Grain size variations in the Earth's mantle and the evolution of primordial chemical heterogeneities

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 113, Issue 7, 2008, Pages

  Solomatov, V S ^a   Reese, C C ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY; GRAIN SIZE; LOWER MANTLE; MANTLE CONVECTION; RECRYSTALLIZATION; SUBDUCTION;

EID: 51549092963     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007JB005319     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Abe, Y., and T. Matsui (1986), Early evolution of the Earth: Accretion, atmosphere formation, and thermal history, J. Geophys. Res., 91, E291-E302.
2. Agee, C. B. (1998a), Crystal-liquid density inversions in terrestrial and lunar magma oceans, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter, 107, 63-74.
3. Agee, C. B. (1998b), Phase transformations and seismic structure in the upper mantle and transition zone, in Utrahigh-Pressure Mineralogy: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Deep Interior, edited by R. J. Hemley, pp. 165-203, Mineral. Soc. Am., Washington, D. C.
4. Akaiwa, N., S. C. Hardy, and P. W. Voorhees (1991), The effects of convection on Ostwald ripening in solid-liquid mixtures, Acta Mater, 39, 2931-2942.
5. Akins, J. A., S. N. Luo, P. D. Asimow, and T. J. Ahrens (2004), Shock-induced melting of MgSiO3 perovskite and implications for melts in Earth's lowermost mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L14612, doi:10.1029/2004GL020237.
6. Albarède, F., J. Blicbert-Toft, J. D. Vervoort, J. D. Gleason, and M. Rosing (2000), Hf-Nd isotope evidence for a transient dynamic regime in the early terrestrial mantle, Nature, 404, 488-490.
7. Allègre, C. J., D. B. Othman, M. Polve, and P. Richard (1979), The Nd-Sr isotopic correlation in mantle materials and geodynamic consequences, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 81, 319-337.
8. Anderson, D. L. (2000), The statistics of helium isotopes along the global spreading ridge system and the Central Limit Theorem, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2401-2404.
9. Anderson, D. L. (2001), A statistical test of the two reservoir model for helium isotopes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 193, 77-82.
10. Ardell, A. J. (1972), On the coarsening of grain boundary precipitates, Acta Mater, 20, 601-609.
11. Arzi, A. A. (1978), Critical phenomena in the rheology of partially melted rocks, Tectonophysics, 44, 173-184.
12. Atkinson, H. V. (1988), Theories of normal grain growth in pure single phase systems, Acta Mater., 36, 469-491.
13. Badro, J., G. Fiquet, F. Guyot, J. P. Rueff, V V. Struzhkin, G. Vanko, and G. Monaco (2003), Iron partitioning in Earth's mantle: Toward a deep lower mantle discontinuity, Science, 300, 789-791.
14. Badro, J., J. P. Rueff, G. Vanko, G. Monaco, G. Fiquet, and F. Guyot (2004), Electronic transitions in perovskite: Possible nonconvecting layers in the lower mantle, Science, 305, 383-386.
15. Beck, P. A., J. C. Kremer, L. J. Demer, and M. L. Holzworth (1948), Grain growth in high-purity aluminum and in an aluminum-magnesium alloy, Trans. AIME, 175, 372-394.
16. Becker, T. W., J. B. Kellogg, and R. J. O'Connell (1999), Thermal constraints on the survival of primitive blobs in the lower mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 171, 351-365.
17. Beckermann, C., H. J. Diepers, I. Steinbach, A. Karma, and X. Tong (1999), Modeling melt convection in phase-field simulations of solidification, J. Comput. Phys., 154, 468-496.
18. Benz, W., and A. G. W. Cameron (1990), Terrestrial effects of the giant impact, in Origin of the Earth, edited by H. E. Newsom and J. H. Jones, pp. 61-67, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
19. Bertka, C. M., and Y. W. Fei (1998), Density profile of an SNC model Martian interior and the moment-of-inertia factor of Mars, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 157, 79-88.
