메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 19, 2011, Pages 2041-2056

R-loop-mediated genomic instability is caused by impairment of replication fork progression

Author keywords

Genome stability; R loop; Replication; Transcription

Indexed keywords

DNA HYBRID;

EID: 80053645721     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: 15495477     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.17010011     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (331)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 39449096135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome instability: A mechanistic view of its causes and consequences
    • Aguilera A, Gomez-Gonzalez B. 2008. Genome instability: a mechanistic view of its causes and consequences. Nat Rev Genet 9: 204-217.
    • (2008) Nat Rev Genet , vol.9 , pp. 204-217
    • Aguilera, A.1    Gomez-Gonzalez, B.2
  • 2
    • 67449113551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly transcribed RNA polymerase II genes are impediments to replication fork progression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Azvolinsky A, Giresi PG, Lieb JD, Zakian VA. 2009. Highly transcribed RNA polymerase II genes are impediments to replication fork progression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell 34: 722-734.
    • (2009) Mol Cell , vol.34 , pp. 722-734
    • Azvolinsky, A.1    Giresi, P.G.2    Lieb, J.D.3    Zakian, V.A.4
  • 3
    • 0035997368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA replication in eukaryotic cells
    • Bell SP, Dutta A. 2002. DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Annu Rev Biochem 71: 333-374.
    • (2002) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.71 , pp. 333-374
    • Bell, S.P.1    Dutta, A.2
  • 4
    • 0027952630 scopus 로고
    • S region transcription per se promotes basal IgE class switch recombination but additional factors regulate the efficiency of the process
    • Bottaro A, Lansford R, Xu L, Zhang J, Rothman P, Alt FW. 1994. S region transcription per se promotes basal IgE class switch recombination but additional factors regulate the efficiency of the process. EMBO J 13: 665-674.
    • (1994) EMBO J , vol.13 , pp. 665-674
    • Bottaro, A.1    Lansford, R.2    Xu, L.3    Zhang, J.4    Rothman, P.5    Alt, F.W.6
  • 5
    • 75649142564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The helicases DinG, Rep and UvrD cooperate to promote replication across transcription units in vivo
    • Boubakri H, de Septenville AL, Viguera E, Michel B. 2010. The helicases DinG, Rep and UvrD cooperate to promote replication across transcription units in vivo. EMBO J 29: 145-157.
    • (2010) EMBO J , vol.29 , pp. 145-157
    • Boubakri, H.1    de Septenville, A.L.2    Viguera, E.3    Michel, B.4
  • 6
    • 0037388165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deaminates deoxycytidine on single-stranded DNA but requires the action of RNase
    • Bransteitter R, Pham P, Scharff MD, Goodman MF. 2003. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deaminates deoxycytidine on single-stranded DNA but requires the action of RNase. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100: 4102-4107.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.100 , pp. 4102-4107
    • Bransteitter, R.1    Pham, P.2    Scharff, M.D.3    Goodman, M.F.4
  • 7
    • 68249122027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The checkpoint response to replication stress
    • Branzei D, Foiani M. 2009. The checkpoint response to replication stress. DNA Repair (Amst) 8: 1038-1046.
    • (2009) DNA Repair (Amst) , vol.8 , pp. 1038-1046
    • Branzei, D.1    Foiani, M.2
  • 8
    • 3042550193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of RNA polymerase modifications on transcription-induced negative supercoiling and associated R-loop formation
    • Broccoli S, Rallu F, Sanscartier P, Cerritelli SM, Crouch RJ, Drolet M. 2004. Effects of RNA polymerase modifications on transcription-induced negative supercoiling and associated R-loop formation. Mol Microbiol 52: 1769-1779.
