Potential pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretrovirals and medicinal plants used as complementary and African traditional medicines

Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition

Volumn 32, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 458-470

  Müller, Adrienne C ^a   Kanfer, Isadore ^a  

^a RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Antiretrovirals; CYP3A4; Drug interactions; Medicinal plants; P gp

Indexed keywords

ATAZANAVIR; EFAVIRENZ; HERBACEOUS AGENT; INDINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; PREGNANE X RECEPTOR; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; SAQUINAVIR;

ACACIA NILOTICA; ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICAN MEDICINE; AGAURIA SALICIFOLIA; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; CYPHOSTEMMA HILDEBRANDTI; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG MECHANISM; ELAEODENDRON BUCHANANII; HUMAN; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; HYPOXIS HEMEROCALLIDEA; IN VITRO STUDY; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MEDICINAL PLANT; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SILYBUM MARIANUM; SUTHERLANDIA FRUTESCENS;

ANIMALS; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS; HUMANS; MEDICINE, AFRICAN TRADITIONAL; P-GLYCOPROTEIN; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS;

EID: 80054951196     PISSN: 01422782     EISSN: 1099081X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bdd.775     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. WHO. General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicine. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/WHO-EDM-TRM-2000.1.pdf. Accessed on 10/06/2010.
2. Babb DA, Pemba L, Seatlanyane P, Charalambous S, Churchyard GJ, Grant AD. Use of traditional medicine in the era of antiretroviral therapy: experience from South Africa. 15th International Conference on AIDS 2004; Bangkok, Thailand abstract no. B10640. http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f= 102276492.html. Accessedon05/07/2009.
3. Langlois-Klassen D, Kipp W, Jhangri GS, Rubaale T. Use of traditional herbal medicine by AIDS patients in Kabarole district, western Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 77: 757-763. (Pubitemid 351844305)
4. Malangu N. Self-reported use of traditional, complementary and over-the-counter medicines by HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Pretoria, South Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2007; 4: 273-278. (Pubitemid 46939507)
5. Peltzer K, Preez NFD, Ramlagan S, Fomundam H. Use of traditional complementary and alternative medicine for HIV patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Publ Health 2008; 8: 255. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-255.
6. Chen WT, Shin CS, Simoni J, et al. Attitudes toward antiretroviral therapy and complementary and alternative medicine in Chinese patients infected with HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2009; 20: 203-217. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2008. 12.004.
7. Ramchandani SR, Mehta SH, Saple DG, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-Infected adults attending private and public clinics in India. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2007; 21: 129-142. doi:10.1089/apc.2006.0045. (Pubitemid 46394025)
8. Sugimoto N, Ichikawa M, Siriliang B, Nakahara S, Jimba M, Wakai S. Herbal medicine use and quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS in northeastern Thailand. AIDS Care 2005; 17: 252-262. doi:10.1080/ 09540120512331325716. (Pubitemid 40175525)
9. Littlewood RA, Vanable PA. Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care. AIDS Care 2008; 20: 1002-1018. doi:10.1080/09540120701767216.
10. Rakhmanina NY, Van Den Anker JN, Soldin SJ. Review: Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2004; 18: 7-14. doi:10.1089/108729104322740866. (Pubitemid 38435507)
11. Beukel CJP, Koopmans PP, van der Ven AJAM, De Smet PAGM, Burger DM. Possible drug-metabolism interactions of medicinal herbs with antiretroviral agents. Drug Metab Rev 2006; 38: 477-514. doi:10.1080/03602530600754065.
12. Chan LMS, Lowes S, Hirst BH. The ABCs of drug transport in intestine and liver: efflux proteins limiting drug absorption and bioavailability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 21: 25-51. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2003.07.003. (Pubitemid 38050202)