20. Blichert-Toft, J., J. D. Gleason, P. Télouk, and F. Albaràde (1999), The Lu-Hf geochemistry of shergottites and the evolution of the Martian mantle-crust system, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 173, 25- 39.
21. Borg, L. E., L. E. Nyquist, H. Wiesmann, and C. Y. Shih (1997), Constraints on martian differentiation processes from Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic analyses of the basaltic shergottite QUE 94201, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 4915-4931.
22. Brandon, A. D., R. J. Walker, J. W. Morgan, and C. G. Goles (2000), Re-Os isotopic evidence for early differentiation of the Martian mantle, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 4083-4095.
23. Burke, J. E. (1949), Some factors affecting the rate of grain growth in metals, Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME, 180, 73-91.
24. Burke, J. E., and D. Turnbull (1952), Recrystallization and grain growth, Prog. Mater. Sci., 3, 220-292.
25. Canup, R. M. (2004), Simulations of a late lunar-forming impact, Icarus, 168, 433-456.
26. Canup, R. M., and C. Agnor (2000), Accretion of the terrestrial planets and the Earth-Moon system, in Origin of the Earth and Moon, edited by R. Canup, and K. Righter, pp. 113-129, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, Ariz.
27. Canup, R. M., and E. Asphaug (2001), Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation, Nature, 412, 708-712.
28. Chambers, J. E., and G. W. Wetherill (1998), Making the terrestrial planets: N-body integration of planetary embryos in three dimensions, Icarus, 136, 304-327.
29. Chastel, Y. B., P. R. Dawson, H.-R. Wenk, and K. Bennett (1993), Anisotropic convection with implications for the upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 17,757-17,771.
30. Christensen, U. R. (1984), Heat transfer by variable viscosity convection and implication for the Earth's thermal evolution, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 35, 264-282.
31. Christensen, U. R. (1989), Mixing by time-dependent convection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 95, 382-394.
32. Christensen, U. R., and A. W. Hofmann (1994), Segregation of subducted oceanic crust in the convective mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 19,867-19,884.
33. Christensen, U. R., and D. A. Yuen (1985), Layered convection induced by phase changes, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 10,291-10,300.
34. Coltice, N., and Y. Ricard (1999), Geochemical observations and one layer mantle convection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 174, 125-137,
35. Daessler, R., D. A. Yuen, S. Karato, and M. R. Riedel (1996), Two-dimensional thermo-kinetic model for the olivine-spinel phase transition in subducting slabs, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 94, 217-239.
36. Davaille, A. (1999), Simultaneous generation of hotspots and superswells by convection in a heterogeneous planetary mantle, Science, 402, 756-760.
37. Davies, G. F. (1984), Geophysical and isotopic constraints on mantle convection: An interim synthesis, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6017-6040.
38. Dawson, J. B. (1980), Kimberlites and Their Xenolith, 252 pp., Springer, New York.
39. de Bresser, J. H. P., C. J. Peach, J. P. J. Reijs, and C. J. Spiers (1998), On dynamic recrystallization during solid state flow: Effects of stress and temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3457-3460.
40. i44Nd, Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 743-746.
41. Derby, B., and M. F. Ashby (1987), On dynamic recrystallization, Scr. Metall. Mater., 21, 879-884.
42. du Vignaux, N. M., and L. Fleitout (2001), Stretching and mixing of viscous blobs in Earth's mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 30,893-30,908.
43. El-Khozondar, R., V. S. Solomatov, and V. Tikare (2002), Numerical simulations of microstructural evolution of lamellar alloys: Application to Pb-Sn solder, Mater Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 731, W8.12.1-W8.12.6.
44. Evans, B., J. Renner, and G. Hirth (2001), A few remarks on the kinetics of static grain growth in rocks, Int. J. Earth Sci., 90, 88-103.
45. Farver, J. R., and R. A. Yund (2000), Silicone diffusion in forsterite aggregates: Implications for diffusion accommodated creep, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2337-2340.
