Intervertebral disc (IVD): Structure, degeneration, repair and regeneration

Materials Science and Engineering C

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 61-77

  Whatley, Benjamin R ^a   Wen, Xuejun ^a  

^a AMRL   (United States)

Author keywords

Back pain; Biomaterials; Intervertebral disc (IVD); Scaffolds; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

3D MORPHOLOGY; ANNULUS FIBROSUS; ARTIFICIAL DISC REPLACEMENT; BACK PAIN; BIOINTEGRATION; BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; COMPRESSIVE FORCES; CONVENTIONAL APPROACH; CONVENTIONAL METHODS; DEGENERATIVE PROCESS; DELETERIOUS EFFECTS; DISC SPACE; DISC SPACE HEIGHTS; GENETIC FACTORS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS; LOW BACK PAIN; MICROENVIRONMENTS; NATURAL AGING; NUCLEUS PULPOSUS; OSTEOLYSIS; SCAFFOLD FABRICATION METHODS; SPINAL FUSION; SPINAL NERVES; TISSUE ARCHITECTURE; TISSUE-ENGINEERED SCAFFOLDS; WASTE REMOVAL; WEAR DEBRIS;

BIOMATERIALS; BIOMECHANICS; DEBRIS; ELASTICITY; HEALTH; RESTORATION; SCAFFOLDS; TISSUE; TISSUE ENGINEERING; VOLTAGE DIVIDERS;

SCAFFOLDS (BIOLOGY);

EID: 84855259784     PISSN: 09284931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.10.011     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. X. Luo, R. Pietrobon, S.X. Sun, G.G. Liu, and L. Hey Spine 29 2004 79 86
2. R.A. Deyo, and Y.J. Tsui-Wu Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 12 1987 264 268
3. L. Shvartzman, E. Weingarten, H. Sherry, S. Levin, and A. Persaud Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 17 1992 176 182
4. M.V. Risbud, T.J. Albert, A. Guttapalli, E.J. Vresilovic, A.S. Hillibrand, and A.R. Vaccaro Spine 29 2004 2627 2632
5. J.P. Urban, and J.F. McMullin Spine 13 1988 179 187
6. B. Johnstone, J.P. Urban, S. Roberts, and J. Menage Spine 17 1992 412 416
7. J.P. Urban, and J.F. McMullin Biorheology 22 1985 145 157
8. H. Ohshima, H. Tsuji, N. Hirano, H. Ishihara, Y. Katoh, and H. Yamada Spine 14 1989 1234 1244
9. Y. Wan, G. Feng, F.H. Shen, G. Balian, C.T. Laurencin, and X. Li Macromol. Biosci. 7 2007 1217 1224
10. Columbia-Presbyterian Neurosurgery.
11. L.A. Setton, L. Bonassar, and K. Masuda Regeneration and Replacement of the Intervertebral Disc 3rd ed 2007 Elsevier
12. V.Y. Leung, W.C. Chan, S.C. Hung, K.M. Cheung, and D. Chan J. Histochem. Cytochem. 57 2009 249 256
13. J.A. Cowan Jr., J.B. Dimick, R. Wainess, G.R. Upchurch Jr., W.F. Chandler, and F. La Marca Neurosurgery 59 2006 15 20 discussion 15-20
14. R.C. Huang, F.P. Girardi, and F.P. Cammisa Jr. Spine 30 2005 1407 1411
15. P.C. McAfee, B. Cunningham, G. Holsapple, K. Adams, S. Blumenthal, and R.D. Guyer Spine 30 2005 1576 1583 discussion E388-90
16. C. Shuff, and H.S. An Am. J. Orthop. 34 2005 8 12
17. S.R. Bibby, J.C. Fairbank, M.R. Urban, and J.P. Urban Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 27 2002 2220 2228 discussion 7-8
18. H. Yao, and W.Y. Gu Biorheology 43 2006 323 335
19. H. Yao, M.A. Justiz, D. Flagler, and W.Y. Gu Ann. Biomed. Eng. 30 2002 1234 1241
20. S. Holm, A. Maroudas, J.P. Urban, G. Selstam, and A. Nachemson Connect. Tissue Res. 8 1981 101 119
21. H. Ohshima, and J.P. Urban Spine 17 1992 1079 1082
22. J.P. Urban, and J.F. McMullin Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 13 1988 179 187
