The constrained court: Law, politics, and the decisions justices make

The Constrained Court: Law, Politics, and the Decisions Justices Make

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages

  Bailey, Michael A ^a   Maltzman, Forrest ^b  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960612725     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (316)

1. Abraham, Henry J. 1999. Justices, Presidents and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
2. Ackerman, Bruce. 1991. We the People: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3. Ackerman, Bruce. 2005. The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Adams, John, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin. 1780. Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm (accessed December 26, 2010).
5. Alexander, Larry, and Frederick Schauer. 1997. On Extrajudicial Constitutional Interpretation. Harvard Law Review 110, no. 7 (May): 1359-87.
6. Alito, Samuel. 2006. Statements at U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito's Nomination to the Supreme Court. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, January 9-11.
7. Ansolabehere, Stephen, James Snyder Jr., and Charles Stewart III. 2001. Candidate Positioning in U.S. House Elections. American Journal of Political Science 45, no. 1 (January): 136-59.
8. Arnold, Douglas. 1990. The Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven: Yale University Press.
9. Bafumi, Joseph, Andrew Gelman, David Park, and Noah Kaplan. 2005. Practical Issues in Implementing and Understanding Bayesian Ideal Point Estimation. Political Analysis 13, no. 2: 171-87.
10. Bailey, Michael. 2001. Ideal Point Estimation with a Small Number of Votes: A Random Effects Approach. Political Analysis 9, no. 3: 192-210.
11. Bailey, Michael. 2007. Comparable Preference Estimates across Time and Institutions for the Court, Congress and Presidency. American Journal of Political Science 51, no. 3 (July): 433-48.
12. Bailey, Michael, and Kelly Chang. 2001. Comparing Presidents, Senators, and Justices: Inter-Institutional Preference Estimation. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 17, no. 2 (October): 477-506.
13. Bailey, Michael. 2003. Extremists on the Court: The Inter-Institutional Politics of Supreme Court Appointments. Manuscript. Georgetown University.
14. Bailey, Michael, and Forrest Maltzman. 2008. Does Legal Doctrine Matter? Unpacking Law and Policy Preferences on the U.S. Supreme Court. American Political Science Review 102, no. 3 (August): 369-84.
15. Bailey, Michael, Brian Kamoie, and Forrest Maltzman. 2005. Signals from the Tenth Justice: The Political Role of the Solicitor General in Supreme Court Decision-Making. American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 1 (January): 72-85.
16. Baker, Frank. 1992. Item Response Theory. New York: Marcel Dekker.
17. Barnes, Jeb. 2004. Overruled: Legislative Overrides, Pluralism and Contemporary Court-Congress Relations. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
18. Barnes, Jeb. 2007. Bringing the Courts Back In: Interbranch Perspectives on the Role of Courts in American Politics and Policy Making. Annual Review of Political Science 10 (June): 25-43.
19. Barnes, Robert. 2006. New Justices Take to the Podium, Putting Personalities on Display. Washington Post, November 20, A15.
20. Bartels, Brandon. 2009. The Constraining Capacity of Legal Doctrine on the U.S. Supreme Court. American Political Science Review 103, no. 3 (August): 474-95.
21. Baum, Lawrence. 1988. Measuring Policy Change in the U.S. Supreme Court. American Political Science Review 82, no. 3 (September): 905-12.
22. Baum, Lawrence. 1997. The Puzzle of Judicial Behavior. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
23. Baum, Lawrence. 1999. Recruitment and the Motivations of Supreme Court Justices. In Cornell W. Clayton and Howard Gillman, eds., Supreme Court Decision- Making: New Institutionalist Approaches. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
24. Baum, Lawrence. 2006. Judges and Their Audiences: A Perspective on Judicial Behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
25. Bawn, Kathleen, and Charles R. Shipan. 1997. Congressional Responses to Supreme Court Decisions: Imperfect Anticipation and Institutional Constraints. Manuscript. University of California, Los Angeles.
26. Benesh, Sara C., and Harold J. Spaeth. 2003. The Supreme Court Justice- Centered Judicial Databases: The Warren, Burger, and Rehnquist Courts. http://www.cas.sc.edu/poli/juri/sct.htm (accessed December 29, 2010).