    • (2004) Mol Microbiol , vol.52 , pp. 1769-1779
    • Broccoli, S.1    Rallu, F.2    Sanscartier, P.3    Cerritelli, S.M.4    Crouch, R.J.5    Drolet, M.6
  • 9
    • 0037452080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcription-targeted DNA deamination by the AID antibody diversification enzyme
    • Chaudhuri J, Tian M, Khuong C, Chua K, Pinaud E, Alt FW. 2003. Transcription-targeted DNA deamination by the AID antibody diversification enzyme. Nature 422: 726-730.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.422 , pp. 726-730
    • Chaudhuri, J.1    Tian, M.2    Khuong, C.3    Chua, K.4    Pinaud, E.5    Alt, F.W.6
  • 10
    • 34250363024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SR proteins function in coupling RNAP II transcription to pre-mRNA splicing
    • Das R, Yu J, Zhang Z, Gygi MP, Krainer AR, Gygi SP, Reed R. 2007. SR proteins function in coupling RNAP II transcription to pre-mRNA splicing. Mol Cell 26: 867-881.
    • (2007) Mol Cell , vol.26 , pp. 867-881
    • Das, R.1    Yu, J.2    Zhang, Z.3    Gygi, M.P.4    Krainer, A.R.5    Gygi, S.P.6    Reed, R.7
  • 11
    • 0034612342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products
    • Datsenko KA, Wanner BL. 2000. One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97: 6640-6645.
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.97 , pp. 6640-6645
    • Datsenko, K.A.1    Wanner, B.L.2
  • 12
    • 0026555506 scopus 로고
    • Control of bacterial DNA supercoiling
    • Drlica K. 1992. Control of bacterial DNA supercoiling. Mol Microbiol 6: 425-433.
    • (1992) Mol Microbiol , vol.6 , pp. 425-433
    • Drlica, K.1
  • 13
    • 33645052194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth inhibition mediated by excess negative supercoiling: The interplay between transcription elongation, R-loop formation and DNA topology
    • Drolet M. 2006. Growth inhibition mediated by excess negative supercoiling: the interplay between transcription elongation, R-loop formation and DNA topology. Mol Microbiol 59: 723-730.
    • (2006) Mol Microbiol , vol.59 , pp. 723-730
    • Drolet, M.1
  • 14
    • 0028966185 scopus 로고
    • Overexpression of RNase H partially complements the growth defect of an Escherichia coli DtopA mutant: R-loop formation is a major problem in the absence of DNA topoisomerase I
    • Drolet M, Phoenix P, Menzel R, Masse E, Liu LF, Crouch RJ. 1995. Overexpression of RNase H partially complements the growth defect of an Escherichia coli DtopA mutant: R-loop formation is a major problem in the absence of DNA topoisomerase I. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92: 3526-3530.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.92 , pp. 3526-3530
    • Drolet, M.1    Phoenix, P.2    Menzel, R.3    Masse, E.4    Liu, L.F.5    Crouch, R.J.6
  • 15
    • 3042785608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular transcription of G-rich DNAs induces formation of G-loops, novel structures containing G4 DNA
    • Duquette ML, Handa P, Vincent JA, Taylor AF, Maizels N. 2004. Intracellular transcription of G-rich DNAs induces formation of G-loops, novel structures containing G4 DNA. Genes & Dev 18: 1618-1629.
    • (2004) Genes & Dev , vol.18 , pp. 1618-1629
    • Duquette, M.L.1    Handa, P.2    Vincent, J.A.3    Taylor, A.F.4    Maizels, N.5
  • 16
    • 77954841539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of Topoisomerase I leads to R-loop-mediated transcriptional blocks during ribosomal RNA synthesis
    • El Hage A, French SL, Beyer AL, Tollervey D. 2010. Loss of Topoisomerase I leads to R-loop-mediated transcriptional blocks during ribosomal RNA synthesis. Genes & Dev 24: 1546-1558.