23. E. Cassinelli, and J. Kang Oper. Tech. Orthop. 10 2000 254 262
24. M.R. Jahnke, and C.A. McDevitt Biochem. J. 251 1988 347 356
25. J.A. Buckwalter Spine 20 1995 1307 1314
26. J. Kraemer Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 20 1995 635 639
27. M.W. Kroeber, F. Unglaub, H. Wang, C. Schmid, M. Thomsen, and A. Nerlich Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 27 2002 2684 2690
28. A.E. Baer, J.Y. Wang, V.B. Kraus, and L.A. Setton J. Orthop. Res. 19 2001 2 10
29. A. Maroudas, R.A. Stockwell, A. Nachemson, and J. Urban J. Anat. 120 1975 113 130
30. J.J. Trout, J.A. Buckwalter, and K.C. Moore Anat. Rec. 204 1982 307 314
31. C.R. Lee, D. Sakai, T. Nakai, K. Toyama, J. Mochida, and M. Alini Eur. Spine J. 16 2007 2174 2185
32. N. Fujita, T. Miyamoto, J. Imai, N. Hosogane, T. Suzuki, and M. Yagi Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 338 2005 1890 1896
33. S. Roberts Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30 2002 864 869
34. J.I. Sive, P. Baird, M. Jeziorsk, A. Watkins, J.A. Hoyland, and A.J. Freemont Mol. Pathol. 55 2002 91 97
35. V. Lefebvre, W. Huang, V.R. Harley, P.N. Goodfellow, and B. de Crombrugghe Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 1997 2336 2346
36. M.K. Chelberg, G.M. Banks, D.F. Geiger, and T.R. Oegema Jr. J. Anat. 186 Pt 1 1995 43 53
37. J.A. Buckwalter, A. Pedrini-Mille, V. Pedrini, and C. Tudisco J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 67 1985 284 294
38. J.A. Buckwalter, K.C. Smith, L.E. Kazarien, L.C. Rosenberg, and R. Ungar J. Orthop. Res. 7 1989 146 151
39. D.W. Hukins Nat. Mater. 4 2005 881 882
40. J.J. Cassidy, A. Hiltner, and E. Baer Connect. Tissue Res. 23 1989 75 88
41. J. Melrose, S.M. Smith, R.C. Appleyard, and C.B. Little Eur. Spine J. 17 2008 314 324
42. J. Antoniou, T. Steffen, F. Nelson, N. Winterbottom, A.P. Hollander, and R.A. Poole J. Clin. Invest. 98 1996 996 1003
43. V.C. Mow, R. Huiskes, I.A. Stokes, and J.C. Iatridis Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Mechano-Biology, Chapter 12: Biomechanics of the Spine 3rd ed 2004 Lippencott, Williams & Wilkins
44. B.A. Best, F. Guilak, L.A. Setton, W. Zhu, F. Saed-Nejad, and A. Ratcliffe Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 19 1994 212 221
45. D. Perie, D. Korda, and J.C. Iatridis J. Biomech. 38 2005 2164 2171
46. S.M. Klisch, and J.C. Lotz J. Biomech. Eng. 122 2000 180 188
47. W. Johannessen, E.J. Vresilovic, A.C. Wright, and D.M. Elliott Ann. Biomed. Eng. 32 2004 70 76
48. H.J. Wilke, P. Neef, M. Caimi, T. Hoogland, and L.E. Claes Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24 1999 755 762
49. S. Ebara, J.C. Iatridis, L.A. Setton, R.J. Foster, V.C. Mow, and M. Weidenbaum Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21 1996 452 461
50. F. Marchand, and A.M. Ahmed Spine 15 1990 402 410
51. D.L. Skaggs, M. Weidenbaum, J.C. Iatridis, A. Ratcliffe, and V.C. Mow Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 19 1994 1310 1319
52. M.R. Urban, J.C. Fairbank, S.R. Bibby, and J.P. Urban Spine 26 2001 610 617
53. P. Roughley, C. Hoemann, E. DesRosiers, F. Mwale, J. Antoniou, and M. Alini Biomaterials 27 2006 388 396
54. J.A. Miller, C. Schmatz, and A.B. Schultz Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 13 1988 173 178
