Dynamics and evolution of the deep mantle resulting from thermal, chemical, phase and melting effects

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 110, Issue 1-4, 2012, Pages 1-25

  Tackley, Paul J ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Core mantle boundary; D ; Mantle convection; Post perovskite; Ultra low velocity zone

Indexed keywords

CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY; LOW VELOCITY ZONE; MANTLE CONVECTION; MANTLE PLUME; MODELING; PEROVSKITE; PLATE TECTONICS; SEISMIC DATA; TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR; TRACE ELEMENT;

EID: 84855251475     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (351)

1. Abe Y. Thermal and chemical evolution of the terrestrial magma ocean. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1997, 100:27-39.
2. Agee C.B. Crystal-liquid density inversions in terrestrial and lunar magmas. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1998, 107:63-74.
3. 3 perovskite and negative pressure-temperature slopes for perovskite-forming reactions. Geophysical Research Letters 1993, 20:1839-1842.
4. Akber-Knutson S., Steinle-Neumann G., Asimow P.D. Effect of Al on the sharpness of the MgSiO3 perovskite to post-perovskite phase transition. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L14303. doi:14310.11029/12005gl023192.
5. Akins J.A., Luo S.-N., Asimow P.D., Ahrens T.J. Shock-induced melting of MgSiO3 perovskite and implications for melts in Earth's lowermost mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 2004, 31:L14612. doi:14610.11029/12004gl020237.
6. Amit H., Choblet G. Mantle-driven geodynamo features - effects of post-Perovskite phase transition. Earth and Planetary Space 2010, 61:1255-1268.
7. Ammann M.W., Brodholt J.P., Dobson D.P. DFT study of migration enthalpies in MgSiO3 perovskite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 2009, 36:151-158. 10.1007/s00269-00008-00265-z.
8. Ammann M.W., Brodholt J.P., Wookey J., Dobson D.P. First-principles constraints on diffusion in lower-mantle minerals and a weak D″ layer. Nature 2010, 465:462-465.
9. Ammann M.W., Brodholt J.P., Dobson D.P. Ferrous iron diffusion in ferro-periclase across the spin transition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 302:393-402.
10. Anderson D.L. A seismic equation of state.2. Shear properties and thermodynamics of the lower mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1987, 45:307-323.
11. Anderson O.L., Oda H., Isaak D. A model for the computation of thermal expansivity at high compression and high temperatures - MgO as an example. Geophysical Research Letters 1992, 19:1987-1990.
12. Andrault D., Bolfan-Casanova N., Nigro G.L., Bouhifd M.A., Garbarino G., Mezouar M. Solidus and liquidus profiles of chondritic mantle: implication for melting of the Earth across its history. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 304:251-259.
13. Antolik M., Gu Y.J., Ekstrom G., Dziewonski A.M. J362D28: a new joint model of compressional and shear velocity in the Earth's mantle. Geophysical Journal International 2003, 153:443-466.
14. Asanuma H., Ohtani E., Sakai T., Terasaki H., Kamada S., Kondo T., Kikegawa T. Melting of iron-silicon alloy up to the core-mantle boundary pressure: implications to the thermal structure of the Earth's core. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 2010, 37:353-359. (359).
15. Aubert J., Amit H., Hulot G., Olson P. Thermochemical flows couple the Earth's inner core growth to mantle heterogeneity. Nature 2008, 454:758-761.
16. Avants M., Lay T., Russell S.A., Garnero E.J. Shear velocity variation within the D″ region beneath the central Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111:B05305. doi:05310.01029/02004JB003270.
17. Badro J., Fiquet G., Guyot F., Rueff J.-P., Struzhkin V.V., Vanko G., Monaco G. Iron partitioning in Earth's mantle: toward a deep lower mantle discontinuity. Science 2003, 300:789-791.
18. Badro J., Rueff J.P., Vanko G., Monaco G., Fiquet G., Guyot F. Electronic transitions in perovskite: possible nonconvecting layers in the lower mantle. Science 2004, 305:383-386.
19. Balachandar S., Yuen D.A., Reuteler D. Time-dependent 3-dimensional compressible convection with depth-dependent properties. Geophysical Research Letters 1992, 19:2247-2250.
20. Becker T.W., Boschi L. A comparison of tomographic and geodynamic mantle models. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2002, 3. (Paper number 2001GC000168).
21. Becker T.W., Kellogg J.B., O'Connell R.J. Thermal constraints on the survival of primitive blobs in the lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 171:351-365.
22. Bercovici D., Schubert G., Glatzmaier G.A. Influence of heating mode on 3-dimensional mantle convection. Geophysical Research Letters 1989, 16:617-620.
23. Boehler R. High-pressure experiments and the phase diagram of lower mantle and core materials. Reviews of Geophysics 2000, 38:221-245.
24. Bower D.J., Wicks J.K., Gurnis M., Jackson J.M. A geodynamic and mineral physics model of a solid-state ultralow-velocity zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 303:193-202.
25. 142Nd evidence for early (>4.53Ga) global differentiation of the silicate Earth. Science 2005, 309:576-581.
26. Brandenburg J.P., van Keken P.E. Deep storage of oceanic crust in a vigorously convecting mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112. 10.1029/2006JB004813.
27. Brandenburg J.P., Hauri E.H., van Keken P.E., Ballentine C.J. A multiple-system study of the geochemical evolution of the mantle with force-balanced plates and thermochemical effects. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 276:1-13.
28. Brown J.M., Shankland T.J. Thermodynamic parameters in the Earth as determined from seismic profiles. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1981, 66:579-596.
29. Buffett B.A. Estimates of heat flow in the deep mantle based on the power requirements for the geodynamo. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 29. 10.1029/2001GL014649.
30. Buffett B.A. A bound on heat flow below a double crossing of the perovskite-postperovskite phase transition. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34. 10.1029/2007GL030930.
31. Buffett B.A., Garnero E.J., Jeanloz R. Sediments at the top of Earth's core. Science 2000, 290:1338-1342.
32. Bull A.L., McNamara A.K., Ritsema J. Synthetic tomography of plume clusters and thermochemical piles. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 278:152-162.
33. Bunge H.-P. Low plume excess temperature and high core heat flux inferred from non-adiabatic geotherms in internally heated mantle circulation models. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2005, 153:3-10.
34. Bunge H.P., Richards M.A., Baumgardner J.R. Effect of depth-dependent viscosity on the planform of mantle convection. Nature 1996, 379:436-438.
35. Burke K., Torsvik T.H. Derivation of Large Igneous Provinces of the past 200 million years from long-term heterogeneities in the deep mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 227:531-538.
36. Burke K., Steinberger B., Torsvik T.H., Smethurst M.A. Plume generation zones at the margins of Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces on the core-mantle boundary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 265:49-60.
37. Butler S.L., Peltier W.R., Costin S.O. Numerical models of the Earth's thermal history: effects of inner-core solidification and core potassium. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2005, 152:22-42.
38. Cadek O., Fleitout L. Effect of lateral viscosity variations in the core-mantle boundary region on predictions of the long-wavelength geoid. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 2006, 50:217-232.
39. Campbell I.H., Griffiths R.W. Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1990, 99:79-93.
40. 3 system and implications for the lowermost mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L16310. doi:16310.11029/12005gl023164.
41. Caro G. Early silicate Earth differentiation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2011, 39:31-58.
42. 3 minerals. Nature 2007, 446:68-70.
43. Catalli K., Shim S.-H., Prakapenka V. Thickness and Clapeyron slope of the post-perovskite boundary. Nature 2009, 462:782-786.