46. Faul, U. H., and I. Jackson (2005), The seismological signature of temperature and grain size variations in the upper mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234, 119-134.
47. Ferrachat, S., and Y. Ricard (1998), Regular vs. chaotic mantle mixing, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 155, 75-86.
48. Foley, C. N., M. Wadhwa, L. E. Borg, P. E. Hines, R. Hines, and T. L. Grove (2005), The early differentiation history of Mars from W-1 82-Nd-142 isotope systematics in the SNC meteorites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 4557-4571.
49. Freer, R. (1981), Diffusion in silicate minerals and glasses: A data digest and guide to the literature, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 76, 440-454.
50. Garnero, E. (2000), Heterogeneity of the lowermost mantle, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 509-537.
51. Gonnermann, H. M., M. Manga, and A. M. Jellinek (2002), Dynamics and longevity of an initially stratified mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 1399, doi:10.1029/2002GL014851.
52. Gordon, P. (1963), A rationalization of the data on grain boundary migration in zone-refined metals as influenced by dissolved impurities, Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME, 227, 699-705.
53. Gurnis, M. (1989), A reassessment of the heat transport by variable viscosity convection with plates and lids, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 179-182.
54. Gurnis, M., and G. F. Davies (1986), The effect of depth-dependent viscosity on convective mixing in the mantle and the possible survival of primitive mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 541-544.
55. Hall, C. E., and E. M. Parmentier (2003), Influence of grain size evolution on convective instability, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(3), 1029, doi:10.1029/2002GC000308.
56. Halliday, A. N., H. Wänke, J. L. Birck, and R. N. Clayton (2001), The accretion, composition and early differentiation of Mars, Space Sci. Rev., 96, 197-230.
57. Helfrich, G. R., and B. J. Wood (2001), The Earth's mantle, Nature, 385, 219-229.
58. Higgins, G. T. (1974), Grain-boundary migration and grain growth, Metal Sci., 8, 143-150.
59. Hirth, G., and D. L. Kohlstedt (1996), Water in the oceanic upper mantle: Implications for rheology, melt extraction and the evolution of the lithosphere, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 144, 93-108.
60. Hirth, G., and D. Kohlstedt (2003), Rheology of the upper mantle and the mantle wedge: A view from the experimentalists, in Inside the Subduction Factory, edited by J. Eiler, pp. 83-105, AGU, Washington, D. C.
61. Hoffmann, N. R. A., and D. P. McKenzie (1985), The destruction of geochemical heterogeneities by differential fluid motions during mantle convection, Geophys. J., 82, 163-206.
62. Hofmann, A. W. (1997), Mantle geochemistry: The message from oceanic volcanism, Nature, 294, 552-554.
63. Hogrefe, A., D. C. Rubie, T. G. Sharp, and F. Seifert (1994), Metastability of enstatite in deep subducting lithosphere, Nature, 372, 351-353.
64. Hu, H., and B. B. Rath (1970), On the time exponent in isothermal grain growth, Metall. Mater Trans. A and B, 1, 3181-3184.
65. Humphreys, F. J., and M. Hatherly (2004), Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena, 628 pp., Elsevier, New York.
66. Ita, J. J., and L. Stixrude (1992), Petrology elasticity and composition of the transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6849-6866.
67. Ita, I., and L. Stixrude (1993), Density and elasticity of model upper mantle compositions and their implications for whole mantle structure, in Evolution of the Earth and Planets, Geophys. Manogr., vol. 74, edited by E. Takahashi, R. Jeanloz, and D. Rubie, pp. 111-130, AGU, Washington, D.C.
68. Ito, G., and J. J. Mahoney (2005a), Flow and melting of a heterogeneous mantle. Part I: Method and importance to the geochemistry of ocean island and mid-ocean ridge basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 230, 29-46.
69. Ito, G., and J. J. Mahoney (2005b), Flow and melting of a heterogeneous mantle. part II: Implications for a chemically non-layered mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 230, 47-63.
70. Ito, E., and H. Sato (1991), Aseismicity in the lower mantle by superplasticity of the descending slab, Nature, 351, 140-141.