    • (2010) Genes & Dev , vol.24 , pp. 1546-1558
    • El Hage, A.1    French, S.L.2    Beyer, A.L.3    Tollervey, D.4
  • 17
    • 0026733965 scopus 로고
    • Consequences of replication fork movement through transcription units in vivo
    • French S. 1992. Consequences of replication fork movement through transcription units in vivo. Science 258: 1362-1365.
    • (1992) Science , vol.258 , pp. 1362-1365
    • French, S.1
  • 18
    • 34347218988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase action is strongly stimulated by mutations of the THO complex
    • Gomez-Gonzalez B, Aguilera A. 2007. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase action is strongly stimulated by mutations of the THO complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104: 8409-8414.
    • (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.104 , pp. 8409-8414
    • Gomez-Gonzalez, B.1    Aguilera, A.2
  • 19
    • 70349335582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The S-phase checkpoint is required to respond to R-loops accumulated in THO mutants
    • Gomez-Gonzalez B, Felipe-Abrio I, Aguilera A. 2009. The S-phase checkpoint is required to respond to R-loops accumulated in THO mutants. Mol Cell Biol 29: 5203-5213.
    • (2009) Mol Cell Biol , vol.29 , pp. 5203-5213
    • Gomez-Gonzalez, B.1    Felipe-Abrio, I.2    Aguilera, A.3
  • 20
    • 0029018327 scopus 로고
    • Tight regulation, modulation, and high-level expression by vectors containing the arabinose PBAD promoter
    • Guzman LM, Belin D, Carson MJ, Beckwith J. 1995. Tight regulation, modulation, and high-level expression by vectors containing the arabinose PBAD promoter. J Bacteriol 177: 4121-4130.
    • (1995) J Bacteriol , vol.177 , pp. 4121-4130
    • Guzman, L.M.1    Belin, D.2    Carson, M.J.3    Beckwith, J.4
  • 22
    • 0014945590 scopus 로고
    • On the process of cellular division in Escherichia coli. 3. Thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli altered in the process of DNA initiation
    • Hirota Y, Mordoh J, Jacob F. 1970. On the process of cellular division in Escherichia coli. 3. Thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli altered in the process of DNA initiation. J Mol Biol 53: 369-387.
    • (1970) J Mol Biol , vol.53 , pp. 369-387
    • Hirota, Y.1    Mordoh, J.2    Jacob, F.3
  • 23
    • 0034646628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNase H overproduction corrects a defect at the level of transcription elongation during rRNA synthesis in the absence of DNA topoisomerase I in Escherichia coli
    • Hraiky C, Raymond MA, Drolet M. 2000. RNase H overproduction corrects a defect at the level of transcription elongation during rRNA synthesis in the absence of DNA topoisomerase I in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 275: 11257-11263.
    • (2000) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , pp. 11257-11263
    • Hraiky, C.1    Raymond, M.A.2    Drolet, M.3
  • 24
    • 33645527783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Downstream boundary of chromosomal R-loops at murine switch regions: Implications for the mechanism of class switch recombination
    • Huang FT, Yu K, Hsieh CL, Lieber MR. 2006. Downstream boundary of chromosomal R-loops at murine switch regions: implications for the mechanism of class switch recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 5030-5035.
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.103 , pp. 5030-5035
    • Huang, F.T.1    Yu, K.2    Hsieh, C.L.3    Lieber, M.R.4
  • 25
    • 0141819093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cotranscriptionally formed DNA:RNA hybrids mediate transcription elongation impairment and transcription-associated recombination
    • Huertas P, Aguilera A. 2003. Cotranscriptionally formed DNA:RNA hybrids mediate transcription elongation impairment and transcription-associated recombination. Mol Cell 12: 711-721.
    • (2003) Mol Cell , vol.12 , pp. 711-721
    • Huertas, P.1    Aguilera, A.2
  • 27
    • 54949139647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inducible SOS response system of DNA repair and mutagenesis in Escherichia coli
    • Janion C. 2008. Inducible SOS response system of DNA repair and mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. Int J Biol Sci 4: 338-344.