55. M.C. Battie, T. Videman, L.E. Gibbons, L.D. Fisher, H. Manninen, and K. Gill Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 20 1995 2601 2612
56. M.C. Battie, T. Videman, K. Gill, G.B. Moneta, R. Nyman, and J. Kaprio Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 16 1991 1015 1021
57. M.H. Pope, M. Magnusson, and D.G. Wilder Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1998 241 248
58. J.P. Thompson, R.H. Pearce, M.T. Schechter, M.E. Adams, I.K. Tsang, and P.B. Bishop Spine 15 1990 411 415
59. M.T. Modic, R.W. Hardy Jr., M.A. Weinstein, P.M. Duchesneau, D.M. Paushter, and F. Boumphrey Neurosurgery 15 1984 583 592
60. M.T. Modic, W. Pavlicek, M.A. Weinstein, F. Boumphrey, F. Ngo, and R. Hardy Radiology 152 1984 103 111
61. H.S. An, P.A. Anderson, V.M. Haughton, J.C. Iatridis, J.D. Kang, and J.C. Lotz Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29 2004 2677 2678
62. A.J. Freemont Rheumatology (Oxford) 48 2009 5 10
63. R.S. Lee, M.V. Kayser, and S.Y. Ali J. Anat. 208 2006 13 19
64. H. Lyons, E. Jones, F.E. Quinn, and D.H. Sprunt J. Lab. Clin. Med. 68 1966 930 939
65. J.A. Buckwalter, P.J. Roughley, and L.C. Rosenberg Microsc. Res. Tech. 28 1994 398 408
66. J.A. Buckwalter, S.L. Woo, V.M. Goldberg, E.C. Hadley, F. Booth, and T.R. Oegema J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 75 1993 1533 1548
67. M.A. Adams, and W.C. Hutton Spine 7 1982 184 191
68. W.H. Kirkaldy-Willis, J.H. Wedge, K. Yong-Hing, and J. Reilly Spine 3 1978 319 328
69. R.H. Pearce, B.J. Grimmer, and M.E. Adams J. Orthop. Res. 5 1987 198 205
70. J.P. Urban, and S. Roberts Arthritis Res. Ther. 5 2003 120 130
71. S.T. Yoon Spine J. 5 2005 280S 286S
72. J.D. Kang, H.I. Georgescu, L. McIntyre-Larkin, M. Stefanovic-Racic, W.F. Donaldson III, and C.H. Evans Spine 21 1996 271 277
73. J.D. Kang, H.I. Georgescu, L. McIntyre-Larkin, M. Stefanovic-Racic, and C.H. Evans Spine 20 1995 2373 2378
74. C.L. Le Maitre, A.J. Freemont, and J.A. Hoyland J. Pathol. 204 2004 47 54
75. S. Roberts, B. Caterson, J. Menage, E.H. Evans, D.C. Jaffray, and S.M. Eisenstein Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25 2000 3005 3013
76. K. Fujita, T. Nakagawa, K. Hirabayashi, and Y. Nagai Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 18 1993 1766 1773
77. J.D. Kang, M. Stefanovic-Racic, L.A. McIntyre, H.I. Georgescu, and C.H. Evans Spine 22 1997 1065 1073
78. R.M. Palmer, M.S. Hickery, I.G. Charles, S. Moncada, and M.T. Bayliss Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193 1993 398 405
79. J.F. Woessner Jr., and Z. Gunja-Smith J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 27 1991 99 101
80. J.J. Trout, J.A. Buckwalter, K.C. Moore, and S.K. Landas Tissue Cell 14 1982 359 369
81. D. Brickley-Parsons, and M.J. Glimcher Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 9 1984 148 163
82. C.M. Herbert, K.A. Lindberg, M.I. Jayson, and A.J. Bailey Ann. Rheum. Dis. 34 1975 467
83. V.M. Monnier, R.R. Kohn, and A. Cerami Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81 1984 583 587
84. D.K. Ruan, H. Xin, C. Zhang, C. Wang, C. Xu, and C. Li Tissue Eng. Part A 16 2010 2381 2389
85. J.C. Lotz Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29 2004 2742 2750