13. Urquhart BL, Tirona RG, Kim RB. Nuclear receptors and the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters: implications for interindividual variability in response to drugs. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47: 566-578. doi:10.1177/0091270007299930. (Pubitemid 46632158)
14. Kashuba ADM, Park JJ, Persky AM, Brouwer KLR. Drug metabolism, transport and the influence of hepatic disease. In Applied Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Burton ME, Shaw LM, Schentag JJ, Evans WE (eds). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, 2006; 121-164.
15. Koley AP, Buters JTM, Robinson RC, Markowitz A, Friedman FK.Differentialmechanisms of cytochrome P450 inhibition and activation by a-naphthoflavone. J Biol Chem1997; 272: 3149-3152. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.6.3149. (Pubitemid 27066801)
16. Lee CA, Manyike PT, Thummel KE, Nelson SD, Slattery JT. Mechanism of cytochrome P450 activation by caffeine and 7,8-benzoflavone in rat liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25: 1150-1156. (Pubitemid 27446585)
17. Usmani KA, Rose RL, Hodgson E. Inhibition and activation of the human liver microsomal and human cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism of testosterone by deployment-related chemicals. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31: 384-391. doi:10.1124/dmd.31.4.384. (Pubitemid 36378515)
18. Zhou SF, Lim LY, Chowbay B. Herbal modulation of P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36: 57-104. doi:10.1081/DMR-120028427. (Pubitemid 38387835)
19. Garrigos M, Mir LM, Orlowski S. Competitive and non-competitive inhibition of the multidrug-resistance-associated P-glycoprotein ATPase - further experimental evidence for a multisite model. Eur J Biochem 1997; 244: 664-673. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00664.x. (Pubitemid 27110773)
20. Shou M, Lin Y, Lu P, et al. Enzyme kinetics of cytochrome P450-mediated reactions. Curr Drug Metab 2001; 2: 17-36. (Pubitemid 32416442)
21. Kis O, Robillard K, Chan GNY, Bendayan R. The complexities of antiretroviral drug-drug interactions: role of ABC and SLC transporters. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31: 22-35. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.10.001.
22. Thachil AF, Mohan R, Bhugra D. The evidence base of complementary and alternative therapies in depression. J Affect Disorders 2007; 97: 23-35. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.021. (Pubitemid 44963511)
23. Larzelere MM, Campbell JS, Robertson M. Complementary and alternative medicine usage for behavioral health indications. Prim Care Clin Office Pract 2010; 37: 213-236. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2010.02.002.
24. Swanson B, Keithley JK, Zeller JM, Cronin-Stubbs D. Complementary and alternative therapies to manage HIV-related symptoms. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2000; 11: 40-60. doi:10.1016/S1055-3290(06)60384-1.
25. Gore-Felton C, Vosvick M, Power R, et al. Alternative Therapies: A common practice among men and women living with HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2005; 14: 17-27. doi:10.1177/1055329003014003002. (Pubitemid 38543313)
26. Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Chaitt D, Alfaro RM, Falloon J. Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort. Lancet 2000; 355: 547-548. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05712-8. (Pubitemid 30088677)
27. Krusekopf S, Roots I, Kleeberg U. Differential drug-induced mRNA expression of human CYP3A4 compared to CYP3A5, CYP3A7 and CYP3A43. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 466: 7-12. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01481-X. (Pubitemid 36385085)
28. Lee JY, Duke RK, Tran VH, Hook JM, Duke CC. Hyperforin and its analogues inhibit CYP3A4 enzyme activity. Phytochemistry 2006; 67: 2550-2560. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.09.018. (Pubitemid 44708231)
29. de Maat MMR, Hoetelmans RMW, Mathôt RAA, et al. Drug interaction between St John's wort and nevirapine. AIDS 2001; 15: 420-421. (Pubitemid 32163832)
30. Tanamly MD, Tadros F, Labeeb S, et al. Randomised double-blinded trial evaluating silymarin for chronic hepatitis C in an Egyptian village: study description and 12-month results. Digest Liver Dis 2004; 36: 752-759. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2004.06.015. (Pubitemid 41070597)
31. Cohen MR. Herbal and complementary and alternative medicine therapies for liver disease: A focus on Chinese traditional medicine in Hepatitis C virus. Clin Liver Dis 2001; 5: 461-478. doi:10.1016/S1089-3261%2805%2970174-4. (Pubitemid 32475750)