27. Berkowitz, Peter, and Benjamin Wittes. 2001. The Professors and Bush v. Gore. Wilson Quarterly (Autumn): 76-89.
28. Bickel, Alexander. 1962. The Least Dangerous Branch. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
29. Bickel, Alexander. 1986. The Least Dangerous Branch. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
30. Bingaman, Jeff. 2005. Congressional Record, 109th Cong., 1st Sess., September 21: S10268.
31. Biskupic, Joan. 2003. White House Says Target Is Quotas, Not Diversity. USA Today, January 16.
32. Black, Hugo. 1969. A Constitutional Faith. New York: Alfred Knopf.
33. Boot, Max. 1998. Out of Order: Arrogance, Corruption, and Incompetence on the Bench. New York: Basic Books.
34. Bork, Robert. 1990. The Tempting of America. New York: The Free Press.
35. Brandeis, Louis. 1932. Burnet v. Coronado Oil and Gas Company, 285 U.S. 293.
36. Brenner, Saul, and Harold J. Spaeth. 1995. Stare Indecisis: The Alteration of Precedent on the Supreme Court, 1946-1992. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. Brenner, Saul, and Marc Stier. 1996. Retesting Segal and Spaeth's Stare Decisis Model. American Journal of Political Science 40, no. 4 (November): 1036-48.
38. Brenner, Saul, and Joseph M. Whitmeyer. 2009. Strategy on the United States Supreme Court. New York: Cambridge University Press.
39. Breyer, Stephen. 2005. Active Liberty. New York: Knopf.
40. Breyer, Stephen. 2010. Making Democracy Work: A Judge's View. New York: Knopf.
41. Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan, and Matthew Stephenson. 2002. Informative Precedent and Intrajudicial Communication. American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (December): 755-66.
42. Burbank, Stephen, and Barry Friedman, eds. 2002. Judicial Independence at the Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
43. Bush, George W. 2003. Remarks on the Michigan Affirmative Action Case. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu (accessed January 15, 2010).
44. Calabresi, Steven, and James Lindgren. 2006. Term Limits for the Supreme Court: Life Tenure Reconsidered. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 29, no. 3 (Summer): 770-877.
45. Caldeira, Gregory A. 1986. Neither the Purse nor the Sword: Dynamics of Public Confidence in the Supreme Court. American Political Science Review 80, no. 4 (December): 1209-26.
46. Caldeira, Gregory A. 1987. Public Opinion and the U.S. Supreme Court: FDR's Court-Packing Plan. American Political Science Review 81, no. 4 (December): 1139-53.
47. Caldeira, Gregory A., and James L. Gibson. 1992. The Etiology of Public Support for the Supreme Court. American Journal of Political Science 36, no. 3 (August): 635-91.
48. Caldeira, Gregory A., and John R. Wright. 1988. Organized Interests and Agenda Setting in the U.S. Supreme Court. American Political Science Review 82, no. 4 (December): 1109-29.
49. Calvert, Randall. 1985. The Value of Biased Information: A Rational Choice Model of Political Advice. Journal of Politics 47, no. 2 (June): 531-55.
50. Cameron, Charles, Donald Songer, and Jeffrey A. Segal. 2000. Strategic Auditing in a Political Hierarchy: An Informational Model of the Supreme Court's Certiorari Decisions. American Political Science Review 94, no. 1 (March): 101-16.
51. Caplan, Lincoln. 1987. The Tenth Justice: The Solicitor General and the Rule of Law. New York: Knopf.
52. Clark, Tom S. 2009. The Separation of Powers, Court-Curbing and Judicial Legitimacy. American Journal of Political Science 53, no. 4 (October): 971-89.
53. Clinton, Josh, and Adam Meirowitz. 2001. Agenda Constrained Legislator Ideal Points and the Spatial Voting Model. Political Analysis 9, no. 3: 242-59.
54. Clinton, Josh, Simon Jackman, and Doug Rivers. 2004. The Statistical Analysis of Legislative Roll Call Data. American Political Science Review 98, no. 2 (May): 355-70.
55. Coburn, Tom. 2010. Dr. Coburn's opening remarks at the Judiciary Committee hearing of Elena Kagan. coburn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2010/6/dr-coburns-opening-remarks-at-the-judiciary-committee-hearing-of-elena-kagan (accessed September 21, 2010).
56. Cohen, Adam. 2006. Reining in Justice Scalia. New York Times, April 26. http://select.nytimes.com/2006/04/26/opinion/26talkingpoints.html (accessed December 21, 2010).
57. Connerly, Ward, and Edward Blum. 2002. Do the Right Thing. Wall Street Journal, December 4, sec. A, p. 18.
58. Cooper, James L. 1990. The Solicitor General and the Evolution of Activism. Indiana Law Journal 65 (Summer): 675-96.
59. Cox, Gary W., and Mathew D. McCubbins. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley: University of California Press.
60. Crawford, Vincent, and Joel Sobel. 1982. Strategic Information Transmission. Econometrica 50, no. 6 (November): 1431-51.
61. Cross, Frank. 1997. Political Science and the New Legal Realism: A Case of Unfortunate Interdisciplinary Ignorance. Northwestern University Law Review 92, no. 1: 251-326.
62. Cross, Frank B., and Blake J. Nelson. 2001. Strategic Institutional Effects on Supreme Court Decisionmaking. Northwestern University Law Review 95, no. 4 (Summer): 1437-94.