86. J.C. Iatridis, M. Weidenbaum, L.A. Setton, and V.C. Mow Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21 1996 1174 1184
87. H. Ohshima, J.P. Urban, and D.H. Bergel J. Orthop. Res. 13 1995 22 29
88. H.S. An, E.J. Thonar, and K. Masuda Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 2003 S86 S92
89. D. Chan, Y. Song, P. Sham, and K.M. Cheung Eur. Spine J. 15 Suppl. 3 2006 S317 S325
90. J.P. Urban, S. Smith, and J.C. Fairbank Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29 2004 2700 2709
91. J. Libera, T. Hoell, H.J. Holzhausen, T. Ganey, B.E. Gerber, and E.M. Tetzlaff Intervertebral Disc Regeneration 2009 Springer
92. G. Crevensten, A.J. Walsh, D. Ananthakrishnan, P. Page, G.M. Wahba, and J.C. Lotz Ann. Biomed. Eng. 32 2004 430 434
93. H.H. Bohlman, S.E. Emery, D.B. Goodfellow, and P.K. Jones J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 75 1993 1298 1307
94. S.J. Lipson, and H. Muir Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 6 1981 194 210
95. S.B. Tibrewal, M.J. Pearcy, I. Portek, and J. Spivey Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 10 1985 455 460
96. M.A. Rousseau, D.S. Bradford, R. Bertagnoli, S.S. Hu, and J.C. Lotz Spine J. 6 2006 258 266
97. C.K. Lee, and N.A. Langrana Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 9 1984 574 581
98. K. Goto, N. Tajima, E. Chosa, K. Totoribe, S. Kubo, and H. Kuroki J. Orthop. Sci. 8 2003 577 584
99. C.K. Lee Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 13 1988 375 377
100. R.B. Delamarter, D.M. Fribourg, L.E. Kanim, and H. Bae Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 2003 S167 S175
101. G.M. McCullen, and H.A. Yuan Curr. Opin. Orthop. 2003 138 143
102. C.D. Ray, and P.D.N. The Eur. Spine J. 11 Suppl. 2 2002 S137 S142
103. P.M. Klara, and C.D. Ray Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 27 2002 1374 1377
104. L.J. Nesti, W.J. Li, R.M. Shanti, Y.J. Jiang, W. Jackson, and B.A. Freedman Tissue Eng. Part A 14 2008 1527 1537
105. R.C. Huang, F.P. Girardi, F.P. Cammisa Jr., M.R. Lim, P. Tropiano, and T. Marnay Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30 2005 1407 1411
106. J. Zigler, R. Delamarter, J.M. Spivak, R.J. Linovitz, G.O. Danielson III, and T.T. Haider Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32 2007 1155 1162 discussion 63
107. P.C. McAfee, B. Cunningham, G. Holsapple, K. Adams, S. Blumenthal, and R.D. Guyer Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30 2005 1576 1583 discussion E388-90
108. J.E. Zigler Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 2003 S163 S166
109. S.L. Griffith, A.P. Shelokov, K. Buttner-Janz, J.P. LeMaire, and W.S. Zeegers Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 19 1994 1842 1849
110. R. Bertagnoli, J.J. Yue, A. Fenk-Mayer, J. Eerulkar, and J.W. Emerson J. Neurosurg. Spine 4 2006 91 97
111. C.J. Siepe, H.M. Mayer, K. Wiechert, and A. Korge Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31 2006 1923 1932
112. K. Buettner- Janz, H.J. Helisch, K. Schellnack, Intervertebral disc endoprosthesis. US, 1988.
113. T. Marnay, Prosthesis for intervertebral discs and instruments for implanting it. US, 1994.
114. R.M. Salib, K.A. Pettine, Intervertebral disc arthroplasty. US, 1993.
115. www.depuy.com. DePuy Spine, Inc., Raynham, MA, 2011.