44. Chopelas A., Boehler R. Thermal expansivity in the lower mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 1992, 19:1983-1986.
45. Christensen U. Instability of a hot boundary layer and initiation of thermo-chemical plumes. Annals of Geophysics 1984, 2:311-319.
46. Christensen U.R. Models of mantle convection - one or several layers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1989, 328:417-424.
47. Christensen U.R., Hofmann A.W. Segregation of subducted oceanic crust in the convecting mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99:19867-19884.
48. Christensen U.R., Yuen D.A. Layered convection induced by phase transitions. Journal of Geophysical Research 1985, 90:10291-10300.
49. Cizkova H., Cadek O., Matyska C., Yuen D.A. Implications of post-perovskite transport properties for core-mantle dynamics. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2010, 180:235-243.
50. Cobden L., Goes S., Ravenna M., Styles E., Cammarano F., Gallagher K., Connolly J.A.D. Thermochemical interpretation of 1-D seismic data for the lower mantle: the significance of nonadiabatic thermal gradients and compositional heterogeneity. Journal of Geophysical Research 2009, 114:B11309. doi:11310.11029/12008jb006262.
51. Coltice N., Ferrachat S., Ricard Y. Box modeling the chemical evolution of geophysical systems: case study of the Earth's mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 2000, 27:1579-1582.
52. Coltice N., Marty B., Yokochi R. Xenon isotope constraints on the thermal evolution of the early Earth. Chemical Geology 2009, 266:4-9.
53. Corgne A., Liebske C., Wood B.J., Rubie D.C., Frost D.J. Silicate perovskite-melt partitioning of trace elements and geochemical signature of a deep perovskitic reservoir. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2005, 69:485-496.
54. Costin S.O., Butler S.L. Modelling the effects of internal heating in the core and lowermost mantle on the Earth's magnetic history. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2006, 157:55-71.
55. Cserepes L. Effect of depth-dependent viscosity on the pattern of mantle convection. Geophysical Research Letters 1993, 20:2091-2094.
56. Davaille A. Simultaneous generation of hotspots and superswells by convection in a heterogeneous planetary mantle. Nature 1999, 402:756-760.
57. Davaille A. Two-layer thermal convection in miscible viscous fluids. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1999, 379:223-253.
58. Davaille A., Girard F., Le B.M. How to anchor hotspots in a convecting mantle?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 203:621-634.
59. Davies G.F. Thermal histories of convective Earth models and constraints on radiogenic heat production in the Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research 1980, 85:2517-2530.
60. Davies G.F. Geophysical and isotopic constraints on mantle convection - an interim synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research 1984, 89:6017-6040.
61. Davies G.F. Ocean bathymetry and mantle convection.1. Large-scale flow and hotspots. Journal of Geophysical Research 1988, 93:10467-10480.
62. Davies G.F. Stirring geochemistry in mantle convection models with stiff plates and slabs. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2002, 66:3125-3142.
63. Davies G.F. Episodic layering of the early mantle by the 'basalt barrier' mechanism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 275:382-392.
64. de Koker N. Thermal conductivity of MgO at high pressure: implications for the D″ region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 292:392-398.
65. Della Morra S., Boschi L., Tackley P.J., Nakagawa T., Giardini D. Low seismic resolution cannot explain S/P decorrelation in the lower mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 2011, 38:L12303. doi:12310.11029/12011GL047559.
66. Deschamps F., Tackley P.J. Searching for models of thermo-chemical convection that explain probabilistic tomography I. Principles and influence of rheological parameters. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2008, 171:357-373.
67. Deschamps F., Tackley P.J. Searching for models of thermo-chemical convection that explain probabilistic tomography II - influence of physical and compositional parameters. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2009, 176:1-18.
68. Deschamps F., Trampert J., Tackley P.J. Thermo-chemical structure of the lower mantle: seismological evidence and consequences for geodynamics. Superplume: Beyond Plate Tectonics 2007, 293-320. Springer. D.A. Yuen, S. Maruyama, S.I. Karato, B.F. Windley (Eds.).
69. Ding X., Helmberger D.V. Modelling D″ structure beneath Central America with broadband seismic data. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1997, 101:245-270.
70. Dobson D.P., Brodholt J.P. Subducted banded iron formations as a source of ultralow-velocity zones at the core-mantle boundary. Nature 2005, 434:371-374.
71. du Vignaux N.M., Fleitout L. Stretching and mixing of viscous blobs in Earth's mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 2001, 106:30893-30908.
72. Dubrovinsky L., Lin J.-F. Mineral physics quest to the Earth's core. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 2009, 90:21-22.
73. 3 as a source of heteroeneity at the Earth's core-mantle boundary. Nature 2001, 412:527-529.
74. Dubrovinsky L., Dubrovinskaia N., Langenhorst F., Dobson D., Rubie D., Gessmann C., Abrikosov I.A., Johansson B., Baykov V.I., Vitos L., Le B.T., Crichton W.A., Dmitriev V., Weber H.P. Iron-silica interaction at extreme conditions and the electrically conducting layer at the base of Earth's mantle. Nature 2003, 421:58-61.
75. Dziewonski A.M., Anderson D.L. Preliminary reference Earth model. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1981, 25:297-356.
76. Dziewonski A.M., Lekic V., Romanowicz B.A. Mantle anchor structure: an argument for bottom up tectonics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 299:69-79.
77. Farnetani C.G. Excess temperature of mantle plumes - the role of chemical stratification across D″. Geophysical Research Letters 1997, 24:1583-1586.
78. Farnetani C.G., Samuel H. Beyond the thermal plume paradigm. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32. 10.1029/2005GL022360.
79. Fiquet G., Auzende A.L., Siebert J., Corgne A., Bureau H., Ozawa H., Garbarino G. Melting of peridotite to 140 gigapascals. Science 2010, 329:1516-1518.
80. Fukao Y. Seismic tomogram of the Earth's mantle - geodynamic implications. Science 1992, 258:625-630.
81. Gaherty J.B., Lay T. Investigation of laterally heterogeneous shear velocity structure in D″ beneath Eurasia. Journal of Geophysical Research 1992, 97:417-435.
82. Garnero E.J. A new paradigm for Earth's core-mantle boundary. Science 2004, 304. 10.1126/science.1097849.
83. Garnero E.J., Helmberger D.V. A very slow basal layer underlying large-scale low-velocity anomalies in the lower mantle beneath the Pacific - evidence from core phases. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1995, 91:161-176.
84. Garnero E.J., Helmberger D.V. Seismic detection of a thin laterally varying boundary layer at the base of the mantle beneath the central Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23:977-980.
85. Garnero E.J., McNamara A.K. Structure and dynamics of Earth's lower mantle. Science 2008, 320:626-628.
86. Ghias S.R., Jarvis G.T. Mantle convection models with temperature- and depth-dependent thermal expansivity. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:B08408.
87. Glatzmaier G.A., Schubert G., Bercovici D. Chaotic, subduction-like downflows in a spherical model of convection in the Earth's mantle. Nature 1990, 347:274-277.
88. Goncharov A.F., Beck P., Struzhkin V.V., Haugen B.D., Jacobsen S.D. Thermal conductivity of lower-mantle minerals. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2009, 174:24-32.
89. Goncharov A.F., Struzhkin V.V., Montoya J.A., Kharlamova S., Kundargi R., Siebert J., Badro J., Antonangeli D., Ryerson F.J., Mao W. Effect of composition, structure, and spin state on the thermal conductivity of the Earth's lower mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2010, 180:148-153.
