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Volumn 283, Issue 5408, 1999, Pages 1699-1706

Mantle values of thermal conductivity and the geotherm from phonon lifetimes

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FERROUS ION; SILICATE;

EID: 0033548504     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5408.1699     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (528)

References (124)
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    • ij as defined is computed per mole, reporting κ in units of watts per meter-kelvin requires multiplication of Eq. 2 by the density p and division by the molecular weight of the compound
    • ij as defined is computed per mole, reporting κ in units of watts per meter-kelvin requires multiplication of Eq. 2 by the density p and division by the molecular weight of the compound.
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    • note
    • The linear dependence derived in (18) for κ(T) results from the form assumed for the lattice contribution. Further, the laser used to heat the sample has a frequency similar to the Si-O stretching modes of the silicates. The presence of an undesirable resonance is suggested by the different behavior seen for Fo and enstatite than for corundum and periclase, in that the latter two materials are not directly stimulated because Al-O and Mg-O fundamentals lie below the laser frequency.
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    • This method is commonly used to extract peak parameters from solids [for example, W. G. Spitzer, R. C. Miller, D. A. Kleinman, L. E. Howarth, Phys. Rev. 126, 1710 (1962); A. M. Hofmeister and A. Chopelas, Phys. Chem. Miner. 17, 503 (1991)].
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    • This method is commonly used to extract peak parameters from solids [for example, W. G. Spitzer, R. C. Miller, D. A. Kleinman, L. E. Howarth, Phys. Rev. 126, 1710 (1962); A. M. Hofmeister and A. Chopelas, Phys. Chem. Miner. 17, 503 (1991)].
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    • This is commonly applied to minerals; see, for example, A. M. Hofmeister, Phys. Chem. Miner. 24, 535 (1997).
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    • i
    • i.
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    • For example, N. Choudhury, S. Ghose, C. P. Chowdhury, C. K. Loong, S. L. Chaplot, Phys. Rev. B 58, 756 (1998) for enstatite; D. L. Price, S. Ghose, N. Choudhury, S. L. Chaplot, K. R. Rao, Physica B 174, 87 (1991) for Fa; K. R. Rao et al., Phys. Chem. Miner. 16, 83 (1988) for Fo.
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    • Choudhury, N.1    Ghose, S.2    Chowdhury, C.P.3    Loong, C.K.4    Chaplot, S.L.5
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    • For example, N. Choudhury, S. Ghose, C. P. Chowdhury, C. K. Loong, S. L. Chaplot, Phys. Rev. B 58, 756 (1998) for enstatite; D. L. Price, S. Ghose, N. Choudhury, S. L. Chaplot, K. R. Rao, Physica B 174, 87 (1991) for Fa; K. R. Rao et al., Phys. Chem. Miner. 16, 83 (1988) for Fo.
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    • For example, N. Choudhury, S. Ghose, C. P. Chowdhury, C. K. Loong, S. L. Chaplot, Phys. Rev. B 58, 756 (1998) for enstatite; D. L. Price, S. Ghose, N. Choudhury, S. L. Chaplot, K. R. Rao, Physica B 174, 87 (1991) for Fa; K. R. Rao et al., Phys. Chem. Miner. 16, 83 (1988) for Fo.
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    • This technique is closely related to Raman spectroscopy. See A. Chopelas, H. J. Reichmann, L. Zhang, in Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G. Burns, M. D. Dyar, C. McCammon, M. W. Schaeffer, Eds. (Geochemical Society, Houston, TX, 1996), pp. 229-242, and references therein.
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    • -1 for olivine (6)
    • -1 for olivine (6).
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    • G. Burns and B. A. Scott, Phys. Rev. B 7, 3088 (1973); A. M. Hofmeister, Eos 79, S163 (1998).
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    • The radiative term should be pressure independent, because Γ is pressure independent (35), and thus was not integrated over pressure. The change in frequency with pressure is immaterial because the rate of change for the absorption and emission bands would be essentially the same (discussed further below)
    • The radiative term should be pressure independent, because Γ is pressure independent (35), and thus was not integrated over pressure. The change in frequency with pressure is immaterial because the rate of change for the absorption and emission bands would be essentially the same (discussed further below).
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    • J. L. Servoin and B. Piriou. Phys. Status Soldi B 55, 677 (1973); K. Iishi, Am. Mineral. 63, 1198 (1978).
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    • unpublished IR data. The spectral parameters are close to other garnets in the middle of the pyrope-almandine binary measured by A. M. Hofmeister, T. J. Fagan, K. M. Campbell, and R. B. Schaal