116. www.synthes.com Synthes, Inc. Paoli, PA 2011
117. G. Denoziere, and D.N. Ku J. Biomech. 39 2006 766 775
118. F.H. Geisler, S.L. Blumenthal, R.D. Guyer, P.C. McAfee, J.J. Regan, and J.P. Johnson J. Neurosurg. Spine 1 2004 143 154
119. B.W. Cunningham Spine J. 4 2004 219S 230S
120. E.R. Ross Spine J. 9 2009 773 775
121. A. van Ooij, F.C. Oner, and A.J. Verbout J. Spinal Disord. Tech. 16 2003 369 383
122. J.J. Rawlinson, K.P. Punga, K.L. Gunsallus, D.L. Bartel, and T.M. Wright J. Neurosurg. Spine 7 2007 165 173
123. K.J. Daly, E.R. Ross, H. Norris, and C.N. McCollum Eur. Spine J. 15 Suppl. 5 2006 644 649
124. A. Gloria, F. Causa, R. De Santis, P.A. Netti, and L. Ambrosio J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 18 2007 2159 2165
125. D. Sakai, J. Mochida, T. Iwashina, A. Hiyama, H. Omi, and M. Imai Biomaterials 27 2006 335 345
126. F. Heuer, S. Ulrich, L. Claes, and H.J. Wilke J. Neurosurg. Spine 9 2008 307 313
127. C. Neidlinger-Wilke, K. Wurtz, A. Liedert, C. Schmidt, W. Borm, and A. Ignatius J. Neurosurg. Spine 2 2005 457 465
128. V.Y. Leung, D. Chan, and K.M. Cheung Eur. Spine J. 15 Suppl. 3 2006 S406 S413
129. A.I. Caplan J. Orthop. Res. 9 1991 641 650
130. R.J. Deans, and A.B. Moseley Exp. Hematol. 28 2000 875 884
131. M.E. Rendal-Vazquez, E. Maneiro-Pampin, M. Rodriguez-Cabarcos, and O. Fernandez-Mallo Cryobiology 42 2001 2 10
132. H.J. Meisel, T. Ganey, W.C. Hutton, J. Libera, Y. Minkus, and O. Alasevic Eur. Spine J. 15 Suppl. 3 2006 S397 S405
133. H. Bertram, M. Kroeber, H. Wang, F. Unglaub, T. Guehring, and C. Carstens Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 331 2005 1185 1192
134. E.B. Hunziker Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10 2002 432 463
135. K. Masuda, T.R. Oegema Jr., and H.S. An Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29 2004 2757 2769
136. R. Osada, H. Ohshima, H. Ishihara, K. Yudoh, K. Sakai, and H. Matsui J. Orthop. Res. 14 1996 690 699
137. H.E. Gruber, H.J. Norton, and E.N. Hanley Jr. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25 2000 2153 2157
138. P.A. Guerne, A. Sublet, and M. Lotz J. Cell. Physiol. 158 1994 476 484
139. M. Alini, W. Li, P. Markovic, M. Aebi, R.C. Spiro, and P.J. Roughley Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 2003 446 454 discussion 53
140. J.P. Thompson, T.R. Oegema Jr., and D.S. Bradford Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 16 1991 253 260
141. S.T. Pattison, J. Melrose, P. Ghosh, and T.K. Taylor Cell Biol. Int. 25 2001 679 689
142. P. Chen, S. Vukicevic, T.K. Sampath, and F.P. Luyten Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197 1993 1253 1259
143. K. Masuda, K. Takegami, H. An, F. Kumano, K. Chiba, and G.B. Andersson J. Orthop. Res. 21 2003 922 930
144. Y. Zhang, H.S. An, S. Song, M. Toofanfard, K. Masuda, and G.B. Andersson Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83 2004 515 521
145. H.S. An, K. Takegami, H. Kamada, C.M. Nguyen, E.J. Thonar, and K. Singh Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30 2005 25 31 discussion - 2
146. K. Masuda, Y. Imai, M. Okuma, C. Muehleman, K. Nakagawa, and K. Akeda Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31 2006 742 754