71. Jackson, I., J. D. Fitz Gerald, U. H. Faul, and B. H. Tan (2002), Grain-size-sensitive seismic wave attenuation in polycrystalline olivine, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2360, doi:10.1029/ 2001JB001225.
72. Kaneshima, S., and G. Helffrich (1999), Dipping low-velocity layer in the mid-lower mantle: Evidence for geochemical heterogeneity, Science, 283, 1888-1891.
73. Karato, S.-I. (1984), Grain-size distribution and theology of the upper mantle, Tectonophys., 104, 155-176.
74. Karato, S.-I. (1989), Grain growth kinetics in olivine aggregates, Tectonophysics, 168, 255-273.
75. Karato, S.-I. (1997), Phase transformations and theological properties of mantle materials, in Earth's Deep Interior, edited by D. J. Crossley, pp. 223-272, Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam.
76. Karato, S.-I., and P. Wu (1993), Rheology of the upper mantle: A synthesis, Science, 260, 771-778.
77. Karato, S., S. Zhang, and H.-R. Wenk (1995), Superplasticity in Earth's lower mantle: Evidence from seismic anisotropy and rock physics, Science, 270, 458-461.
78. Kaula, W. M. (1979), Thermal evolution of earth and moon growing by planetesimals impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 999-1008.
79. Kellogg, J. B., S. B. Jacobsen, and R. J. O'Connell (2002), Modeling the distribution of isotopic ratios in geochemical reservoirs, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 204, 183-202.
80. Kellogg, L. H., B. H. Hager, and R. D. van der Hilst (1999), Compositional stratification in the deep mantle, Science, 283, 1881-1884.
81. Kendall, J. M., and P. G. Silver (1996), Constraints from seismic anisotropy on the nature of the lowermost mantle, Nature, 381, 409-412.
82. Kido, M., and O. Čadek (1997), Inferences of viscosity from the oceanic geoid: Indication of a low viscosity zone below the 660-km discontinuity, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 151, 125-137.
83. 182W isotope systematics of chondrites, eucrites, and martian meteorites: Chronology of core formation and early mantle differentiation in Vesta and Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 2935-2946.
84. Kopylova, M. G., J. K. Russell, and H. Gookenboo (1999), Petrology of peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths from the Jericho Kimberlite: Implications for the thermal state of the mantle beneath the Slave Craton, Northern Canada, J. Petrol., 40, 79-104.
85. Korenaga, J. (2005), Firm mantle plumes and the nature of the core-mantle boundary region, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 232, 29-37.
86. 4, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 807-810.
87. Lejeune, A.-M., and P. Richet (1995), Rheology of crystal-bearing silicate melts: An experimental study at high viscosities, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4215-4229.
88. 3 perovskite, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 95, 19-36.
89. Lifshitz, I. M., and V. V. Slyozov (1961), The kinetics of precipitation from supersaturated solid solution, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 19, 35-50.
90. Machetel, P., and P. Weber (1991), Intermittent layered convection in a model mantle with an endothermic phase-change at 670 km, Nature, 350, 55-57.
91. Manga, M. (1996), Mixing of heterogeneities in the mantle: Effect of viscosity differences, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 403-406.
92. 3-perovskite (Mg, Fe)O-magnesiowüstite assemblages an analytical transmission electron microscopy study, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5265-5280.
93. Matsui, T., and Y. Abe (1986), Formation of a "magma ocean" on the terrestrial planets due to the blanketing effect of an impact-induced atmosphere, Earth Moon Planets, 34, 223-230.
94. Matsukage, K. N., Z. Jing, and S.-I. Karato (2005), Density of hydrous silicate melt at the conditions of Earth's deep upper mantle, Nature, 438, 488-491.
95. Matyska, C., and D. A. Yuen (2006), Lower mantle dynamics with the post-perovskite phase change, radiative thermal conductivity, temperature-and depth-dependent viscosity, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 154, 196-207.
