Mantle convection and plate tectonics: Toward an integrated physical and chemical theory

Science

Volumn 288, Issue 5473, 2000, Pages 2002-2007

  Tackley, Paul J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MANTLE CHEMISTRY; MANTLE CONVECTION; MANTLE STRUCTURE; PLATE TECTONICS; SEISMIC WAVE;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; FLOW KINETICS; GEOLOGY; MODEL; PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TEMPERATURE; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 0034674590     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5473.2002     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. The mantle is solid except for some shallow (<100 km depth) regions where small percentages of partial melting may take place.
2. 21 Pa·s by the movement of vacancies or dislocations through the crystal lattice.
3. G. Schubert, D. L. Turcotte, P. Olson, Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, in press).
4. 2 and the cooling rate is ∼100 K per million years.
5. D. L. Kohlstedt, B. Evans, S. J. Mackwell, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 17587 (1995).
6. G. Ranalli, Rheology of the Earth (Chapman & Hall, London, ed. 2, 1995).
7. A. W. Hofmann, Nature 385, 219 (1997).
8. G. F. Davies and M. A. Richards, J. Geol. 100, 151 (1992).
9. H. P. Bunge et al., Science 280, 91 (1998).
10. M. Gurnis, R. D. Muller, L. Moresi, Science 279, 1499 (1998).
11. P. G. Silver, R. M. Russo, C. Lithgow-Bertelloni, Science 279, 60 (1998).
12. T. B. Larsen and D. A. Yuen, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 146, 393 (1997).
13. C. C. Reese, V. S. Solomatov, L.-N. Moresi, Icarus 139, 67 (1999).
14. -1 for hydrated olivine, the major mantle mineral.
15. P. van Keken, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 148, 1 (1997).
16. W. B. Moore, G. Schubert, P. J. Tackley, Science 279, 1008 (1998).
17. N. M. Ribe and U. Christensen, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 171, 517 (1999).
18. N. H. Sleep, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 5639 (1994).
19. G. Schubert, D. L. Turcotte, V. Solomatov, P. J. Tackley, in Venus II, S. W. Bougher, D. M. Hunten, R. J. Phillips, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1997), pp. 1245-1287.
20. D. L. Turcotte, J. Geopnys. Res. 98, 17061 (1993).
21. C. Dumoulin, M.-P. Doin, L. Fleitout, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 12759 (1999).
22. O. Grasset and E. M. Parmentier, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18171 (1998).
23. Oceanic plates are made at oceanic spreading centers (mid-ocean ridges) and reenter the mantle at subduction zones less than 200 million years later. Subducted oceanic plates ("slabs") sink through the mantle.
24. P. J. Tackley, in History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions. M. A. Richards, R. Gordon, R. van der Hilst, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, in press).
25. D. Bercovici, Y. Ricard, M. A. Richards, in History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions, M. A. Richards, R. Gordon, R. van der Hilst, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, in press).
26. S. H. Kirby, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 21, 1458 (1983).
27. D. H. Jin, S. Karato, M. Obata, J. Struct. Geol. 20, 195 (1998).
28. D. Bercovici, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 154, 139 (1998).
29. M. Gurnis, S. Zhong, J. Toth, in History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions, M. A. Richards, R. Gordon, R. van der Hilst, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, in press).
30. S. D. King, C. W. Gable, S. A. Weinstein, Geophys. J. Int. 109, 481 (1992).
31. L. Moresi and V. Solomatov, Geophys. J. Int. 133, 669 (1998).
32. Any 3D solenoidal velocity field can be divided into a poloidal component, associated with divergence in a horizontal plane, and a toroidal component, associated with vertical vorticity. The toroidal component is associated with the strike-slip (shear) component at plate boundaries.
33. D. Bercovici, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144, 41 (1996).
34. S. A. Weinstein, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 155, 87 (1998).
35. P. J. Tackley, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 157, 9 (1998).
36. R. Trompert and U. Hansen, Nature 395, 686 (1998).
37. P. J. Tackley, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., in press.
38. _, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., in press.
39. K. Regenauer-Lieb and D. A. Yuen, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 2737 (1998).
40. J. Braun et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 25167 (1999).
41. M. Kameyama, D. A. Yuen, H. Fujimoto, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2523 (1997).
42. A. M. Hofmeister, Science 283, 1699 (1999).
43. D. Bercovici, Y. Ricard, G. Schubert, in preparation.
44. M. Yoshida, Y. Iwase, S. Honda, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 947 (1999).