    • (2008) Int J Biol Sci , vol.4 , pp. 338-344
    • Janion, C.1
  • 28
    • 0027417869 scopus 로고
    • Shutdown of class switch recombination by deletion of a switch region control element
    • Jung S, Rajewsky K, Radbruch A. 1993. Shutdown of class switch recombination by deletion of a switch region control element. Science 259: 984-987.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 984-987
    • Jung, S.1    Rajewsky, K.2    Radbruch, A.3
  • 29
    • 0027253636 scopus 로고
    • Requirement of homologous recombination functions for viability of the Escherichia coli cell that lacks RNase HI and exonuclease V activities
    • Kogoma T, Hong X, Cadwell GW, Barnard KG, Asai T. 1993. Requirement of homologous recombination functions for viability of the Escherichia coli cell that lacks RNase HI and exonuclease V activities. Biochimie 75: 89-99.
    • (1993) Biochimie , vol.75 , pp. 89-99
    • Kogoma, T.1    Hong, X.2    Cadwell, G.W.3    Barnard, K.G.4    Asai, T.5
  • 30
    • 34047094441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication fork barriers: Pausing for a break or stalling for time?
    • Labib K, Hodgson B. 2007. Replication fork barriers: pausing for a break or stalling for time? EMBO Rep 8: 346-353.
    • (2007) EMBO Rep , vol.8 , pp. 346-353
    • Labib, K.1    Hodgson, B.2
  • 31
    • 33845405316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA replication origin interference increases the spacing between initiation events in human cells
    • Lebofsky R, Heilig R, Sonnleitner M, Weissenbach J, Bensimon A. 2006. DNA replication origin interference increases the spacing between initiation events in human cells. Mol Biol Cell 17: 5337-5345.
    • (2006) Mol Biol Cell , vol.17 , pp. 5337-5345
    • Lebofsky, R.1    Heilig, R.2    Sonnleitner, M.3    Weissenbach, J.4    Bensimon, A.5
  • 33
    • 23744455164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of the SR protein splicing factor ASF/SF2 results in genomic instability
    • Li X, Manley JL. 2005. Inactivation of the SR protein splicing factor ASF/SF2 results in genomic instability. Cell 122: 365-378.
    • (2005) Cell , vol.122 , pp. 365-378
    • Li, X.1    Manley, J.L.2
  • 34
    • 33746093492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cotranscriptional processes and their influence on genome stability
    • Li X, Manley JL. 2006. Cotranscriptional processes and their influence on genome stability. Genes & Dev 20: 1838-1847.
    • (2006) Genes & Dev , vol.20 , pp. 1838-1847
    • Li, X.1    Manley, J.L.2
  • 36
    • 0020316054 scopus 로고
    • The SOS regulatory system of Escherichia coli
    • Little JW, Mount DW. 1982. The SOS regulatory system of Escherichia coli. Cell 29: 11-22.
    • (1982) Cell , vol.29 , pp. 11-22
    • Little, J.W.1    Mount, D.W.2
  • 37
    • 0028908039 scopus 로고
    • Head-on collision between a DNA replication apparatus and RNA polymerase transcription complex
    • Liu B, Alberts BM. 1995. Head-on collision between a DNA replication apparatus and RNA polymerase transcription complex. Science 267: 1131-1137.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 1131-1137
    • Liu, B.1    Alberts, B.M.2
  • 38
    • 33644636246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination
    • Longerich S, Basu U, Alt F, Storb U. 2006. AID in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Curr Opin Immunol 18: 164-174.
    • (2006) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.18 , pp. 164-174
    • Longerich, S.1    Basu, U.2    Alt, F.3    Storb, U.4
  • 39
    • 27644489367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin gene diversification
    • Maizels N. 2005. Immunoglobulin gene diversification. Annu Rev Genet 39: 23-46.