96. McKenzie, D. (1984), The generation and compaction of partially molten rocks, J. Petrol., 25, 713-765.
97. McLennan, S. M. (2003), Large-ion lithophile element fractionation during the early differentiation of Mars and the composition of the martian primitive mantle, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 38, 895-904.
98. Meade, C., P. G. Silver, and S. Kaneshima (1995), Laboratory and seismological observations of lower mantle isotropy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1293-1296.
99. Mei, S., and D. L. Kohlstedt (2000a), Influence of water on plastic deformation of olivine aggregates: 1. Diffusion creep regime, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,457-21,469.
100. Mei, S., and D. L. Kohlstedt (2000b), Influence of water on plastic deformation of olivine aggregates: 2. Dislocation creep regime, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,471-21,481.
101. Meibom, A., N. H. Sleep, C. P. Chamberlain, R. G. Coleman, R. Frei, M. T. Hren, and J. L. Wooden (2002), Re-Os isotopic evidence for long-lived heterogeneity and equilibrium processes in the Earth's upper mantle, Nature, 419, 705-708.
102. Melosh, H. J. (1990), Giant impacts and thermal state of the early Earth, in Origin of the Earth, edited by H. E. Newsom and J. H. Jones, pp. 69-83, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
103. Mercier, J.-C. C. (1979), Peridotite xenoliths and the dynamics of kimberlite intrusion, in The Mantle Sample: Inclusions in Kimberlites and Other Volcanics, edited by F. R. Boyd and H. O. A. Meyer, pp. 197-212, AGU, Washington, D. C.
104. Mitrovica, J. X., and A. M. Forte (2001), Deep-mantle high-viscosity flow and thermochemical structure inferred from seismic and geodynamic data, Nature, 410, 1049-1056.
105. Mitrovica, J. X., and A. M. Forte (2004), A new inference of mantle viscosity based upon joint inversion of convection and glacial isostatic adjustment data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 225, 177-189.
106. Moresi, L., and V. Solomatov (1998), Mantle convection with a brittle lithospbere: Thoughts On the global tectonic style of the Earth and Venus, Geophys. J., 133, 669-682.
107. Moresi, L.-N., and V. S. Solomatov (1995), Numerical investigation of 2D convection with extremely large viscosity variations, Phys. Fluids., 7, 2154-2162.
108. Morris, S. (1992), Stress relief during solid-state transformations in minerals, Proc. R. Soc., Ser. A, 436, 203-216.
109. Morris, S. (1995), The relaxation of a decompressed inclusion, Zt. Angew. Math. Phys., 46, S335-S355.
110. 3, Science, 304, 855-858.
111. O'Connell, R. J. (1977), On the scale of mantle convection, Tectonophysics, 38, 119-136.
112. 11 layer, Nature, 430, 445-448.
113. Ohtani, E., and M. Maeda (2001), Density of basaltic melt at high pressure and stability of the melt at the base of the lower mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 193, 69-75.
114. Olgaard, D., and B. Evans (1996), Effect of second-phase particles on grain growth in calcite, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 69(11), C272-C277.
115. Olson, P., D. A. Yuen, and D. Balsiger (1984), Mixing of passive heterogeneities by mantle convection, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 425-436.
116. O'Nions, R. K., N. M. Evenson, and P. J. Hamilton (1979), Geochemical modeling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6091-6101.
117. Panasyuk, S. V., and B. H. Hager (1998), A model of transformational superplasticity in the upper mantle, Geophys. J. Int., 133, 741-755.
118. Poirier, J.-P. (1985), Creep. of Crystals, pp. 260, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
119. Poirier, J.-P., J. Peyronneau, M. Madon, F. Guyot, and A. Revcolevschi (1996), Eutectoid phase transformation of olivine and spinel into perovskite and rock salt structure, Nature, 321, 603-605.
120. Porter, D. A., and K. E. Easterling (1997), Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 514 pp., CRC Press, New York.
121. Ratke, L., and W. K. Thieringer (1985), The influence of particle motion on Ostwald ripening in liquids, Acta Metall. Mater., 33, 1793-1802.