147. J. Liu, P.J. Roughley, and J.S. Mort J. Orthop. Res. 9 1991 568 575
148. T. Igarashi, S. Kikuchi, V. Shubayev, and R.R. Myers Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25 2000 2975 2980
149. C.L. Le Maitre, A.J. Freemont, and J.A. Hoyland Arthritis Res. Ther. 7 2005 R732 R745
150. K. Takegami, E.J. Thonar, H.S. An, H. Kamada, and K. Masuda Spine 27 2002 1318 1325
151. J. Tolonen, M. Gronblad, J. Virri, S. Seitsalo, T. Rytomaa, and E. Karaharju Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 20 1995 271 276
152. A.J. Walsh, D.S. Bradford, and J.C. Lotz Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29 2004 156 163
153. S.J. Lee Yonsei Med. J. 41 2000 704 719
154. M. Nagae, T. Ikeda, Y. Mikami, H. Hase, H. Ozawa, and K. Matsuda Tissue Eng. 13 2007 147 158
155. B.L. Eppley, J.E. Woodell, and J. Higgins Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 114 2004 1502 1508
156. D.O. Halloran, S. Grad, M. Stoddart, P. Dockery, M. Alini, and A.S. Pandit Biomaterials 29 2008 438 447
157. FDA Briefing.
158. H.J. Wilke, F. Heuer, C. Neidlinger-Wilke, and L. Claes Eur. Spine J. 15 Suppl. 3 2006 S433 S438
159. M. Ochi, Y. Uchio, M. Tobita, and M. Kuriwaka Artif. Organs 25 2001 172 179
160. M. Sato, T. Asazuma, M. Ishihara, T. Kikuchi, M. Kikuchi, and K. Fujikawa Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 2003 548 553
161. A. Abbushi, M. Endres, M. Cabraja, S.N. Kroppenstedt, U.W. Thomale, and M. Sittinger Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33 2008 1527 1532
162. A.A. Hegewald, A. Enz, M. Endres, M. Sittinger, C. Woiciechowsky, and C. Thome J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 5 4 2011 275 282
163. P.A. Revell, E. Damien, L. Di Silvio, N. Gurav, C. Longinotti, and L. Ambrosio J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 18 2007 303 308
164. F. Mwale, M. Iordanova, C.N. Demers, T. Steffen, P. Roughley, and J. Antoniou Tissue Eng. 11 2005 130 140
165. Y. Qiu, N. Zhang, Q. Kang, Y. An, and X. Wen J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 89 2009 772 779
166. J.K. Suh, and H.W. Matthew Biomaterials 21 2000 2589 2598
167. J.D. Bumgardner, R. Wiser, P.D. Gerard, P. Bergin, B. Chestnutt, and M. Marin J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 14 2003 423 438
168. D.L. Nettles, S.H. Elder, and J.A. Gilbert Tissue Eng. 8 2002 1009 1016
169. K.J. Saldanha, S.L. Piper, K.M. Ainslie, H.T. Kim, and S. Majumdar Eur. Cell. Mater. 16 2008 17 25
170. J. Thomas, K. Gomes, A. Lowman, and M. Marcolongo J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 69 2004 135 140
171. Y. Liu, K. Webb, K.R. Kirker, N.J. Bernshaw, P.A. Tresco, and S.D. Gray Tissue Eng. 10 2004 1084 1092
172. F. Guilak, R. Sah, and L.A. Setton V.C. Mow, W.C. Hayes, Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics 1997 Lippincott-Raven Publishers Philadelphia 179 207
173. S.H. Kim, S.J. Yoon, B. Choi, H.J. Ha, J.M. Rhee, and M.S. Kim J.P. Fisher, Tissue Engineering, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2007 Springer 167 181
174. S.J. Lee, G. Khang, Y.M. Lee, and H.B. Lee J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 13 2002 197 212
