Incorporating self-consistently calculated mineral physics into thermochemical mantle convection simulations in a 3-D spherical shell and its influence on seismic anomalies in Earth's mantle

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2009, Pages

  Nakagawa, Takashi ^a,b   Tackley, Paul J ^b   Deschamps, Frederic ^b   Connolly, James A D ^b  

^a KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Free energy minimization; Phase transitions; Seismic anomalies; Spherical shell; Thermochemical mantle convection

Indexed keywords

EID: 71949114899     PISSN: 15252027     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008GC002280     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Anderson, D. L. (1987), A seismic equation of state II. Shear properties and thermodynamics of the lower mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 45, 307-323, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(87)90039-2.
2. Becker, T. W., and L. Boschi (2002), A comparison of tomographic and geodynamic mantle models, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3(1), 1003, doi:10.1029/2001GC000168.
3. Brandenburg, J. P., and P. E. van Keken (2007), Deep storage of oceanic crust in a vigorously convecting mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B06403, doi:10.1029/2006JB004813. (Pubitemid 47354858)
4. Bunge, H. P., M. A. Richards, and J. R. Baumgardner (1996), Effect of depth-dependent viscosity on the planform of mantle convection, Nature, 379, 436-438, doi:10.1038/379436a0. (Pubitemid 26462277)
5. Cammarano, F. , and B. Romanowicz (2007), Insights into the nature of the transition zone from physically constrained inversion of long-period seismic data, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104, 9139-9144, doi:10.1073/pnas. 0608075104. (Pubitemid 47185746)
6. Christensen, U. R., and A. W. Hoffmann (1994), Segregation of subducted oceanic crust in the convecting mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 19, 867-19, 884.
7. Christensen, U. R., and D. A. Yuen (1985), Layered convection induced by phase transitions, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 10, 921-10, 300.
8. Cobden, L., S. Goes, F. Cammarano, and J. A. D. Connolly (2008), Thermochemical interpretation of one-dimensional seismic reference models for the upper mantle: Evidence for bias due to heterogeneity, Geophys. J. Int., 175, 627-648, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03903.x.
9. Connolly, J. A. D. (2005), Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming: A tool for geodynamic modeling and its application to subduction zone decarbonation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236, 524-541, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2005.04.033. (Pubitemid 40984452)
10. Connolly, J. A. D., and D. M. Kerrick (2002), Metamorphic controls on seismic velocity of subducted oceanic crust at 100-250 km depth, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 204, 61-74, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00957-3. (Pubitemid 35389737)
11. Davies, G. F. (2008), Episodic layering of the early mantle by the basalt barrier mechanism, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 275, 382-392, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2008.08.036.
12. Deschamps, F. , and J. Trampert (2003), Mantle tomography and its relation to temperature and composition, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 140, 277-291, doi:10.1016/j.pepi. 2003.09.004.
13. Deschamps, F. , J. Trampert, and P. J. Tackley (2007), Thermochemical structure of the lower mantle: Seismological evidence and consequences for geodynamics, in Superplume: Beyond Plate Tectonics, edited by D. A. Yuen et al., pp. 293-320, Springer, New York.
14. Gerya, T. V., L. L. Perchuk, W. V. Maresch, and A. P. Willner (2004), Inherent gravitational instability of hot continental crust: Implications for doming and diapirism in granulite facies terrains, in Gneiss Domes in Orogeny, edited by D. L. Whitney, C. Teyssier, and C. S. Siddoway, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 380, 97-115.
15. Grigne, C. , S. Labrosse, and P. J. Tackley (2007), Convection under a lid of finite conductivity in wide aspect ratio models: Effect of continents on the wavelength of mantle flow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B08403, doi:10.1029/2006JB004297. (Pubitemid 47578274)
16. Gu, Y. J., A. M. Dziewonski, and G. Ekstrom (2003), Simultaneous inversion for mantle shear velocity and topography of transition zone discontinuities, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 559-583, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003. 01967.x. (Pubitemid 36967920)
17. Gurnis, M. , and G. F. Davies (1986), Mixing in numericalmodels of mantle convection incorporating plate kinematics, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 6375-6395, doi:10.1029/JB091iB06p06375.