122. Reese, C. C., V. S. Solornatov, and L.-N. Moresi (1998), Heat transport efficiency of stagnant lid convection with dislocation viscosity: Application to Mars and Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,643-13,657.
123. Reese, C. C., V. S. Solomatov, and J. R. Baumgardner (2002), Survival of impact-induced thermal anomalies in the Martian mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E10), 5082, doi:10.1029/2000JE001474.
124. Riedel, M. R., and S. Karato (1997), Grain-size evolution in subducted oceanic lithosphere associated with the olivine-spinel transformation and its effects on rheology, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 148, 27-43.
125. Rubie, D. C. (1993), Mechanisms and kinetics of solid-state reconstructive phase transformations in the Earth's mantle, in Short Course Handbook on Experiments at High Pressure and Applications to the Earth's Mantle, vol. 21, edited by R. W. Luth, 247-303 pp., Miner. Assoc. Can., Edmonton.
126. Rubie, D. C., and C. R. Ross (1994), Kinetics of the olivine-spinel transformation in subducting lithosphere: Experimental constraints and implications for deep slab processes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 86, 223-241.
127. Safronov,.V. S. (1964), The primary inhoniogencities. of the Earth's mantle, Tectonophysics, 1, 217-221.
128. Safronov, V. S. (1978), The heating of the Earth during its formation, Icarus, 33, 3-12.
129. Saltzer, R. L., E. Stutzmann, and R. D. van der Hilst (2004), Poisson's ratio in the lower mantle beneath Alaska: Evidence for compositional heterogeneity, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B06301, doi:10.1029/ 2003JB002712.
130. Sanloup, C., A. Jambon, and P. Gillet (1999), A simple chondritic model of Mars, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 112, 4354.
131. Savage, M. K. (1999), Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation: What have we learned from shear wave splitting?, Rev. Geophys., 37, 65-106.
132. Schmalzl, J., and U. Hansen (1994), Mixing the Earth's mantle by thermal convection: A scale dependent phenomenon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 987-990.
133. Shimizu, I. (1998), Stress and temperature dependence of recrystallized grain size: A subgrain misorientation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4237-4240.
134. Siegfried, R. W, and S. C. Solomon (1974), Mercury: Internal structure and thermal evolution, Icarus, 23, 192-205.
135. Skemer, P., and S.-L. Karato (2007), Effects of solute segregation on the grain-growth kinetics of orthopyroxene with implications for the deformation of the upper mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter, 164, 186-196.
136. Solheim, L. P., and W. R. Peltier (1994), avalanche effects in-phase transition modulated thermal-convection: A model of Earth's mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6997-7018.
137. Solomatov, V. S. (1995), Batch crystallization under continuous cooling: Analytical solution for diffusion limited crystal growth, J. Crystal Growth, 148, 421-431.
138. Solomatov, V. S. (1996), Can hotter mantle have a larger viscosity?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 937-940.
139. Solomatov, V. S. (2000), Fluid dynamics of a terrestrial magma ocean, in Origin of the Earth and Moon, edited by R. Canup and K. Righter, pp. 323-339, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, Ariz.
140. Solomatov, V. S. (2001), Grain size-dependent viscosity convection and the thermal evolution of the Earth, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 191, 203-212.
141. Solomatov, V. S. (2007), Magma oceans and primordial mantle differentiation, in Treatise in Geophysics, Volume 9: Evolution of the Earth, edited by G. Schubert, pp. 91-120, Elsevier, New York.
142. Solomatov, V. S., and L.-N. Moresi (2000), Scaling of time-dependent stagnant lid convection: Application to small-scale convection on the Earth and other terrestrial planets, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,795 -21,818.
143. Solomatov, V. S., and D. J. Stevenson (1993), Kinetics of crystal growth in a terrestrial magma ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 5407-5418.
144. Solomatov, V. S., and D. J. Stevenson (1994), Can sharp seismic discontinuities be caused by non-equilibrium phase transformations?, Earth Planet, Sci. Lett., 125, 267-279.