63. Dahl, Robert. 1957. Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as National Policy Maker. Journal of Public Law 6 (Fall): 279-95.
64. Days, Drew. 1994. In Search of the Solicitor General's Clients: A Drama with Many Characters. Kentucky Law Journal 83, no. 2: 485-507.
65. Dean, John. 2001. The Rehnquist Choice. New York: The Free Press.
66. DeParle, Jason. 2004. American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids, and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare. New York: Viking.
67. Devins, Neal, and Louis Fisher. 2004. The Democratic Constitution. New York: Oxford University Press.
68. Dickenson, Mollie. 2001. Lawyers Protest U.S. Supreme Court. http://www.consortiumnews.com/2001/011501a.html (accessed September 21, 2010).
69. Dorf, Michael. 2009. Do the Supreme Court's Current Justices Hold Sincere Views about States' Rights: A Failure-to-Warn Case Reveals an Apparent Inconsistency. March 9, 2009. http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dorf/20090309.html (accessed August 1, 2010).
70. Douglas, William. 1949. Stare Decisis. Columbia Law Review 49, no. 6 (June): 735-58.
71. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
72. Dunne, Gerald. 1977. Hugo Black and the Judicial Revolution. New York: Simon and Schuster.
73. Dworkin, Ronald. 1978. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
74. Edwards, Harry T. 1998. Collegiality and Decision Making on the D.C. Circuit. Virginia Law Review 84, no. 7 (October): 1335-70.
75. Ely, John Hart. 1980. Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
76. Ely, John Hart. 1991. Another Such Victory: Constitutional Theory and Practice in a World Where Courts Are No Different from Legislatures. Virginia Law Review 77, no. 4 (May): 833-79.
77. Epstein, Lee, and Jack Knight. 1995. Documenting Strategic Interaction on the U.S. Supreme Court. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago.
78. Epstein, Lee, and Jack Knight. 1998. The Choices Justices Make. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
79. Epstein, Lee, and Jeffrey Segal. 2000. Measuring Issue Salience. American Journal of Political Science 44, no. 1 (January): 66-83.
80. Epstein, Lee, and Jeffrey Segal. 2006. Trumping the First Amendment. Journal of Law and Policy 21:81-121.
81. Epstein, Lee, Barry Friedman, and Nancy Staudt. 2008. On the Capacity of the Roberts Court to Generate Consequential Precedent. North Carolina Law Review 86, no. 5: 1299-1332.
82. Epstein, Lee, Jack Knight, and Andrew Martin. 2004. Constitutional Interpretation from a Strategic Perspective. In Mark C. Miller and Jeb Barnes, eds., Making Policy, Making Law. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
83. Epstein, Lee, Valerie Hoekstra, Jeffrey Segal, and Harold Spaeth. 1998. Do Political Preferences Change? A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Supreme Court Justices. Journal of Politics 60, no. 3 (August): 801-18.
84. Epstein, Lee, Rene Lindstadt, Jeffrey A. Segal, and Chad Westerland. 2006. The Changing Dynamics of Senate Voting on Supreme Court Nominees. Journal of Politics 68, no. 2 (May): 296-307.
85. Epstein, Lee, Andrew Martin, Kevin M. Quinn, and Jeffrey Segal. 2009. Circuit Effects: How the Norm of Federal Judicial Experience Biases the Supreme Court. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 157, no. 3 (February): 833-80.
86. Epstein, Lee, Andrew Martin, Jeffrey A. Segal, and Chad Westerland. 2007. The Judicial Common Space. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 23, no. 2 (June): 303-25.
87. Epstein, Lee, Jeffrey Segal, Harold Spaeth, and Thomas Walker. 2007. The Supreme Court Compendium: Data, Decisions, and Developments. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
88. Eskridge, William. 1991. Overriding Supreme Court Statutory Interpretation Decisions. Yale Law School Journal 101, no. 2 (October): 331-65.
89. Eskridge, William, John Ferejohn, and Neeta Gandhi. 2002. Strategic Voting in the Supreme Court: Civil Rights, the Court, and Congress in the 1970s and 1980s. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Meeting, Chicago.
90. Ferejohn, John. 1999. Independent Judges, Dependent Judiciary: Explaining Judicial Independence. Southern California Law Review 72, no. 2/3 (January and March): 353-84.
91. Ferejohn, John, and Larry Kramer. 2006. Judicial Independence in a Democracy: Institutionalizing Judicial Restraint. In John Drobak, ed., Norms and the Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
92. Ferejohn, John, and Charles Shipan. 1990. Congressional Influence on Bureaucracy. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 6, special issue (April): 1-21.
93. Ferejohn, John, and Barry Weingast. 1992. A Positive Theory of Statutory Interpretation. International Review of Law and Economics 12, no. 2 (June): 263-79.