45. J. P. Lowman and G. T. Jarvis, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 25485 (1996).
46. M. Gurnis, Nature 332, 695 (1988).
47. J. P. Lowman and G. T. Jarvis, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 12773 (1999).
48. A. Lenardic and W. M. Kaula, Nature 378, 709 (1995).
49. A. Lenardic, Geophys. J. Int. 134, 706 (1998).
50. _ and L.-N. Moresi, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 12747 (1999).
51. S. S. Shapiro, B. H. Hager, T. H. Jordan, Lithos 48, 115 (1999).
52. M. P. Doin, L. Fleitout, U. Christensen J. Geophys. Res. 102, 2771 (1997).
53. Incompatible trace elements are present in small concentrations and are not readily incorporated into silicate crystal lattices, and thus tend to enter any melt that forms.
54. This depletion is relative to a "primitive" composition, which is the presumed composition of Earth's mantle before the extraction of any continental crust.
55. A seismic discontinuity at 660 km depth, which is now understood to result from a phase transition, separates the upper and lower mantles.
56. R. D. van der Hilst, S. Widiyantoro, E. R. Engdahl, Nature 386, 578 (1997).
57. S. P. Grand, R. D. van der Hilst, S. Widiyantoro, GSA Today 7, 1 (1997).
58. G. Masters, G. Laske, H. Bolton, A. Dziewonski, in Mineral Physics and Seismic Tomography, S. Karato et al., Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 2000), pp. 63-87.
59. Both a viscosity increase and a deflection of the phase boundary within upwellings and downwellings may temporarily deflect slabs.
60. P. J. Tackley, U.S. National Report to the IUGG 1991-1994 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1985), pp. 275-282.
61. U. R. Christensen, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 140, 27 (1996).
62. _, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 22435 (1997).
63. M. Gurnis and G. F. Davies, Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 541 (1986).
64. P. E. van Keken and C. J. Ballentine, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 156, 19 (1998).
65. _, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 7137 (1999).
66. S. Ferrachat and Y. Ricard, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 155, 75 (1998).
67. Possible regimes of mixing are chaotic (turbulent), in which stretching of heterogeneities increases exponentially with time, and laminar, in which stretching increases linearly with time. Steady-state flows without toroidal motion exhibit only laminar mixing.
68. P. E. van Keken and S. Zhong, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 171, 533 (1999).
69. A. A. Ten, Y. Y. Podladchikov, D. A. Yuen, T. B. Larsen, A. V. Malevsky, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3205 (1998).
70. M. Manga, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 403 (1996).
71. T. W. Becker, J. B. Kellogg, R. J. O'Connell, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 171, 351 (1999).
72. T. Lay, Q. Williams, E. J. Garnero, Nature 392, 461 (1998).
73. I. Sidorin, M. Gurnis, D. V. Helmberger, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 15005 (1999).
74. X.-F. Liu, J. Tromp, A. M. Dziewonski, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 160, 343 (1998).
75. J. Ritsema, S. Ni, D. V. Helmberger, H. P. Crotwell, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4245 (1998).
76. D. A. Yuen, O. Cadek, A. Chopelas, C. Matyska, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 899 (1993).
77. P. F. Thompson and P. J. Tackley, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1999 (1998).
78. M. Ishii and J. Tromp, Science 285, 1231 (1999).
79. W.-J. Su and A. M. Dziewonski, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 100, 135 (1997).
80. B. L. N. Kennett, S. Widiyantoro, R. D. van der Hilst, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 12459 (1998).
81. P. J. Tackley, D. J. Stevenson, G. A. Glatzmaier, G. Schubert, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 15877 (1994).
82. U. R. Christensen and A. W. Hofmann, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 19867 (1994).
83. F. Albarade, Chem. Geol. 145, 413 (1998).
84. N. Coltice and Y. Ricard, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 174, 125 (1999).
85. P. J. Tackley, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, M. Gurnis, M. E. Wysession, E. Knittle, B. A. Buffett, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1998), pp. 231-253.
86. L. H. Kellogg, B. H. Hager, R. D. van der Hilst, Science 283, 1881 (1999).
87. C. Lithgow-Bertelloni and P. G. Silver, Nature 395, 269 (1998).
88. A. M. Forte, J. X. Mitrovica, R. L. Woodward, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1013 (1995).
89. R. D. van der Hilst and H. Karason, Science 283, 1885 (1999).
90. A. Davaille, Nature 402, 756 (1999).
91. I thank J. Vidale for suggesting Fig. 2B, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful advice. Supported by NASA and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.