90. Gonnermann H.M., Manga M., Jellinek A.M. Dynamics and longevity of an initially stratified mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 29:1399. doi:1310.1029/2002GL014851.
91. Grand S.P. Mantle shear-wave tomography and the fate of subducted slabs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 2002, 360:2475-2491.
92. Grigne C., Labrosse S., Tackley P.J. Convection under a lid of finite conductivity in wide aspect ratio models: effect of continents on the wavelength of mantle flow. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112. 10.1029/2006JB004297.
93. Gubbins D. Interpreting the paleomagnetic field. The core-mantle boundary region. American Geophysical Union 1998, 167-182. M. Gurnis, M.E. Wysession, E. Knittle, B.A. Buffett (Eds.).
94. Gubbins D., Alfe D., Masters G., Price G.D., Gillan M. Gross thermodynamics of two-component core convection. Geophysical Journal International 2004, 157:1407-1414.
95. Guignot N., Andrault D. Equations of state of Na-K-Al host phases and implications for MORB density in the lower mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2004, 143-144:107-128.
96. Gurnis M. Large-scale mantle convection and the aggregation and dispersal of supercontinents. Nature 1988, 332:695-699.
97. Gurnis M., Davies G.F. The effect of depth-dependent viscosity on convective mixing in the mantle and the possible survival of primitive mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 1986, 13:541-544.
98. Hansen U., Yuen D.A. Numerical simulations of thermal-chemical instabilities at the core mantle boundary. Nature 1988, 334:237-240.
99. Hansen U., Yuen D.A. Dynamical influences from thermal-chemical instabilities at the core-mantle boundary. Geophysical Research Letters 1989, 16:629-632.
100. Hansen U., Yuen D.A. Effects of depth-dependent thermal expansivity on the interaction of thermal-chemical plumes with a compositional boundary. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1994, 86:205-221.
101. Hansen U., Yuen D.A., Kroening S.E. Effects of depth-dependent thermal expansivity on mantle circulations and lateral thermal anomalies. Geophysical Research Letters 1991, 18:1261-1264.
102. Hansen U., Yuen D.A., Kroening S.E., Larsen T.B. Dynamic consequences of depth-dependent thermal expansivity and viscosity on mantle circulations and thermal structure. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1993, 77:205-223.
103. He Y., Wen L. Structural features and shear-velocity structure of the "Pacific Anomaly". Journal of Geophysical Research 2009, 114:B02309.
104. Hernlund J.W. On the interaction of the geotherm with a post-perovskite phase transition in the deep mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2010, 180:222-234.
105. Hernlund J.W., Houser C. On the statistical distribution of seismic velocities in Earth's deep mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 265:423-437.
106. Hernlund J.W., Jellinek A.M. Dynamics and structure of a stirred partially molten ultralow-velocity zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 296:1-8.
107. Hernlund J.W., Labrosse S. Geophysically consistent values of the perovskite to postperovskite transition Clapeyron slope. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34. 10.1029/2006GL028961.
108. Hernlund J.W., Tackley P.J. Some dynamical consequences of partial melting in Earth's deep mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2007, 162:149-163.
109. Hernlund J.W., Thomas C., Tackley P.J. A doubling of the post-perovskite phase boundary and structure of the Earth's lowermost mantle. Nature 2005, 434:882-886.
110. Herzberg C., Asimow P.D., Arndt N., Niu Y., Lesher C.M., Fitton J.G., Cheadle M.J., Saunders A.D. Temperatures in ambient mantle and plumes: constraints from basalts, picrites, and komatiites. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2007, 8:Q02006. doi:02010.01029/02006gc001390.
111. Hirose K. Discovery of post-perovskite phase transition and the nature of D″ layer. Post-Perovskite: The Last Mantle Phase Transition, Geophysical Monograph Series 174 2007, 19-35. American Geophysical Union. K. Hirose, J. Brodholt, T. Lay, D.A. Yuen (Eds.).
112. Hirose K., Takafuji N., Sata N., Ohishi Y. Phase transition and density of subducted MORB crust in the lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 237:239-251.
113. Hofmann A.W. Mantle geochemistry: the message from oceanic volcanism. Nature 1997, 385:219-229.
114. Hofmeister A.M. Mantle values of thermal conductivity and the geotherm from phonon lifetimes. Science 1999, 283:1699-1706.
115. Hofmeister A.M. Inference of high thermal transport in the lower mantle from laser-flash experiments and the damped harmonic oscillator model. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2008, 170. 10.1029/j.pepi.2008.1006.1034.
116. Honda S., Yoshida M., Ootorii S., Iwase Y. The timescales of plume generation caused by continental aggregation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2000, 176:31-43.
117. Houseman G. The dependence of convection planform on mode of heating. Nature 1988, 332:346-349.
118. Huang J., Davies G.F. Stirring in three-dimensional mantle convection models and implications for geochemistry: 2. Heavy tracers. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2007, 8:Q07004. doi:07010.01029/02007GC001621.
119. Hunt S.A., Weidner D.J., Li L., Wang L., Walte N.P., Brodholt J.P., Dobson D.P. Weakening of calcium iridate during its transformation from perovskite to post-perovskite. Nature Geoscience 2009, 2:794-797.
120. Hustoft J., Catalli K., Shim S.-H., Kubo A., Prakapenka V.B., Kunz M. Equation of state of NaMgF3 postperovskite: implication for the seismic velocity changes in the D″ region. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35:L10309. doi:10310.11029/12008gl034042.
121. Hutko A.R., Lay T., Revenaugh J., Garnero E.J. Anticorrelated seismic velocity anomalies from post-perovskite in the lowermost mantle. Science 2008, 320:1070-1074.
122. Ishii M., Tromp J. Normal-mode and free-air gravity constraints on lateral variations in velocity and density of Earth's mantle. Science 1999, 285:1231-1235.
123. 4 and some geophysical implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 1989, 94:10637-10646.
124. Jellinek A.M., Manga M. The influence of a chemical boundary layer on the fixity and lifetime of mantle plumes. Nature 2002, 418:760-763.
125. Kanda R.V.S., Stevenson D.J. Suction mechanism for iron entrainment into the lower mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33. 10.1029/2005GL025009.
126. Karato S.-i. The influence of anisotropic diffusion on the high-temperature creep of a polycrystalline aggregate. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2010, 183:468-472.
127. Karato S., Karki B.B. Origin of lateral variation of seismic wave velocities and density in the deep mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:21771-21783.
128. Karato S., Riedel M.R., Yuen D.A. Rheological structure and deformation of subducted slabs in the mantle transition zone: implications for mantle circulation and deep earthquakes. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2001, 127:83-108.
129. 3 perovskite determined by in situ X-ray diffraction using a large-volume high-pressure apparatus. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36. 10.1029/2008GL035658.
130. Katsura T., Yoneda A., Yamazaki D., Yoshino T., Ito E. Adiabatic temperature profile in the mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2010, 183:212-218.
131. Kawai K., Geller R.J. Waveform inversion for localized seismic structure and an application to D″ structure beneath the Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115. 10.1029/2009JB006503.
132. Kawai K., Tsuchiya T. Temperature profile in the lowermost mantle from seismological and mineral physics joint modeling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106:22119-22123.
133. Kawai K., Geller R.J., Fuji N. D″ beneath the Arctic from inversion of shear waveforms. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34. 10.1029/2007GL031517.