32. Payer BA, Reiberger T, Rutter K, et al. Successful HCV eradication and inhibition of HIV replication by intravenous silibinin in an HIV-HCV coinfected patient. J Clin Virol 2010; 49: 131-133. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2010.07.006.
33. Piscitelli SC, Formentini E, Burstein AH, Alfaro R, Jagannatha S, Falloon J. Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22: 551-556. doi:10.1592/phco.22.8.551.33205. (Pubitemid 34464940)
34. Doehmer J, Tewes B, Klein KU, Gritzko K, Muschick H, Mengs U. Assessment of drug-drug interaction for silymarin. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22: 610-617. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2007.11.020.
35. Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, Gallicano KD, Falloon J. The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 234-238. doi:10.1086/324351. (Pubitemid 34028358)
36. Corzo-Martínez M, Corzo N, Villamiel M. Biological properties of onions and garlic. Trends Food Sci Technol 2007; 18: 609-625. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2007.07.011. (Pubitemid 350008034)
37. Hajda J, Rentsch KM, Gubler C, Steinert H, Stieger B, Fattinger K. Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41: 729-735. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2010.09.016.
38. Zou L, Harkey MR, Henderson GL. Effects of herbal components on cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzyme catalytic activity. Life Sci 2002; 71: 1579-1589. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01913-6. (Pubitemid 34808718)
39. DiCenzo R, Shelton M, Jordan K, et al. Coadministration of milk thistle and indinavir in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23: 866-870. doi:10.1592/phco.23.7.866.32723. (Pubitemid 36875670)
40. Gallicano K, Foster B, Choudhri S. Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55: 199-202. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003. 01736.x. (Pubitemid 36237866)
41. Cecil CE, Davis JM, Cech NB, Laster SM. Inhibition of H1N1 influenza A virus growth and induction of inflammatory mediators by the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine and extracts of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). Int Immunopharmacol in press. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.06.002.
42. Rehman J, Dillow JM, Carter SM, Chou J, Le B, Maisel AS. Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatmentwith the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis. Immunol Lett 1999; 68: 391-395. (Pubitemid 29301904)
43. Sandhu RS, Prescilla RP, Simonelli TM, Edwards DJ. Influence of goldenseal root on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir. J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 43: 1283-1288. doi:10.1177/0091270003258660. (Pubitemid 37280800)
44. Mills E, Wilson K, Clarke M, et al. Milk thistle and indinavir: a randomized controlled pharmacokinetics study and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 61: 1-7. doi:10.1007/s00228-004-0843-z. (Pubitemid 40558272)
45. Bouic PJD, Etsebeth S, Liebenberg RW, Albrecht CF, Pegel K, Van Jaarsveld PP. Beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol glucoside stimulate human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation: Implications for their use as an immunomodulatory vitamin combination. Int J Immunopharmacol 1996; 18: 693-700. doi:10.1016/S0192-0561(97)85551-8. (Pubitemid 27220294)
46. Mogatle S, Skinner MF, Mills E, Kanfer I. Effect of African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea) on the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz. S Afr Med J 2008; 98: 945-949.
47. Mills E, Foster BC, van Heeswijk R, et al. Impact of African herbalmedicines on antiretroviral metabolism. AIDS 2005; 19: 95-97. (Pubitemid 40111025)
48. Nair VDP, Foster BC, Thor Arnason J, Mills EJ, Kanfer I. In vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein-mediated metabolism of some phytochemicals in extracts and formulations of African potato. Phytomedicine 2007; 14: 498-507. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.004. (Pubitemid 47068951)
49. Lopez Galera R, Ribera Pascuet E, Esteban Mur JI, Montoro Ronsano J, Juarez Gimenez J. Interaction between cat's claw and protease inhibitors atazanavir, ritonavir and saquinavir. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 64: 1235-1236. doi:10.1007/s00228-008-0551-1.
50. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000; 7: 273-282. (Pubitemid 30618491)