18. Gurnis, M. , and S. Zhong (1991), Generation of long wavelength heterogeneity in the mantle by the dynamic interaction between plates and convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 581-584, doi:10.1029/91GL00823.
19. Hansen, U., D. A. Yuen, S. E. Kroening, and T. B. Larsen (1993), Dynamic consequences of depth-dependent thermal expansivity and viscosity on mantle circulations and thermal structure, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 77, 205-223, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(93)90099-U.
20. Hirose, K. (2002), Phase transitions in pyrolitic mantle around 670-km depth: Implications for upwelling of plumes from the lower mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B4), 2078, doi:10.1029/2001JB000597.
21. Hirose, K. (2006), Postperovskite phase transition and its geophysical implication, Rev. Geophys., 44, RG3001, doi:10.1029/2005RG000186. (Pubitemid 46804469)
22. Hirose, K. , and Y. Fei (2002), Subsolidus and melting phase relations of basaltic composition in the uppermost lower mantle, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 2099-2108, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00847-5. (Pubitemid 34781100)
23. Hirose, K. , N. Takafuji, N. Sata, and Y. Ohishi (2005), Phase transition and density of subducted MORB crust in the lower mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237, 239-251, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.035. (Pubitemid 41235837)
24. Irifune, T. , and A. E. Ringwood (1993), Phase transformations in subducted oceanic crust and buoyancy relationship at depths of 600-800 km in the mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 117, 101-110, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93) 90120-X.
25. Karato, S. , and P. Wu (1993), Rheology of the upper mantle: A synthesis, Science, 260, 771-778, doi:10.1126/science.260.5109.771.
26. Khan, A. , J. A. D. Connolly, and N. Olsen (2006), Constraining the composition and thermal state of the mantle beneath Europe from inversion of long-period electromagnetic sounding data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B10102, doi:10.1029/2006JB004270. (Pubitemid 44932612)
27. Lay, T. , J. Hernlund, E. J. Garnero, and M. Thorne (2006), A post-perovskite lens and D00 heat flux beneath the central Pacific, Science, 314, 1272-1276, doi:10.1126/science. 1133280. (Pubitemid 44846385)
28. Mao, W. L., et al. (2005), Iron-rich silicates in the Earth's D00 layer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 102, 9751-9753, doi:10.1073/pnas.0503737102. (Pubitemid 40993640)
29. Matas, J. , and M. S. T. Bukowinski (2007), On the anelastic contribution to the temperature dependence of lower mantle seismic velocities, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 259, 51-65, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.028. (Pubitemid 46939598)
30. McNamara, A. K., and S. Zhong (2005), Degree-one mantle convection: Dependence on internal heating and temperature-dependent rheology, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01301, doi:10.1029/2004GL021082. (Pubitemid 40472969)
31. Megnin, C. , and B. Romanowicz (2000), The three-dimensional shear velocity structure of the mantle from the inversion of body, surface and higher mode waveforms, Geophys. J. Int., 143, 709-728, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000. 00298.x. (Pubitemid 32015444)
32. Moresi, L. , and V. S. Solomatov (1998), Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere: Thoughts on the global tectonic styles of the Earth and Venus, Geophys. J. Int., 133, 669-682, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00521.x. (Pubitemid 28424612)
33. 3 post-perovskite phase: A constraint on the D00 discontinuity, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 259, 18-23, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.015. (Pubitemid 46939595)
34. Nakagawa, T. , and B. A. Buffett (2005), Mass transport mechanism between the upper and lower mantle in numerical simulations of thermochemcial mantle convection with multicomponent phase changes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 230, 11-27, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.11.005. (Pubitemid 40112448)
35. Nakagawa, T. , and P. J. Tackley (2004), Effects of thermochemical mantle convection on the thermal evolution of the Earth's core, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 220, 107-119, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00055-X. (Pubitemid 38423482)
36. Nakagawa, T. , and P. J. Tackley (2005a), Deep mantle heat flow and thermal evolution of the Earth's core in thermochemical multiphase models of mantle convection, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q08003, doi:10.1029/ 2005GC000967.