134. Kawai K., Takeuchi N., Geller R.J., Fuji N. Possible evidence for a double crossing phase transition in D″ beneath central America from inversion of seismic waveforms. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34. 10.1029/2007GL029642.
135. Kawai K., Sekine S., Fuji N., Geller R.J. Waveform inversion for D″ structure beneath northern Asia using Hi-net tiltmeter data. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36. 10.1029/2009GL039651.
136. Ke Y., Solomatov V.S. Plume formation in strongly temperature-dependent viscosity fluids over a very hot surface. The Physics of Fluids 2004, 16:1059-1063.
137. Kellogg L.H., Turcotte D.L. Homogenization of the mantle by convective mixing and diffusion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1986, 81:371-378.
138. Kellogg L.H., Hager B.H., van der Hilst R.D. Compositional stratification in the deep mantle. Science 1999, 283:1881-1884.
139. Kennett B.L.N., Gorbatov A. Seismic heterogeneity in the mantle - strong shear wave signature of slabs from joint tomography. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2004, 146:87-100.
140. Kesson S.E., Gerald J.D.F., Shelley J.M. Mineralogy and dynamics of a pyrolite lower mantle. Nature 1998, 393:252-255.
141. Khan A., Connolly J.A.D., Taylor S.R. Inversion of seismic and geodetic data for the major element chemistry and temperature of the Earth's mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:B09308. doi:09310.01029/02007jb005239.
142. King S.D. Radial models of mantle viscosity - results from a genetic algorithm. Geophysical Journal International 1995, 122:725-734.
143. Knittle E., Jeanloz R. Earths core-mantle boundary - results of experiments at high-pressures and temperatures. Science 1991, 251:1438-1443.
144. Komabayashi T., Maruyama S., Rino S. A speculation on the structure of the D″ layer: the growth of anti-crust at the core-mantle boundary through the subduction history of the Earth. Gondwana Research 2009, 15:342-353.
145. Kombayashi T., Hirose K., Sugimura E., Sata N., Dubrovinsky L.S. Simultaneous volume measurements of post-peroskite and perovskite and their thermal equations of state. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 265:515-524.
146. Konishi K., Kawai K., Geller R.J., Fuji N. MORB in the lowermost mantle beneath the western Pacific: evidence from waveform inversion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 278:219-225.
147. Korenaga J. Firm mantle plumes and the nature of the core-mantle boundary region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 232:29-37.
148. Kyvalova H., Cadek O., Yuen D.A. Correlation analysis between subduction in the last 180 Myr and lateral seismic structure of the lower mantle: geodynamical implications. Geophysical Research Letters 1995, 22:1281-1284.
149. Labrosse S. Hotspots, mantle plumes and core heat loss. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 199:147-156.
150. Labrosse S., Hernlund J.W., Coltice N. A crystallising dense magma ocean at the base of Earth's mantle. Nature 2007, 450:866-869.
151. Lassak T.M., McNamara A.K., Zhong S. Influence of thermochemical piles on topography at Earth's core-mantle boundary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 261:443-455.
152. Lassak T.M., McNamara A.K., Garnero E.J., Zhong S. Core-mantle boundary topography as a possible constraint on lower mantle chemistry and dynamics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 289:232-241.
153. Lay T., Garnero E.J. Reconciling the post-perovskite phase with seismological observations of lowermost mantle structure. Post-Perovskite: The Last Mantle Phase Transition, Geophysical Monograph Series 174 2007, 129-153. American Geophysical Union. K. Hirose, J. Brodholt, T. Lay, D.A. Yuen (Eds.).
154. Lay T., Garnero E.J. Deep mantle seismic modeling and imaging. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2011, 39:91-123.
155. Lay T., Helmberger D.V. A shear velocity discontinuity in the lower mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 1983, 10:63-66.
156. Lay T., Hernlund J., Garnero E.J., Thorne M.S. A post-perovskite lens and D″ heat flux beneath the central Pacific. Science 2006, 314:1272-1276.
157. Lay T., Hernlund J., Buffett B.A. Core-mantle boundary heat flow. Nature Geoscience 2008, 1:25-32.
158. Le Bars M., Davaille A. Stability of thermal convection in two superimposed miscible viscous fluids. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2002, 471:339-363.
159. Le Bars M., Davaille A. Large interface deformation in two-layer thermal convection of miscible viscous fluids. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2004, 499:75-110.
160. Le Bars M., Davaille A. Whole layer convection in a heterogeneous planetary mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:B03403. doi:03410.01029/02003JB002617.
161. Lee C.-T., Luffi P., Hoink T., Li J., Dasgupta R., Hernlund J. Upside-down differentiation and generation of a 'primordial' lower mantle. Nature 2010, 463:930-933.
162. Leng W., Zhong S. Controls on plume heat flux and plume excess temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:B04408. doi:04410.01029/02007jb005155.
163. Lin S.-C., van Keken P.E. Multiple volcanic episodes of flood basalts caused by thermochemical mantle plumes. Nature 2005, 436:250-252.
164. Lin S.-C., Van Keken P.E. Dynamics of thermochemical plumes: 1. Plume formation and entrainment of a dense layer. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2006, 7. 10.1029/2005GC001071.
165. Lin S.-C., Van Keken P.E. Dynamics of thermochemical plumes: 2. Complexity of plume structures and its implications for mapping of mantle plumes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2006, 7. 10.1029/2005GC001072.
166. Lowman J.P., Jarvis G.T. Mantle convection flow reversals due to continental collisions. Geophysical Research Letters 1993, 20:2087-2090.
167. Malamud B.D., Turcotte D.L. How many plumes are there?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 174:113-124.
168. Manga M. Mixing of heterogeneities in the mantle - effect of viscosity differences. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23:403-406.
169. Manga M., Jeanloz R. Implications of a metal-bearing chemical-boundary layer in D″ for mantle dynamics. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23:3091-3094.
170. Manthilake M.A.G.M., de Koker N., Frost D.J., McCammon C.A. Lattice thermal conductivity of lower mantle minerals and heat flux from Earth's core. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Electronic publication ahead of print October 20, 2011). 2011, doi:10.1073/pnas.1110594108.
171. Mao W.L., Mao H.K., Sturhahn W., Zhao J., Prakapenka V., Shu J., Fei Y., Hemley R.J. Iron-rich postperovskite and the origin of ultralow-velocity zones. Science 2006, 312:564-565.
172. Maruyama S. Plume tectonics. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 1994, 100:24-49.
173. Maruyama S., Santosh M., Zhao D. Superplume, supercontinent, and post-perovskite: mantle dynamics and anti-plate tectonics on the core-mantle boundary. Gondwana Research 2007, 11:7-37.
174. Masters G., Laske G., Bolton H., Dziewonski A. The relative behavior of shear velocity, bulk sound speed, and compressional velocity in the mantle: Implications for chemical and thermal structure. Geophysical Monograph on Mineral Physics and Seismic Tomography fom the atomic to the global scale 2000, 63-87. Americal Geophysical Union. S. Karato, A.M. Forte, R.C. Liebermann, G. Masters, L. Stixrude (Eds.).
175. Matas J., Bukowinski M.S.T. On the anelastic contribution to the temperature dependence of lower mantle seismic velocities. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 259:51-65.
176. Matas J., Bass J., Ricard Y., Mattern E., Bukowinski M.S.T. On the bulk composition of the lower mantle: predictions and limitations from generalized inversion of radial seismic profiles. Geophysical Journal International 2007, 170:764-780.