    • (2005) Annu Rev Genet , vol.39 , pp. 23-46
    • Maizels, N.1
  • 40
    • 0025863843 scopus 로고
    • Unidirectional replication as visualized by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis
    • Martin-Parras L, Hernandez P, Martinez-Robles ML, Schvartzman JB. 1991. Unidirectional replication as visualized by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol 220: 843-853.
    • (1991) J Mol Biol , vol.220 , pp. 843-853
    • Martin-Parras, L.1    Hernandez, P.2    Martinez-Robles, M.L.3    Schvartzman, J.B.4
  • 41
    • 0033522905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I inhibits R-loop formation by relaxing transcription-induced negative supercoiling
    • Masse E, Drolet M. 1999a. Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I inhibits R-loop formation by relaxing transcription-induced negative supercoiling. J Biol Chem 274: 16659-16664.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 16659-16664
    • Masse, E.1    Drolet, M.2
  • 42
    • 0033607485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R-loop-dependent hypernegative supercoiling in Escherichia coli topA mutants preferentially occurs at low temperatures and correlates with growth inhibition
    • Masse E, Drolet M. 1999b. R-loop-dependent hypernegative supercoiling in Escherichia coli topA mutants preferentially occurs at low temperatures and correlates with growth inhibition. J Mol Biol 294: 321-332.
    • (1999) J Mol Biol , vol.294 , pp. 321-332
    • Masse, E.1    Drolet, M.2
  • 43
    • 0030995436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA topoisomerases regulate R-loop formation during transcription of the rrnB operon in Escherichia coli
    • Masse E, Phoenix P, Drolet M. 1997. DNA topoisomerases regulate R-loop formation during transcription of the rrnB operon in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 272: 12816-12823.
    • (1997) J Biol Chem , vol.272 , pp. 12816-12823
    • Masse, E.1    Phoenix, P.2    Drolet, M.3
  • 44
    • 4444224780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of SOS expression in individual Escherichia coli K-12 cells using fluorescence microscopy
    • McCool JD, Long E, Petrosino JF, Sandler HA, Rosenberg SM, Sandler SJ. 2004. Measurement of SOS expression in individual Escherichia coli K-12 cells using fluorescence microscopy. Mol Microbiol 53: 1343-1357.
    • (2004) Mol Microbiol , vol.53 , pp. 1343-1357
    • McCool, J.D.1    Long, E.2    Petrosino, J.F.3    Sandler, H.A.4    Rosenberg, S.M.5    Sandler, S.J.6
  • 45
    • 79952126098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-directional replication-transcription conflicts lead to replication restart
    • Merrikh H, Machon C, Grainger WH, Grossman AD, Soultanas P. 2011. Co-directional replication-transcription conflicts lead to replication restart. Nature 470: 554-557.
    • (2011) Nature , vol.470 , pp. 554-557
    • Merrikh, H.1    Machon, C.2    Grainger, W.H.3    Grossman, A.D.4    Soultanas, P.5
  • 47
    • 22744444676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • After 30 years of study, the bacterial SOS response still surprises us
    • doi: 10.1371/ journal.pbio.0030255
    • Michel B. 2005. After 30 years of study, the bacterial SOS response still surprises us. PLoS Biol 3: e255. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pbio.0030255.
    • (2005) PLoS Biol , vol.3
    • Michel, B.1
  • 49
    • 33947432388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication fork stalling at natural impediments
    • Mirkin EV, Mirkin SM. 2007. Replication fork stalling at natural impediments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 71: 13-35.
    • (2007) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev , vol.71 , pp. 13-35
    • Mirkin, E.V.1    Mirkin, S.M.2
  • 52
    • 0033603340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal center B cells
    • Muramatsu M, Sankaranand VS, Anant S, Sugai M, Kinoshita K, Davidson NO, Honjo T. 1999. Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal center B cells. J Biol Chem 274: 18470-18476.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 18470-18476
    • Muramatsu, M.1    Sankaranand, V.S.2    Anant, S.3    Sugai, M.4    Kinoshita, K.5    Davidson, N.O.6    Honjo, T.7
  • 53
    • 0034268780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class switch recombination and hypermuta-tion require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme
    • Muramatsu M, Kinoshita K, Fagarasan S, Yamada S, Shinkai Y, Honjo T. 2000. Class switch recombination and hypermuta-tion require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell 102: 553-563.