145. Solomatov, V. S., R. El-Khozondar, and V. Tikare (2002), Grain size in the lower mantle: Constraints from numerical modeling of grain growth in two-phase systems, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 129, 265-282.
146. Spohn, Y., F. Sohl, and D. Breuer (1999), Mars, Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 8, 181-235.
147. 3 liquid in Earth's lower mantle, Science, 14, 297-299.
148. Su, C. H., and P. W. Voorhees (1996), The dynamics of precipitate in elastically stressed solid. part I: Inverse coarsening, Acta Mater, 44, 1987-1999.
149. Tackley, P. J. (1998), Three-dimensional simulations of mantle connection with a thermo-chemical basal boundary layer: D"? in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 231-253, AGU, Washington, D. C.
150. Tackley, P. J. (2000), Mantle convection and plate tectonics: Toward an integrated physical and chemical theory, Science, 288, 2002-2007.
151. Tackley, P. J., D. J. Stevenson, G. A. Glatzmaier, and G. Schubert (1993), Effects of an endothermic phase-transition at 670 km depth in a spherical model of convection in the Earth's mantle, Nature, 361, 699-704.
152. Tonks, W. B., and H. J. Melosh (1993), Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 5319-5333.
153. Toriumi, M. (1982), Grain boundary migration in olivine at atmospheric pressure, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 30, 26-35.
154. Trampert, J., F. Deschamps, J. Resovsky, and D. Yuen (2004), Probabilistic tomography maps chemical heterogeneities throughout the lower mantle, Science, 306, 853-856.
155. Trompert, R., and U. Hansen (1998), Mantle convection simulations with rheologies that generate plate-like behaviour, Nature, 395, 686-689.
156. 3 perovskite in the Earth's lower mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 224, 241-248.
157. van der Hilst, R. D., and H. Kárason (1999), Compositional heterogeneity in the bottom 1000 kilometers of Earth's mantle: Toward a hybrid convection model, Science, 283, 1885-1888.
158. van der Molen, I., and M. S. Paterson (1979), Experimental deformation of partially-melted granite, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 70, 299-318.
159. van Keken, P. E., and C. J. Ballentine (1998), Whole-mantle versus layered mantle convection and the role of a high-viscosity lower mantle in terrestrial volatile evolution, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 156, 19-32.
160. van Keken, P. E., E. H. Hauri, and C. J. Ballentine (2002), Mantle mixing: The generation, preservation, and destruction of chemical heterogencity, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 30, 493-525.
161. Voorhees, P. W. (1992), Ostwald ripening of two-phase mixtures, Annu. Rev. Mater Sci., 22, 197-215.
162. Wagner, C. (1961), Theorio der alterung von niederschlāgen durch umlōsen, Zeitschrift fur Elektrochemie, 65, 581-591.
163. Wang, Y., I. Martinez, F. Guyot, and R. C. Liebermann (1997), The breakdown of olivine to perovskite and magnesiowūstite, Science, 275, 510-513.
164. Wetherill, G. W. (1990), Formation of the Earth, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 18, 205-256.
165. 3 perovskite and periclase under lower mantle conditions, Science, 274, 2052-2054.
166. 3 perovskite at 25 GPa, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 119, 299-309.
167. Yang, W.-S., and J. R. Baumgardner (2000), Matrix dependent transfer multigrid method for strongly variable viscosity infinite Prandtl number thermal convection, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 92, 151-195.
168. Yoder, C. F., A. S. Konopliv, D. N. Yuan, E. M. Standish, and W. M. Folkner (2003), Fluid core size of Mars from detection of the solar tide, Science, 300, 299-303.
169. Zahnle, K. J., J. F. Kasting, and J. B. Pollack (1988), Evolution of a steam atmosphere during Earth's accretion, Icarus, 74, 62-97.
170. Zindler, A., and S. R. Hart (1986), Chemical geodynamics, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 14, 493-571.