177. Matyska C., Yuen D.A. The importance of radiative heat transfer on superplumes in the lower mantle with the new post-perovskite phase change. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 234:71-81.
178. Matyska C., Yuen D.A. Lower mantle dynamics with the post-perovskite phase change, radiative thermal conductivity, temperature- and depth-dependent viscosity. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2006, 154:196-207.
179. Matyska C., Yuen D. Lower-mantle material properties and convection models of multiscale plumes. Plates, Plumes, and Planetary Processes, Geological Society of America Special Paper 430 2007, 137-163. Geological Society of America. G.R. Foulger, D.M. Jurdy (Eds.).
180. Matyska C., Yuen D.A., Wentzcovitch R.M., CÌzkova H. The impact of variability in the rheological activation parameters on lower-mantle viscosity stratification and its dynamics. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2011, 188:1-8. 10.1016/j.pepi.2011.05.012.
181. McKenzie D. Finite deformation during fluid flow. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1979, 58:689-715.
182. McKenzie D., Bickle M.J. The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. Journal of Petrology 1988, 29:625-679.
183. McKenzie D.P., Roberts J.M., Weiss N.O. Convection in the Earth's mantle: towards a numerical simulation. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1974, 62:465-538.
184. McNamara A.K., Zhong S. The influence of thermochemical convection on the fixity of mantle plumes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 222:485-500.
185. McNamara A.K., Zhong S. Thermochemical structures within a spherical mantle: superplumes or piles?. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109. 10.1029/2003JB00287.
186. McNamara A.K., Zhong S. Thermochemical piles beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean. Nature 2005, 437:1136-1139.
187. McNamara A.K., Karato S.I., van Keken P.E. Localization of dislocation creep in the lower mantle: implications for the origin of seismic anisotropy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 191:85-99.
188. McNamara A.K., Garnero E.J., Rost S. Tracking deep mantle reservoirs with ultra-low velocity zones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 299:1-9.
189. Merkel S., McNamara A.K., Kubo A., Speziale S., Miyagi L., Meng Y., Duffy T.S., Wenk H.R. Deformation of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 post-perovskite and D″ anisotropy. Science 2007, 316:1729-1732.
190. Mitrovica J.X., Forte A.M. A new inference of mantle viscosity based upon joint inversion of convection and glacial isostatic adjustment data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 225:177-189.
191. Mittelstaedt E., Tackley P.J. Plume heat flow is much less than CMB heat flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 241:202-210.
192. 3 post-perovskite: implications for D″ anisotropy. Science 2010, 329:1639-1641.
193. Monnereau M., Yuen D.A. How flat is the lower-mantle temperature gradient?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 202:171-183.
194. Monnereau M., Yuen D.A. Topology of the postperovskite phase transition and mantle dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007, 104:9156-9161.
195. Monnereau M., Yuen D.A. Seismic imaging of the D″ and constraints on the core heat flux. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2010, 180:258-270. 10.1029/j.pepi.2009.1012.1005.
196. Montague N.L., Kellogg L.H. Numerical models for a dense layer at the base of the mantle and implications for the geodynamics of D″. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:11101-11114.
197. Morgan W.J. Convection plumes in the lower mantle. Nature 1971, 230:42-43.
198. 4 liquid at ultra-high pressures from shock measurements to 200 GPa on forsterite and wadsleyite. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112:B06208. doi:06210.01029/02006jb004364.
199. 3 system at high pressure: thermodynamic properties of perovskite, postperovskite, and melt from global inversion of shock and static compression data. Journal of Geophysical Research 2009, 114:B01203. doi:01210.01029/02008jb005900.
200. Moser J., Yuen D.A., Larsen T.B., Matyska C. Dynamical influences of depth-dependent properties on mantle upwellings and temporal variations of the moment of inertia. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1997, 102:153-170.
201. 3. Science 2004, 304:855-858.
202. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J. Effects of a perovskite-post perovskite phase change near the core-mantle boundary on compressible mantle convection. Geophysical Research Letters 2004, 31:L16611. 10.1029/2004GL020648.
203. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J. Effects of thermo-chemical mantle convection on the thermal evolution of the Earth's core. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 220:107-119.
204. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J. Deep mantle heat flow and thermal evolution of Earth's core in thermo-chemical multiphase models of mantle convection. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2005, 6. 10.1029/2005GC000967.
205. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J. The interaction between the post-perovskite phase change and a thermo-chemical boundary layer near the core-mantle boundary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 238:204-216.
206. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J. Three-dimensional structures and dynamics in the deep mantle: effects of post-perovskite phase change and deep mantle layering. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33. 10.1029/2006GL025719.
207. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J. Lateral variations in CMB heat flux and deep mantle seismic velocity caused by a thermal-chemical-phase boundary layer in 3D spherical convection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 271:348-358.
208. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J. Influence of initial CMB temperature and other parameters on the thermal evolution of Earth's core resulting from thermo-chemical spherical mantle convection. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2010, 11. 10.1029/2010GC003031.
209. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J. Effects of low-viscosity post-perovskite on thermo-chemical convection in a 3-D spherical shell. Geophysical Research Letters 2011, 38. 10.1029/2010GL046494.
210. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J., Deschamps F., Connolly J.A.D. Incorporating self-consistently calculated mineral physics into thermo-chemical mantle convection simulations in a 3D spherical shell and its influence on seismic anomalies in Earth's mantle. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2009, 10. 10.1029/2008GC002280.
211. Nakagawa T., Tackley P.J., Deschamps F., Connolly J.A.D. The influence of MORB and harzburgite composition on thermo-chemical mantle convection in a 3-D spherical shell with self-consistently calculated mineral physics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 296:403-412.
212. Namiki A. Can the mantle entrain D″?. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108. 10.1029/2002JB002315.
213. Ni S., Tan E., Gurnis M., Helmberger D.V. Sharp sides to the African superplume. Science 2002, 296:1850-1852.
214. Ni S.V., Helmberger D., Tromp J. Three-dimensional structure of the African superplume from waveform modelling. Geophysical Journal International 2005, 161:283-294.
215. Nimmo F., Price G.D., Brodholt J., Gubbins D. The influence of potassium on core and geodynamo evolution. Geophysical Journal International 2004, 156:363-376.
216. Nomura R., Ozawa H., Tateno S., Hirose K., Hernlund J., Muto S., Ishii H., Hiraoka N. Spin crossover and iron-rich silicate melt in the Earth's deep mantle. Nature 2011, 473:199-202.
217. 3 in Earth's D″ layer. Nature 2004, 430:445-448.
218. Ogawa M. Chemical stratification in a two-dimensional convecting mantle with magmatism and moving plates. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108. 10.1029/2002JB002205.
219. Ohta, K., 2010. Electrical and thermal conductivity of the Earth's lower mantle, Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 276 pp.
220. Ohta K., Hirose K., Lay T., Sata N., Ohishi Y. Phase transitions in pyrolite and MORB at lowermost mantle conditions: implications for a MORB-rich pile above the core-mantle boundary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 267:107-117.
221. Ohta K., Oneda S., Hirose K., Sinmyo R., Shimizu K., Sata N., Ohishi Y., Yasuhara A. The electrical conductivity of post-perovskite in Earth's D″ layer. Science 2008, 320:89-91.
222. Ohta K., Hirose K., Ichiki M., Shimizu K., Sata N., Ohishi Y. Electrical conductivities of pyrolitic mantle and MORB materials up to the lowermost mantle conditions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 289:497-502.
223. Ohtani E., Maeda M. Density of basaltic melt at high pressure and stability of the melt at the base of the lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 193:69-75.
