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In constructing Fig. 1, we incorporated only those ray paths for which anomalous diffracted P-wave segments of the seismic phase SPdKS could be resolved to lie on either the source or receiver side of the ray path, as derived from different paths containing overlapping diffracted segments (9, 12). The lateral extent of ULVZs was determined by standard Fresnel zone analysis (19) including all regions sampled within the first quarter period. Varying the assumed size of the Fresnel zone affected our statistical correlations, with smaller and larger zones producing somewhat worse correlations between hot spots and the ULVZs. Nevertheless, ULVZs are better correlated with hot spot flux than any contours within tomographic velocity models of the deep mantle (4, 19) for Fresnel zone dimensions between one-eighth and one-half wavelength.
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Our results are not particularly sensitive to our areal sampling size around hot spots; distances from 0.5° to 4° produce similar statistical correlations.
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Those hot spots that lie above regions where ULVZs have not been observed could be (i) associated with highly localized (and as yet undetected) ULVZs, (ii) produced by lateral flow or deflection of plumes (22), or (iii) derived from a different depth or through a different process than ULVZ-associated hot spots.
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Standardized score (z) is defined as z = (O - E)/σ, where O is the number of hot spots (or flux) inside a velocity contour for a randomly sampled 44% of the tomographic models, E denotes the number (or flux) predicted by a binomial distribution, and σ is the standard deviation of the binomial. Zero corresponds to uncorrelated data; z ≥ 1.0 has an ∼15% likelihood of arising randomly.
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Supported by the NSF Geophysics and Presidential Faculty Fellow programs. We thank H. Nataf and the reviewers for comments on the manuscript.
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