    • (2000) Cell , vol.102 , pp. 553-563
    • Muramatsu, M.1    Kinoshita, K.2    Fagarasan, S.3    Yamada, S.4    Shinkai, Y.5    Honjo, T.6
  • 57
    • 34249789279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous DNA breakage in single living Escherichia coli cells
    • Pennington JM, Rosenberg SM. 2007. Spontaneous DNA breakage in single living Escherichia coli cells. Nat Genet 39: 797- 802.
    • (2007) Nat Genet , vol.39 , pp. 797-802
    • Pennington, J.M.1    Rosenberg, S.M.2
  • 59
    • 0037019315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification
    • Petersen-Mahrt SK, Harris RS, Neuberger MS. 2002. AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification. Nature 418: 99-103.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 99-103
    • Petersen-Mahrt, S.K.1    Harris, R.S.2    Neuberger, M.S.3
  • 60
    • 75749150810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct restart of a replication fork stalled by a head-on RNA polymerase
    • Pomerantz RT, O'Donnell M. 2010. Direct restart of a replication fork stalled by a head-on RNA polymerase. Science 327: 590-592.
    • (2010) Science , vol.327 , pp. 590-592
    • Pomerantz, R.T.1    O'Donnell, M.2
  • 61
    • 17144426028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impairment of replication fork progression mediates RNA polII transcription-associated recombination
    • Prado F, Aguilera A. 2005. Impairment of replication fork progression mediates RNA polII transcription-associated recombination. EMBO J 24: 1267-1276.
    • (2005) EMBO J , vol.24 , pp. 1267-1276
    • Prado, F.1    Aguilera, A.2
  • 62
    • 0037108463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin isotype switching is inhibited and somatic hypermutation perturbed in UNG-deficient mice
    • Rada C, Williams GT, Nilsen H, Barnes DE, Lindahl T, Neuberger MS. 2002. Immunoglobulin isotype switching is inhibited and somatic hypermutation perturbed in UNG-deficient mice. Curr Biol 12: 1748-1755.
    • (2002) Curr Biol , vol.12 , pp. 1748-1755
    • Rada, C.1    Williams, G.T.2    Nilsen, H.3    Barnes, D.E.4    Lindahl, T.5    Neuberger, M.S.6
  • 63
    • 0028106344 scopus 로고
    • Transcription induces the formation of a stable RNA.DNA hybrid in the immuno-globulin a switch region
    • Reaban ME, Lebowitz J, Griffin JA. 1994. Transcription induces the formation of a stable RNA.DNA hybrid in the immuno-globulin a switch region. J Biol Chem 269: 21850-21857.
    • (1994) J Biol Chem , vol.269 , pp. 21850-21857
    • Reaban, M.E.1    Lebowitz, J.2    Griffin, J.A.3
  • 64
    • 0032489520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA double-stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phos-phorylation on serine 139
    • Rogakou EP, Pilch DR, Orr AH, Ivanova VS, Bonner WM. 1998. DNA double-stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phos-phorylation on serine 139. J Biol Chem 273: 5858-5868.
    • (1998) J Biol Chem , vol.273 , pp. 5858-5868
    • Rogakou, E.P.1    Pilch, D.R.2    Orr, A.H.3    Ivanova, V.S.4    Bonner, W.M.5
  • 66
    • 40649111377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A chemical method for fast and sensitive detection of DNA synthesis in vivo
    • Salic A, Mitchison TJ. 2008. A chemical method for fast and sensitive detection of DNA synthesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 2415-2420.