51. Strnad CF. Therapeutics Products Programme Guidance Document, Drug-drug interactions: Studies In Vitro and In Vivo. Health Canada, 2000. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt-formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/prodpharma/ drug-medi-int-eng.pdf Accessed on 01/10/2010.
52. Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products. Note for Guidance on the Investigation of Drug Interactions, European Medicines Agency, 1997. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Scientific-guideline/2009/ 09/WC500002966.pdf Accessed on 01/10/2010.
53. Guidance for Industry: In vivo drug metabolism/drug interaction studies-study design, data analysis, and recommendations for dosing and labeling. US Food and Drug Administration, 1999. Accessed on 21/05/2009.
54. UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic, 2010. Accessed on 12/01/2011.
55. Usia T, Watabe T, Kadota S, Tezuka Y. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Inhibitory constituents of Catharanthus roseus. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28: 1021-1024. doi:10.1248/bpb.28.1021. (Pubitemid 40880308)
56. Gwaza L, Wolfe AR, Benet LZ, et al. In vitro inhibitory effects of Hypoxis obtusa and Dicoma anomala on CYP450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 3: 539-546.
57. Monera T, Wolfe A, Maponga C, Benet L, Guglielmo J. Moringa oleifera leaf extracts inhibit 6b-hydroxylation of testosterone by CYP3A4. J Infect Dev Ctries 2008; 2: 379-383.
58. Agbonon A, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Aklikokou K, et al. In vitro inhibitory effect of West African medicinal and food plants on human cytochrome P450 3A subfamily. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 128: 390-394. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.039.
59. Deferme S, Kamuhabwa A, Nshimo C, de Witte P, Augustijns P. Screening of Tanzanian plant extracts for their potential inhibitory effect on P-glycoprotein mediated efflux. Phytother Res 2003; 17: 459-464. doi:10.1002/ptr.1173. (Pubitemid 36605894)
60. van den Bout-van den Beukel C, Hamza OJM, Moshi MJ, et al. Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and CYP450 enzymatic competition effects of Tanzanian plant extracts traditionally used for treatment of fungal infections. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102: 515-526. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00225.x. (Pubitemid 351691959)
61. Brown L, Heyneke O, Brown D, van Wyk JPH, Hamman JH. Impact of traditional medicinal plant extracts on antiretroviral drug absorption. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 119: 588-592. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.028.
62. Janneh O, Chandler B, Hartkoorn R, Kwan WS, Jenkinson C, Evans S. Intracellular accumulation of efavirenz and nevirapine is independent of P-glycoprotein activity in cultured CD4 T cells and primary human lymphocytes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64: 1002-1007. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp335.
63. Stormer E, von Moltke LL, Perloff MD, Greenblatt DJ. Differential modulation of P-glycoprotein expression and activity by non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors in cell culture. Pharm Res 2002; 19: 1038-1045. doi:10.1023/A:1016430825740. (Pubitemid 34804248)
64. Minocha M, Mandava NK, Kwatra D, et al. Effect of short term and chronic administration of Sutherlandia frutescens on pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in rats. Int J Pharm 2011; 413: 44-50. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.051.
65. Mouly S, Meune C, Bergmann JF. Mini-series: I. Basic science. Uncertainty and inaccuracy of predicting CYP-mediated in vivo drug interactions in the ICU from in vitro models: focus on CYP3A4. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 417-429. doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1384-1.
66. Kitamura S, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Recent progresses in the experimental methods and evaluation strategies of transporter functions for the prediction of the pharmacokinetics in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 377: 617-628. doi:10.1007/s00210-008-0312-9.
67. Marathe PH, Rodrigues AD. Examination of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein- mediated drug-drug interactions using animal models. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 596: 385-403. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-416-6-17.