175. R.Q. Brown, A. Mount, and K.J. Burg J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 74 2005 32 39
176. J.P. Hodde, R.D. Record, H.A. Liang, and S.F. Badylak Endothelium 8 2001 11 24
177. S.L. Voytik-Harbin, A.O. Brightman, M.R. Kraine, B. Waisner, and S.F. Badylak J. Cell. Biochem. 67 1997 478 491
178. C. Le Visage, S.H. Yang, L. Kadakia, A.N. Sieber, J.P. Kostuik, and K.W. Leong Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31 2006 2423 2430 discussion 31
179. R.D. Record, D. Hillegonds, C. Simmons, R. Tullius, F.A. Rickey, and D. Elmore Biomaterials 22 2001 2653 2659
180. S. Badylak, A. Liang, R. Record, R. Tullius, and J. Hodde Biomaterials 20 1999 2257 2263
181. W. Helen, C.L. Merry, J.J. Blaker, and J.E. Gough Biomaterials 28 2007 2010 2020
182. Y. Wan, G. Feng, F.H. Shen, C.T. Laurencin, and X. Li Biomaterials 29 2008 643 652
183. N.L. Nerurkar, D.M. Elliott, and R.L. Mauck J. Orthop. Res. 25 2007 1018 1028
184. M. Takahata, Y. Kotani, K. Abumi, Y. Shikinami, T. Kadosawa, and K. Kaneda Spine 28 2003 637 644 discussion 44
185. Y. Kotani, K. Abumi, Y. Shikinami, T. Takada, K. Kadoya, and N. Shimamoto Spine 27 2002 929 935 discussion 35-6
186. J.L. Husson, A. Korge, J.L. Polard, T. Nydegger, S. Kneubuhler, and H.M. Mayer J. Spinal Disord. Tech. 16 2003 405 411
187. H. Mizuno, A.K. Roy, V. Zaporojan, C.A. Vacanti, M. Ueda, and L.J. Bonassar Biomaterials 27 2006 362 370
188. H. Mizuno, A.K. Roy, C.A. Vacanti, K. Kojima, M. Ueda, and L.J. Bonassar Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29 2004 1290 1297 discussion 7-8
189. M. Endres, A. Abbushi, U.W. Thomale, M. Cabraja, S.N. Kroppenstedt, and L. Morawietz Biomaterials 31 2010 5836 5841
190. B. Vernon, N. Tirelli, T. Bachi, D. Haldimann, and J.A. Hubbell J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 64 2003 447 456
191. K. Masuda, and J.C. Lotz Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 16 2010 147 158
192. J.C. Lotz, O.K. Colliou, J.R. Chin, N.A. Duncan, and E. Liebenberg Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 23 1998 2493 2506
193. W.C. Hutton, Y. Toribatake, W.A. Elmer, T.M. Ganey, K. Tomita, and T.E. Whitesides Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 23 1998 2524 2537
194. R.L. Sah, and A. Ratcliffe Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 16 2010 1 3
195. R.J. Hoogendoorn, M.N. Helder, R.J. Kroeze, R.A. Bank, T.H. Smit, and P.I. Wuisman Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33 2008 949 954
196. H.B. Henriksson, T. Svanvik, M. Jonsson, M. Hagman, M. Horn, and A. Lindahl Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34 2009 141 148
197. A.A. White III Spine 14 1989 1040 1045
198. N. Rand, S. Juliao, D. Spengler, Static Hydrostatic Loading Induces Apoptosis in Human Intervertebral Disc Cells. Orthopaedic Research Society. Orlando, FL, 2000.
199. M.D. Humzah, and R.W. Soames Anat. Rec. 220 1988 337 356
200. J.R. Meakin J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 12 2001 207 213
201. L. Gilbertson, S.H. Ahn, P.N. Teng, R.K. Studer, C. Niyibizi, and J.D. Kang Spine J. 8 2008 449 456
202. M. Sittinger, D.W. Hutmacher, and M.V. Risbud Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15 2004 411 418