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.105 , pp. 2415-2420
    • Salic, A.1    Mitchison, T.J.2
  • 68
    • 76749094639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-orientation of replication and transcription preserves genome integrity
    • doi: 10.1371/ journal/pgen.1000810
    • Srivatsan A, Tehranchi A, MacAlpine DM, Wang JD. 2010. Co-orientation of replication and transcription preserves genome integrity. PLoS Genet 6: e1000810. doi: 10.1371/ journal/pgen.1000810.
    • (2010) PLoS Genet , vol.6
    • Srivatsan, A.1    Tehranchi, A.2    Macalpine, D.M.3    Wang, J.D.4
  • 69
    • 42649123314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination
    • Stavnezer J, Guikema JE, Schrader CE. 2008. Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annu Rev Immunol 26: 261-292.
    • (2008) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.26 , pp. 261-292
    • Stavnezer, J.1    Guikema, J.E.2    Schrader, C.E.3
  • 73
    • 0034604622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcription-induced cleavage of im-munoglobulin switch regions by nucleotide excision repair nucleases in vitro
    • Tian M, Alt FW. 2000. Transcription-induced cleavage of im-munoglobulin switch regions by nucleotide excision repair nucleases in vitro. J Biol Chem 275: 24163-24172.
    • (2000) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , pp. 24163-24172
    • Tian, M.1    Alt, F.W.2
  • 74
    • 34447267682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impairment of transcription elongation by R-loops in vitro
    • Tous C, Aguilera A. 2007. Impairment of transcription elongation by R-loops in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 360: 428-432.
    • (2007) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.360 , pp. 428-432
    • Tous, C.1    Aguilera, A.2
  • 76
    • 0021891881 scopus 로고
    • Inducible DNA repair systems
    • Walker GC. 1985. Inducible DNA repair systems. Annu Rev Biochem 54: 425-457.
    • (1985) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.54 , pp. 425-457
    • Walker, G.C.1
  • 77
    • 0029859659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted disruption of an essential vertebrate gene: ASF/SF2 is required for cell viability
    • Wang J, Takagaki Y, Manley JL. 1996. Targeted disruption of an essential vertebrate gene: ASF/SF2 is required for cell viability. Genes Dev 10: 2588-2599.
    • (1996) Genes Dev , vol.10 , pp. 2588-2599
    • Wang, J.1    Takagaki, Y.2    Manley, J.L.3
  • 78
    • 33645823661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication fork progression is impaired by transcription in hyperrecombinant yeast cells lacking a functional THO complex
    • Wellinger RE, Prado F, Aguilera A. 2006. Replication fork progression is impaired by transcription in hyperrecombinant yeast cells lacking a functional THO complex. Mol Cell Biol 26: 3327-3334.
    • (2006) Mol Cell Biol , vol.26 , pp. 3327-3334
    • Wellinger, R.E.1    Prado, F.2    Aguilera, A.3
  • 79
    • 0027416856 scopus 로고
    • Replacement of germ-line e promoter by gene targeting alters control of immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching
    • Xu L, Gorham B, Li SC, Bottaro A, Alt FW, Rothman P. 1993. Replacement of germ-line e promoter by gene targeting alters control of immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90: 3705-3709.
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.90 , pp. 3705-3709
    • Xu, L.1    Gorham, B.2    Li, S.C.3    Bottaro, A.4    Alt, F.W.5    Rothman, P.6
  • 80
    • 0037650190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R-loops at immunoglobulin class switch regions in the chromosomes of stimulated B cells
    • Yu K, Chedin F, Hsieh CL, Wilson TE, Lieber MR. 2003. R-loops at immunoglobulin class switch regions in the chromosomes of stimulated B cells. Nat Immunol 4: 442-451.
    • (2003) Nat Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 442-451
    • Yu, K.1    Chedin, F.2    Hsieh, C.L.3    Wilson, T.E.4    Lieber, M.R.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.