    • A. M. Hofmeister, unpublished IR data. The spectral parameters are close to other garnets in the middle of the pyrope-almandine binary measured by A. M. Hofmeister, T. J. Fagan, K. M. Campbell, and R. B. Schaal [Am. Mineral. 81, 418 (1996)].
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    • The blackbody radiation is associated with vibronic transitions, implying that high levels must be populated in order for visible light to be given off. The continuum exists because of the large number of overtones and finite widths
    • The blackbody radiation is associated with vibronic transitions, implying that high levels must be populated in order for visible light to be given off. The continuum exists because of the large number of overtones and finite widths.
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    • For example, at room temperature the first overtone of the Si-O bands is intense at submillimeter thickness (23), even though these are expected to be populated at less than 1% of the fundamental population, and the second overtone is also seen but poorly resolved
    • For example, at room temperature the first overtone of the Si-O bands is intense at submillimeter thickness (23), even though these are expected to be populated at less than 1% of the fundamental population, and the second overtone is also seen but poorly resolved.
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    • Because bandwidths on average are about the same for all silicates, the result can be generalized. Oxides have broader mid-IR bands (33) and therefore broader overtones than silicates, and could not have higher b values. Furthermore, this value for b equals the average of the two curves derived for MgO (22) by assuming an average absorbance (20), which suggests that the above representation is also appropriate for oxides
    • Because bandwidths on average are about the same for all silicates, the result can be generalized. Oxides have broader mid-IR bands (33) and therefore broader overtones than silicates, and could not have higher b values. Furthermore, this value for b equals the average of the two curves derived for MgO (22) by assuming an average absorbance (20), which suggests that the above representation is also appropriate for oxides.
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    • rad low at high temperature. Furthermore, because widths do not change across solid solution series [for example, (47)], the radiative conductivity will not be affected by Fe content as long as enough is available to produce at least a small absorption in an appropriate grain size. Thus, minerals with Fe contents below perhaps 1 or 2 weight % should probably be treated as Fe-free.
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    • rad (78, 23) are inconsistent with total K
    • rad (78, 23) are inconsistent with total K.
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    • The pressure dependence obtained from Eq. 10 using the data in Table 1 with q = 0 [see A. M. Hofmeister, J. Xu, H. K. Mao, P. M. Bell, T. C. Hoering, Am. Mineral. 74, 281 (1989)] gave negligibly different values from Eq. 11. For silicate Pv, q is unknown and γ and K′ have large uncertainties. Thus, results for Eq. 11 are given.
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    • unpublished data
    • A. M. Hofmeister, unpublished data. Fe end-member spectra are in P. F. McMillan and A. M. Hofmeister, Rev. Mineral. 18, 99 (1988).
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    • This approach is consistent with solutions of steady-state heat flow between stacked parallel planes [see section 3.2 in (1)]. It is reasonable because the pressure dependence is weak (κ doubles over 760 km)
    • This approach is consistent with solutions of steady-state heat flow between stacked parallel planes [see section 3.2 in (1)]. It is reasonable because the pressure dependence is weak (κ doubles over 760 km).
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    • I thank R. Boehter for suggesting this problem, the Humboldt Foundation for making our interaction possible, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation for funding the IR spectroscopy that formed the basis of this study. The input of O. L. Anderson, A. Chopelas, R. E. Criss, R. F. Dymek, S. A. Hauck, R. Phillips, P. Shore, M. Simons, D. Weins, M. Wyssession, and four anonymous reviewers is greatly appreciated. The project was partially supported by NSF grant EAR712311
    • I thank R. Boehter for suggesting this problem, the Humboldt Foundation for making our interaction possible, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation for funding the IR spectroscopy that formed the basis of this study. The input of O. L. Anderson, A. Chopelas, R. E. Criss, R. F. Dymek, S. A. Hauck, R. Phillips, P. Shore, M. Simons, D. Weins, M. Wyssession, and four anonymous reviewers is greatly appreciated. The project was partially supported by NSF grant EAR712311.


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