224. Oldham D., Davies J.H. Numerical investigation of layered convection in a three-dimensional shell with application to planetary mantles. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2004, 5. 10.1029/2003GC000603.
225. Olson P., Christensen U.R. The time-averaged magnetic field in numerical dynamos with non-uniform boundary heat flow. Geophysical Journal International 2002, 151(3):809-823.
226. Olson P., Kincaid C. Experiments on the interaction of thermal convection and compositional layering at the base of the mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, 96:4347-4354.
227. Ono S., Ito E., Katsura T. Mineralogy of subducted basaltic crust (MORB) from 25 to 37 GPa, and chemical heterogeneity of the lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 190:57-63.
228. 3 perovskite. Geophysical Research Letters 1991, 18:239-242.
229. Parmentier E.M., Sotin C., Travis B.J. Turbulent 3-D thermal convection in an infinite Prandtl number, volumetrically heated fluid - implications for mantle dynamics. Geophysical Journal International 1994, 116:241-251.
230. Peltier W.R. Mantle viscosity and ice-age ice-sheet topography. Science 1996, 273:1359-1364.
231. Peltier W.R., Drummond R. Deepest mantle viscosity: constraints from Earth rotation anomalies. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37:L12304. doi:12310.11029/12010gl043219.
232. Peltier W.R., Jiang X. Mantle viscosity from the simultaneous inversion of multiple data sets pertaining to postglacial rebound. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23:503-506.
233. Petford N., Yuen D., Rushmer T., Brodholt J., Stackhouse S. Shear-induced material transfer across the core-mantle boundary aided by the post-perovskite phase transition. Earth Planets Space 2005, 57:459-464.
234. Petford N., Rushmer T., Yuen D.A. Deformation-induced mechanical instabilities at the core-mantle boundary. Post-Perovskite: The Last Mantle Phase Transition, Geophysical Monograph Series 174 2007, 271-287. American Geophysical Union. K. Hirose, J. Brodholt, T. Lay, D.A. Yuen (Eds.).
235. Phipps Morgan J. Thermal and rare gas evolution of the mantle. Chemical Geology 1998, 145:431-445.
236. Poirier J.P. Core-infiltrated mantle and the nature of the D″ layer. Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity 1993, 45:1221-1227.
237. Poirier J.P., Le Mouel J.L. Does infiltration of core material into the lower mantle affect the observed geomagnetic field?. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1992, 73:29-37.
238. Price G.D., Alfe D., Vocadlo L., Gillan M.J. The Earth's core: an approach from first principles. The State of the Planet: Frontiers and Challenges in Geophysics, Geophysical Monograph Series 2004, Amer. Geophys. Union. R.S.J. Sparks, C.J. Hawkesworth (Eds.).
239. Rayleigh L. On convective currents in a horizontal layer of fluid, when the higher temperature is on the under side. Philosophical Magazine, Series VI 1916, 32:529-546.
240. Reuteler D.M., Yuen D.A., Balachandar S., Honda S. Three-dimensional mantle convection: effects of depth-dependent properties and multiple phase transitions. International Video Journal of Engineering Research 1993, 3:47-63.
241. Revenaugh J., Meyer R. Seismic evidence of partial melt within a possibly ubiquitous low-velocity layer at the base of the mantle. Science 1997, 277:670-673.
242. Ricard Y., Richards M., Lithgow-Bertelloni C., LeStunff Y. A geodynamic model of mantle density heterogeneity. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:21895-21909.
243. Richards M.A., Engebretson D.C. Large-scale mantle convection and the history of subduction. Nature 1992, 355:437-440.
244. Richards M.A., Duncan R.A., Courtillot V.E. Flood basalts and hot-spot tracks - plume heads and tails. Science 1989, 246:103-107.
245. Richter F.M., Johnson C.E. Stability of a chemically layered mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 1974, 79:1635-1639.
246. Richter F.M., McKenzie D. On some consequences and possible causes of layered mantle convection. Journal of Geophysical Research 1981, 86:6133-6142.
247. Ricolleau A., Fei Y., Cottrell E., Watson H., Deng L., Zhang L., Fiquet G., Auzende A.-L., Roskosz M., Morard G., Prakapenka V. Density profile of pyrolite under the lower mantle conditions. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36:L06302. doi:06310.01029/02008gl036759.
248. Ricolleau A., Perrillat J.-P., Fiquet G., Daniel I., Matas J., Addad A., Menguy N., Cardon H., Mezouar M., Guignot N. Phase relations and equation of state of a natural MORB: implications for the density profile of subducted oceanic crust in the Earth's lower mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115:B08202. doi:08210.01029/02009jb006709.
249. Ringwood A.E. Slab-mantleinteractions.3. Petrogenesis of intraplate magmas and structure of the upper mantle. Chemical Geology 1990, 82:187-207.
250. Ritsema J., Van Heijst H.-J. Constraints on the correlation of P- and S-wave velocity heterogeneity in the mantle from P, PP, PPP and PKPab traveltimes. Geophysical Journal International 2002, 149:482-489.
251. Ritsema J., Heijst H.J.v., Woodhouse J.H. Complex shear wave velocity structure imaged beneath Africa and Iceland. Science 1999, 286:1925-1928.
252. Ritsema J., van Heijst H.J., Woodhouse J.H. Global transition zone tomography. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:B02302. doi:02310.01029/02003jb002610.
253. Robertson G.S., Woodhouse J.H. Ratio of relative S to P velocity heterogeneity in the lower mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101:20041-20052.
254. Rost S., Garnero E.J., Stefan W. Thin and intermittent ultralow-velocity zones. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115:B06312. doi:06310.01029/02009jb006981.
255. Rost S., Garnero E.J., Thorne M.S., Hutko A.R. On the absence of an ultralow-velocity zone in the North Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115:B04312. doi:04310.01029/02009jb006420.
256. Saltzer R.L., van der Hilst R.D., K.rason H. Comparing P and S wave heterogeneity in the mantle. Geophysical Research Letters 2001, 28:1335-1338. doi:06310.01029/02003jb002712.
257. Saltzer R.L., Stutzmann E., van der Hilst R.D. Poisson's ratio in the lower mantle beneath Alaska: evidence for compositional heterogeneity. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:B06301.
258. Sammis C.G., Smith J.C., Schubert G., Yuen D.A. Viscosity-depth profile of the Earth's mantle: effects of polymorphic phase transitions. Journal of Geophysical Research 1977, 82:3747-3761.
259. Schubert G., Zebib A. Thermal convection of an internally heated infinite Prandtl number fluid in a spherical shell. Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 1980, 15:65-90.
260. Schubert G., Masters G., Olson P., Tackley P. Superplumes or plume clusters?. Physics of the Earth & Planetary Interiors 2004, 146:147-162.
261. Senshu H., Maruyama S., Rino S., Santosh M. Role of tonalite-trodhjemite-granite (TTG) crust subduction on the mechanism of supercontinent breakup. Gondwana Research 2009, 15:433-442.
262. Sharpe H.N., Peltier W.R. Parameterized mantle convection and the Earth's thermal history. Geophysical Research Letters 1978, 5:737-744.
263. 0.09) postperovskite up to 135 GPa and 2700 K. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008, 105:7382-7386.
264. Sidorin I., Gurnis M., Helmberger D.V. Dynamics of a phase change at the base of the mantle consistent with seismological observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, 104:15005-15024.
265. Sidorin I., Gurnis M., Helmberger D.V. Evidence for a ubiquitous seismic discontinuity at the base of the mantle. Science 1999, 286:1326-1331.