37. Nakagawa, T. , and P. J. Tackley (2005b), The interaction between the post-perovskite phase change and a thermochemical boundary layer near the core-mantle boundary, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 238, 204-216, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2005.06.048.
38. Nakagawa, T. , and P. J. Tackley (2006), Three-dimensional structures and dynamics in the deep mantle: Effects of post-perovskite phase change and deep mantle layering, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12S11, doi:10.1029/2006GL025719. (Pubitemid 44687750)
39. Nakagawa, T. , and P. J. Tackley (2008), Lateral variations in CMB heat flux and deep mantle seismic velocity caused by a thermal-chemical-phase boundary layer in 3D spherical convection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 271, 348-358, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.013.
40. 3 perovskite on the post-perovskite transition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12307, doi:10.1029/2007GL029991. (Pubitemid 351193186)
41. Ogawa, M. (2003), Chemical stratification in a two-dimensional convecting mantle with magmatism and moving plates, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B12), 2561, doi:10.1029/2002JB002205.
42. Ohta, K. , K. Hirose, T. Lay, N. Sata, and Y. Ohishi (2008), Phase transitions in pyrolite and MORB at lowermost mantle conditions: Implications for a MORB-rich pile above the core-mantle boundary, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 267, 107-117, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.037.
43. 3 and pyrolitic mantle convection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236, 914-932, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.001. (Pubitemid 41258212)
44. Ono, S. , Y. Ohishi, M. Isshiki, and T. Watanuki (2005), In situ X-ray observations of phase assemblages in peridotite and basalt compositions at lower mantle conditions: Implications for density of subducted oceanic plate, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B02208, doi:10.1029/2004JB003196. (Pubitemid 40763095)
45. 3 perovskite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 239-242, doi:10.1029/91GL00212.
46. Phipps Morgan, J. (1998), Thermal and rare gas evolution of the mantle, Chem. Geol., 145, 431-445, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00153-8. (Pubitemid 28426471)
47. Piazzoni, A. S., G. Steinle-Neumann, H.-P. Bunge, and D. Dolejs (2007), A mineralogical model for density and elasticity of the Earth's mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q11010, doi:10.1029/2007GC001697.
48. Ricard, Y. , E. Mattern, and J. Matas (2005), Synthetic tomographic images of slabs from mineral physics, in Earth's Deep Mantle: Structure, Composition, and Evolution, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 160, edited by R. D. van der Hilst et al., pp. 283-300, AGU, Washington, D. C.
49. Ritsema, J. , H. J. van Heist, and J. H. Woodhouse (2004), Global transition zone tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02302, doi:10.1029/ 2003JB002610.
50. Stixrude, L. , and M. S. T. Bukowinski (1990), Fundamental thermodynamic relations and silicate melting with implications for the constitute of D00, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 19, 311-19, 325.
51. Stixrude, L. , and C. Lithgow-Bertelloni (2005a), Thermodynamics of mantle minerals-1. Physical properties, Geophys. J. Int., 162, 610-632, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02642.x. (Pubitemid 41632728)
52. Stixrude, L. , and C. Lithgow-Bertelloni (2005b), Mineralogy and elasticity of oceanic upper mantle: Origin of the low velocity zone, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B03204, doi:10.1029/2004JB002965. (Pubitemid 40959083)
53. Tackley, P. J. (1995), On the penetration of an endothermic phase transition by upwellings and downwelling, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 15, 477-15, 488, doi:10.1029/95JB00318.
54. Tackley, P. J. (1996a), On the ability of phase transitions and viscosity layering to induce long-wavelength heterogeneity in the mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1985-1988, doi:10.1029/96GL01980.
