of inflammatory response genes by PPAR-gamma. Nature 437: 759-763, 2005.
74. Pellieux C, Aasum E, Larsen TS, Montessuit C, Papageorgiou I, Pedrazzini T, Lerch R. Overexpression of angiotensinogen in the myocardium induces downregulation of the fatty acid oxidation pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 41: 459-466, 2006.
75. Pourcet B, Pineda-Torra I, Derudas B, Staels B, Glineur C. SUMOylation of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha inhibits its trans-activity through the recruitment of the nuclear corepressor NCoR. J Biol Chem 285: 5983-5992, 2010.
76. Rechsteiner M. PEST regions, proteolysis and cell cycle progression. Revis Biol Celular 20: 235-253, 1989.
77. Rieck M, Wedeken L, Muller-Brusselbach S, Meissner W, Muller R. Expression level and agonist-binding affect the turnover, ubiquitination and complex formation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor beta. FEBS J 274: 5068-5076, 2007.
78. Rodrigues B, Cam MC, McNeill JH. Myocardial substrate metabolism: implications for diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: 169-179, 1995.
79. Russell LK, Mansfield CM, Lehman JJ, Kovacs A, Courtois M, Saffitz JE, Medeiros DM, Valencik ML, McDonald JA, Kelly DP. Cardiac-specific induction of the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha promotes mi-tochondrial biogenesis and reversible cardiomyopathy in a developmental stage-dependent manner. Circ Res 94: 525-533, 2004.
80. Rytinki MM, Palvimo JJ. SUMOylation attenuates the function of PGC-1alpha. J Biol Chem 284: 26184-26193, 2009.
81. Sack MN, Rader TA, Park S, Bastin J, McCune SA, Kelly DP. Fatty acid oxidation enzyme gene expression is downregulated in the failing heart. Circulation 94: 2837-2842, 1996.
82. Saitoh H, Hinchey J. Functional heterogeneity of small ubiquitin-related protein modifiers SUMO-1 versus SUMO-2/3. J Biol Chem 275: 6252-6258, 2000.
83. Sano M, Tokudome S, Shimizu N, Yoshikawa N, Ogawa C, Shi-rakawa K, Endo J, Katayama T, Yuasa S, Ieda M, Makino S, Hattori F, Tanaka H, Fukuda K. Intramolecular control of protein stability, subnuclear compartmentalization, and coactivator function of peroxi-some proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha. J Biol Chem 282: 25970-25980, 2007.
84. Shimizu M, Yamashita D, Yamaguchi T, Hirose F, Osumi T. Aspects of the regulatory mechanisms of PPAR functions: analysis of a bidirectional response element and regulation by sumoylation. Mol Cell Biochem 286: 33-42, 2006.
85. -/- mice in response to chronic pressure overload. Cardiovasc Res 78: 79-89, 2008.
86. St-Pierre J, Lin J, Krauss S, Tarr PT, Yang R, Newgard CB, Spiegelman BM. Bioenergetic analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivators 1alpha and 1beta (PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta) in muscle cells. J Biol Chem 278: 26597-26603, 2003.
87. Stanley WC, Lopaschuk GD, McCormack JG. Regulation of energy substrate metabolism in the diabetic heart. Cardiovasc Res 34: 25-33, 1997.
88. Su HL, Li SS. Molecular features of human ubiquitin-like SUMO genes and their encoded proteins. Gene 296: 65-73, 2002.
89. Taha M, Lopaschuk GD. Alterations in energy metabolism in cardiomyopathies. Ann Med 39: 594-607, 2007.
90. Takano Y, Adachi S, Okuno M, Muto Y, Yoshioka T, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Tsurumi H, Ito K, Friedman SL, Moriwaki H, Kojima S, Okano Y. The RING finger protein, RNF8, interacts with retinoid X receptor alpha and enhances its transcription-stimulating activity. J Biol Chem 279: 18926-18934, 2004.
91. Tontonoz P, Hu E, Graves RA, Budavari AI, Spiegelman BM. mPPAR gamma 2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev 8: 1224-1234, 1994.
92. Trausch-Azar J, Leone TC, Kelly DP, Schwartz AL. Ubiquitin pro-teasome-dependent degradation of the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1a via the N-terminal pathway. J Biol Chem 285: 40192-40200, 2010.
93. van Bilsen M, Smeets PJ, Gilde AJ, van der Vusse GJ. Metabolic remodelling of the failing heart: the cardiac burn-out syndrome? Cardiovasc Res 61: 218-226, 2004.
94. Vertegaal AC. SUMO chains: polymeric signals. Biochem Soc Trans 38: 46-49, 2010.
95. Warnmark A, Treuter E, Wright AP, Gustafsson JA. Activation functions 1 and 2 of nuclear receptors: molecular strategies for transcriptional activation. Mol Endocrinol 17: 1901-1909, 2003.
96. Weissman AM. Themes and variations on ubiquitylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2: 169-178, 2001.
97. Wilkinson KA, Henley JM. Mechanisms, regulation and consequences of protein SUMOylation. Biochem J 428: 133-145, 2010.
98. Wu T, Merbl Y, Huo Y, Gallop JL, Tzur A, Kirschner MW. UBE2S drives elongation of K11-linked ubiquitin chains by the anaphase-pro-moting complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 1355-1360, 2010.
99. Yamamoto K, Ohki R, Lee RT, Ikeda U, Shimada K. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit cardiac hypertrophy in cardiac myocytes. Circulation 104: 1670-1675, 2001.
100. Yamashita D, Yamaguchi T, Shimizu M, Nakata N, Hirose F, Osumi T. The transactivating function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is negatively regulated by SUMO conjugation in the amino-terminal domain. Genes Cells 9: 1017-1029, 2004.