266. Simmons N.A., Forte A.M., Boschi L., Grand S.P. GyPSuM: a joint tomographic model of mantle density and seismic wave speeds. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115:B12310.
267. Sleep N.H. Gradual entrainment of a chemical layer at the base of the mantle by overlying convection. Geophysical Journal 1988, 95:437-447.
268. Solomatov V.S. Grain size-dependent viscosity convection and the thermal evolution of the Earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 191:203-212.
269. Solomatov V.S. Magma oceans and primordial mantle differentiation. Treatise on Geophysics 2007, 91-119. Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam. D.J. Stevenson (Ed.).
270. Solomatov V.S., Moresi L.N. Small-scale convection in the D″ layer. Journal of Geophysical Research 2002, 107. 10.1029/2000JB000063.
271. Solomatov V.S., Reese C.C. Grain size variations in the Earth's mantle and evolution of primordial chemical heterogeneities. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113. 10.1029/2007JB005319.
272. Solomatov V.S., Stevenson D.J. Suspension in convective layers and style of differentiation of a terrestrial magma ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:5375-5390.
273. Solomatov V.S., El-Khozondar R., Tikare V. Grain size in the lower mantle: constraints from numerical modeling of grain growth in two-phase systems. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2002, 129:265-282.
274. Song X., Ahrens T.J. Pressure-temperature range of reactions between liquid-iron in the outer core and mantle silicates. Geophysical Research Letters 1994, 21:153-156.
275. Stacey F.D. Physics of the Earth 1992, Brookfield Press, Kenmore, Queensland, Australia. Third ed.
276. Stackhouse S., Brodholt J.P. Elastic properties of the post-perovskite phase of Fe2O3 and implications for ultra-low velocity zones. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2008, 170:260-266.
277. 3. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 230:1-10.
278. 3 end-members of the perovskite and post-perovskite phases. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33. 10.1029/2005GL023887.
279. Stackhouse S., Stixrude L., Karki B.B. Thermal conductivity of periclase (MgO) from first principles. Physical Review Letters 2010, 104. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.1104.208501.
280. Steinberger B. Plumes in a convecting mantle: models and observations for individual hotspots. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:11127-11152.
281. Steinberger B., Calderwood A.R. Models of large-scale viscous flow in the Earth's mantle with constraints from mineral physics and surface observations. Geophysical Journal International 2006, 167:1461-1481.
282. Stixrude L., de Koker N., Sun N., Mookherjee M., Karki B.B. Thermodynamics of silicate liquids in the deep Earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 278:226-232.
283. Stracke A., Hofmann A.W., Hart S. FOZO, HIMU, and the rest of the mantle zoo. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2005, 6. 10.1016/2004GC000824.
284. Su W.-j., Dziewonski A.M. Simultaneous inversion for 3-D variations in shear and bulk velocity in the mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1997, 100:135-156.
285. Sun D., Helmberger D. Lower mantle tomography and phase change mapping. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:B10305.
286. Tackley P.J. Effects of strongly variable viscosity on three-dimensional compressible convection in planetary mantles. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101:3311-3332.
287. Tackley P.J. Three-dimensional simulations of mantle convection with a thermochemical CMB boundary layer: D″?. The Core-Mantle Boundary Region 1998, 231-253. American Geophysical Union. M. Gurnis, M.E. Wysession, E. Knittle, B.A. Buffett (Eds.).
288. Tackley P.J. Mantle convection and plate tectonics: towards an integrated physical and chemical theory. Science 2000, 288:2002.
289. Tackley P.J. Strong heterogeneity caused by deep mantle layering. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2002, 3. 10.1029/2001GC000167.
290. Tackley P.J. Mantle geochemical geodynamics. Mantle dynamics 2007, Volume 7:437-505. Elsevier. D. Bercovici, G. Schubert (Eds.).
291. Tackley P.J. Living dead slabs in 3-D: the dynamics of compositionally-stratified slabs entering a "slab graveyard" above the core-mantle boundary. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2011, 188:150-162. 10.1029/j.pepi.2011.04.013.
292. Tackley P.J., Nakagawa T., Hernlund J.W. Influence of the post-perovskite transition on thermal and thermo-chemical mantle convection. The last mantle phase transition. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 2007, 229-248. K. Hirose, J. Brodholt, T. Lay, D.A. Yuen (Eds.).
293. Tan E., Gurnis M. Metastable superplumes and mantle compressibility. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L20307. doi:20310.21029/22005GL024190.
294. Tan E., Gurnis M. Compressible thermochemical convection and application to lower mantle structures. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112:B06304. doi:06310.01029/02006jb004505.
295. Tan E., Gurnis M., Han L. Slabs in the lower mantle and their modulation of plume formation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2002, 3:1067. doi:1010.1029/2001GC000238.
296. Tan E., Leng W., Zhong S., Gurnis M. On the location of plumes and lateral movement of thermo-chemical structures with high bulk modulus in the 3-D compressible mantle. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2011, 12:Q07005. 10.1029/2011GC003665.
297. Tang X., Dong J. Lattice thermo conductivity of MgO at conditions of Earth's interio. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107:4539-4543.
298. Tateno S., Hirose K., Sata N., Ohishi Y. Determination of post-perovskite phase transition boundary up to 4400 K and implications for thermal structure in D″ layer. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 277:130-136.
299. Thomas C., Garnero E.J., Lay T. High-resolution imaging of lowermost mantle structure under the Cocos plate. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109. 10.1029/2004JB003013.
300. Thomas C., Kendall J.M., Lowman J. Lower-mantle seismic discontinuities and the thermal morphology of subducted slabs. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 225:105-113.
301. Thompson P.F., Tackley P.J. Generation of mega-plumes from the core-mantle boundary in a compressible mantle with temperature-dependent viscosity. Geophysical Research Letters 1998, 25:1999-2002.
302. Thorne M.S., Grand S.P., Garnero E.J. Geographic correlation between hot spots and deep mantle lateral shear-wave velocity gradients. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2004, 146:47-63.
303. To A., Romanowicz B., Capdeville Y., Takeuchi N. 3D effects of sharp boundaries at the borders of the African and Pacific superplumes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 233:137-153.
304. Tolstikhin I.N., Hofmann A.W. Early crust on top of the Earth's core. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2005, 148:109-130.
305. Tolstikhin I.N., Kramers J.D., Hofmann A.W. A chemical Earth model with whole mantle convection: the importance of a core-mantle boundary layer (D″) and its early formation. Chemical Geology 2006, 226:79-99.
306. Torsvik T.H., Smethurst M.A., Burke K., Steinberger B. Large igneous provinces generated from the margins of the large low-velocity provinces in the deep mantle. Geophysical Journal International 2006, 167:1447-1460. 10.1111/j.1365-1246X.2006.03158.x.
307. Torsvik T.H., M̧ller R.D., Van der Voo R., Steinberger B., Gaina C. Global plate motion frames: toward a unified model. Reviews of Geophysics 2008, 46:RG3004.
308. Torsvik T., Burke K., Steinberger B., Webb S.J., Ashwal L.D. Diamonds sampled by plumes from the core-mantle boundary. Nature 2010, 466:352-355.
309. Tosi N., Cadek O., Martinec Z. Subducted slabs and lateral viscosity variations: effects on the long-wavelength geoid. Geophysical Journal International 2009, 179:813-826.