55. Tackley, P. J. (1996b), Effects of strongly variable viscosity on three-dimensional compressible convection in planetary mantles, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3311-3332, doi:10.1029/95JB03211. (Pubitemid 26469081)
56. Tackley, P. J. (1998), Three-dimensional simulations of mantle convection with a thermochemical CMB boundary layer: D00?, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 231-253, AGU, Washington, D. C.
57. Tackley, P. J. (2000), Self-consistent generation of tectonic plates in time-dependent, three-dimensional mantle convection simulations, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1(8), 1021, doi:10.1029/2000GC000036.
58. Tackley, P. J. (2002), Strong heterogeneity caused by deep mantle layering, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3(4), 1024, doi:10.1029/2001GC000167.
59. Tackley, P. J. (2008), Modellng compressible mantle convection with large viscosity contrasts in a three-dimensional spherical shell using the yin-yang grid, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 171, 7-18.
60. Tackley, P. J., and S. Xie (2003), Stag3D: A code for modeling thermo-chemical multiphase convection in Earth's mantle, paper presented at Second MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics, Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Mass.
61. Tackley, P. J., D. J. Stevenson, G. A. Glatzmaier, and G. Schubert (1993), Effects of an endothermic phase transition at 670 km depth in a spherical model of convection in the Earth's mantle, Nature, 361, 699-704, doi:10.1038/361699a0. (Pubitemid 23390508)
62. Tackley, P. J., D. J. Stevenson, G. A. Glatzmaier, and G. Schubert (1994), Effects of multiple phase transitions in a threedimensional spherical model of convection in Earth's mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 15, 877-15, 901, doi:10.1029/94JB00853.
63. Tackley, P. J., S. Xie, T. Nakagawa, and J. W. Hernlund (2005), Numerical and laboratory studies of mantle convection: Philosophy, accomplishments and thermo-chemical structure evolution, in Earth's Deep Mantle: Structure Composition, and Evolution, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 160, edited by R. D. van der Hilst et al., pp. 83-99, doi:10.1029/160GM07, AGU, Washington, D. C.
64. Tackley, P. J., T. Nakagawa, and J. W. Hernlund (2007), Influence of the post-perovskite transition on thermal and thermo-chemical mantle convection, in Post-Perovskite: The Last Phase Transition, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 174, edited by K. Hirose et al., pp. 229-247, AGU, Washington, D. C.
65. Trampert, J. , P. Vacher, and N. Vlaar (2001), Sensitivities of seismic velocities to temperature, pressure and composition in the lower mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 124, 255-267, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(01)00201-1. (Pubitemid 32710522)
66. 3 system, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 105, 19, 160-19, 164, doi:10.1073/pnas.0805660105.
67. van der Hilst, R. D., M. V. de Hoop, P. Wang, and S.-H. Shim (2007), Seismostratigraphy and thermal structure of Earth's core-mantle boundary region, Science, 315, 1813-1817, doi:10.1126/science.1137867. (Pubitemid 46580134)
68. van Heck, H., and P. J. Tackley (2008), Planforms of selfconsistent generated plate tectonics in 3-D spherical geometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19312, doi:10.1029/2008GL035190.
69. Xie, S. , and P. J. Tackley (2004a), Evolution of helium and argon isotopes in a convecting mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 146, 417-439, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2004.04.003. (Pubitemid 39026950)
70. Xie, S. , and P. J. Tackley (2004b), Evolution of U-Pb and Sm-Nd systems in numerical models of mantle convection, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B11204, doi:10.1029/2004JB003176. (Pubitemid 40294838)
71. Xu, W. B., C. Lithgow-Bertelloni, L. Stixrude, and J. Ritsema (2008), The effect of bulk composition and temperature on mantle seismic structure, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 275, 70-79, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.012.
72. Yamazaki, D. , and S.-I. Karato (2001), Some mineral physics constraints on the theology and geothermal structure of Earth's lower mantle, Am. Mineral., 86, 385-391.
73. Yoshida, M. , Y. Iwase, and S. Honda (1999), Generation of plumes under a localized high viscosity lid in 3-D spherical shell convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 947-950, doi:10.1029/1999GL900147. (Pubitemid 29340959)