310. Tosi N., Cadek O., Martinec Z., Yuen D.A., Kaufmann G. Is the long-wavelength geoid sensitive to the presence of postperovskite above the core-mantle boundary?. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36. 10.1029/2008GL036902.
311. Trampert J., Deschamps F., Resovsky J.S., Yuen D. Probabilistic tomography maps significant chemical heterogeneities in the lower mantle. Science 2004, 306:853-856.
312. Tronnes R.G. Structure, mineralogy and dynamics of the lowermost mantle. Mineralogy and Petrology 2010, 99:243-261.
313. Tsuchiya T., Tsuchiya J., Umemoto K., Wentzcovitch R.A. Phase transition in MgSiO3 perovskite in the earth's lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 224:241-248.
314. Tsuchiya T., Tsuchiya J., Umemoto K., Wentzcovitch R.M. Phase transition in MgSiO3 perovskite in the earth's lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 224:241-248.
315. Tsuchiya J., Tsuchiya T., Wentzcovitch R.M. Vibrational and thermodynamic properties o MgSiO3 postperovskite. Journal of Geophysical Research 2005, 110. 10.1029/2004JB003409.
316. Tsuchiya T., Wentzcovitch R.M., da Silva C.R.S., de Gironcoli S. Spin transition in magnesiow ustite in Earth's lower mantle. Physical Review Letters 2006, 96:198501.
317. van den Berg A.P., De Hoop M.V., Yuen D.A., Duchkov A., van der Hilst R.D., Jacobs M.H.G. Geodynamical modeling and multiscale seismic expression of thermo-chemical heterogeneity and phase transitions in the lowermost mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2010, 180:244-257.
318. Van der Hilst R.D., Widlyantoro S., Engdahl E.R. Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography. Nature 1997, 386:578-584.
319. van der Hilst R.D., de Hoop M.V., Wang P., Shim S.-H., Ma P., Tenorio L. Seismostratigraphy and thermal structure of Earth's core-mantle boundary region. Science 2007, 315:1813-1817.
320. van der Meer D.G., Spakman W., van Hinsbergen D.J.J., Amaru M.L., Torsvik T.H. Towards absolute plate motions constrained by lower-mantle slab remnants. Nature Geoscience 2010, 3:36-40.
321. Van der Voo R., Spakman W., Bijwaard H. Mesozoic subducted slabs under Siberia. Nature 1999, 397:246-249.
322. Van der Voo R., Spakman W., Bijwaard H. Tethyan subducted slabs under India. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 171:7-20.
323. Vidale J.E., Hedlin M.A.H. Evidence for partial melt at the core-mantle boundary north of Tonga from the strong scattering of seismic waves. Nature 1998, 391:682-685.
324. Walte N., Heidelbach F., Miyajima N., Frost D. Texture development and TEM analysis of deformed CaIrO3: implications for the D″ layer at the core-mantle boundary. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34:L08306. doi:08310.01029/02007gl029407.
325. Wang Y., Wen L. Mapping the geometry and geographic distribution of a very-low velocity province at the base of the Earth's mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109. 10.1029/2003JB002674.
326. Wang Y., Wen L. Geometry and P and S velocity structure of the "African Anomaly". Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112:B05313. doi:05310.01029/02006jb004483.
327. Wen L., Helmberger D.V. Ultra-low velocity zones near the core-mantle boundary from broadband PKP precurors. Science 1998, 279:1701-1703.
328. Wenk H.-R., Cottaar S., Tome C.N., McNamara A., Romanowicz B. Deformation in the lowermost mantle: from polycrystal plasticity to seismic anisotropy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 306:33-45.
329. 3 postperovskite at D″ conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103:543-546.
330. Wentzcovitch R.M., Justo J.F., Wu Z., da Silva C.R.S., Yuen D.A., Kohlstedt D. Anomalous compressibility of ferropericlase throughout the iron spin cross-over. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106:8447-8452.
331. Wicks J.K., Jackson J.M., Sturhahn W. Very low sound velocities in iron-rich (Mg,Fe)O: implications for the core-mantle boundary region. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37.
332. Willbold M., Stracke A. Trace element composition of mantle end-members: implications for recycling of oceanic and upper and lower continental crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2006, 7. 10.1029/2005GC001005.
333. Williams Q., Garnero E.J. Seismic evidence for partial melt at the base of Earth's mantle. Science 1996, 273:1528-1530.
334. Williams Q., Revenaugh J., Garnero E. A correlation between ultra-low basal velocities in the mantle and hot spots. Science 1998, 281:546-549.
335. Wookey J., Stackhouse S., Kendall J.M., Brodholt J., Price G.D. Efficacy of the post-perovskite phase as an explanation for lowermost-mantle seismic properties. Nature 2005, 438:1004-1007.
336. Wysession M.E., Lay T., Revenaugh J., Williams Q., Garnero E., Jeanloz R., Kellogg L.H. The D″ discontinuity and its implications. The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geophysical Monograph series 1998, 273-297. AGU, Washington, D. C. M. Gurnis, M.E. Wysession, E. Knittle, B.A. Buffett (Eds.).
337. Xie S., Tackley P.J. Evolution of helium and argon isotopes in a convecting mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2004, 146:417-439.
338. Xie S., Tackley P.J. Evolution of U-Pb and Sm-Nd systems in numerical models of mantle convection. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:B11204. 10.1029/2004JB003176.
339. Yamazaki D., Karato S. Some mineral physics contraints on the rheology and geothermal structure of Earth's lower mantle. American Mineralogist 2001, 86:385-391.
340. Yamazaki D., Yoshino T., Ohfuji H., Ando J., Yoneda A. Origin of seismic anisotropy in the D″ layer inferred from shear deformation experiments on post-perovskite phase. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 252:372-378.
341. Yamazaki D., Yoshino T., Matsuzaki T., Katsura T., Yoneda A. Texture of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 perovskite and ferro-periclase aggregate: Implications for rheology of the lower mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2009, 174:138-144.
342. Yoshino T., Yamazaki D., Ito E., Katsura T. No interconnection of ferro-periclase in post-spinel phase inferred from conductivity measurement. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35:L22303. doi:22310.21029/22008gl035932.
343. Young C.J., Lay T. Evidence for a shear velocity discontinuity in the lower mantle beneath India and the Indian ocean. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1987, 49:37-53.
344. Young C.J., Lay T. Multiple phase analysis of the shear velocity structure in the region beneath Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research 1990, 95:17385-17402.
345. 4. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34:L10306. doi:10310.11029/12007gl029462.
346. Yuen D.A., Spera F.J., Hansen U., Yuen D.A., Kroening S.E. Effects of depth-dependent thermal expansivity on mantle circulations and lateral thermal anomalies. Physical Review B 1991, 44:2108-2121.
347. Yuen D.A., Hansen U., Zhao W., Vincent A.P., Malevsky A.V. Hard turbulent thermal-convection and thermal evolution of the mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:5355-5373.
348. Yuen D.A., Matyska C., Cadek O., Kameyama M. The dynamical influences from physical properties in the lower mantle and post-perovskite phase transition. The last mantle phase transition. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 2007, 249-270. K. Hirose, J. Brodholt, T. Lay, D.A. Yuen (Eds.).
349. Zerr A., Diegeler A., Boehler R. Solidus of Earth's deep mantle. Science 1998, 281:243-246.
350. Zhao D. Multiscale seismic tomography and mantle dynamics. Gondwana Research 2009, 15:297-323.
351. Zhong S.J., Hager B.H. Entrainment of a dense layer by thermal plumes. Geophysical Journal International 2003, 154:666-676.