94. Fisher, Louis. 1988. Constitutional Dialogues: Interpretation as a Political Process. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
95. Fraley, George III. 1996. Note, Is the Fox Watching the Henhouse? The Administration's Control of FEC Litigation through the Solicitor General. Administrative Law Review 9 (Winter): 1215-72.
96. Frank, Jerome. 2009 [1930]. Law and the Modern Mind. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2009.
97. Franken, Al. 2009. Opening Statement on Judge Sotomayor's Nomination. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, July 13. http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=3959&wit_id=8101 (accessed December 29, 2010).
98. Frankfurter, Felix. 1938. Mr. Justice Holmes and the Supreme Court. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
99. Friedman, Barry. 1990. A Different Dialogue: The Supreme Court, Congress and Federal Jurisdiction. Northwestern University Law Review 85, no. 1: 1-61.
100. Friedman, Barry. 1998. The History of the Countermajoritarian Difficulty, Part One: The Road to Judicial Supremacy. New York University Law Review 73, no. 2 (May): 333-433.
101. Friedman, Barry. 2006. Taking Law Seriously. Perspectives on Politics 4, no. 2 (June): 261-76.
102. Friedman, Barry. 2009. The Will of the People: How Public Opinion Has Influenced the Supreme Court and Shaped the Meaning of the Constitution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
103. Galanter, Marc. 1974. Why the "Haves" Come Out Ahead: Speculation on the Limits of Legal Change. Law and Society Review 9 (Fall): 95-160.
104. Gale Cengage Learning. 2005. Making of Modern Law: U.S. Supreme Court Records and Briefs, 1832-1978. Georgetown University Library Record number b458527.
105. Garbus, Martin. 2002. Courting Disaster: The Supreme Court and the Unmaking of American Law. New York: Times Books.
106. Gash, Alison, and Michael Murakami. 2009. Courts, Legislatures, and Ballot Initiatives: How Policy Venue Affects Public Acceptance. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto, Ontario.
107. Gelman, Andrew, John Carlin, Hal Stern, and Donald Rubin. 1995. Bayesian Data Analysis. Boca Raton: Chapman Hall.
108. Gely, Rafael, and Pablo Spiller. 1990. A Rational Choice Theory of Supreme Court Statutory Decisions with Applications to the State Farm and Grove City Cases. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 6, no. 2 (Autumn): 263-300.
109. George, Tracy E., and Lee Epstein. 1992. On the Nature of Supreme Court Decision Making. American Political Science Review 86, no. 2 (June): 323-37.
110. Gerhardt, Michael. 2008. The Power of Precedent. New York: Oxford University Press.
111. Gewirtz, Paul, and Chad Golder. 2005. So Who Are the Activists? New York Times, July 6.
112. Geyh, Charles. 2006. When Courts and Congress Collide: The Struggle for Control of America's Judicial System. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
113. Gibson, James. 1977. Discriminant Functions, Role Orientations and Judicial Behavior: Theoretical and Methodological Linkages. Journal of Politics 39, no. 4 (November): 984-1007.
114. Gibson, James. 1978. Judges' Role Orientations, Attitudes, and Decisions: An Interactive Model. American Political Science Review 72, no. 3 (September): 911-24.
115. Gibson, James. 1983. From Simplicity to Complexity: The Development of Theory in the Study of Judicial Behavior. Political Behavior 5, no. 1: 7-49.
116. Gibson, James. 1997. United States Supreme Court Judicial Database, Phase II. First ICPSR version. ICPSR Number 6987.
117. Gibson, James, and Gregory Caldeira. 2009. Citizens, Courts, and Confirmations: Positivity Theory and the Judgments of the American People. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
118. Gibson, James L., Gregory A. Caldeira, and Vanessa A. Baird. 1998. On the Legitimacy of National High Courts. American Political Science Review 92, no. 2 (June): 343-58.
119. Giles, Michael, Bethany Blackstone, and Rich Vining. 2008. The Supreme Court in American Democracy: Unraveling Linkages between Public Opinion and Decision-Making. Journal of Politics 70, no. 2 (April): 293-306.
120. Gillman, Howard. 2001. Review Essay: What's Law Got to Do with It? Judicial Behavioralists Test the "Legal Model" of Judicial Decision-Making. Law and Social Inquiry 26, no. 2 (Spring): 465-504.
121. Gillman, Howard, and Cornell Clayton. 1999. Beyond Judicial Attitudes: Institutional Approaches to Supreme Court Decision-Making. In Cornell W. Clayton and Howard Gillman, eds., Supreme Court Decision-Making: New Institutionalist Approaches. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
122. Glick, Henry, and Kenneth Vines. 1969. Law-making in the State Judiciary: A Comparative Study of the Judicial Role in Four States. Polity 2, no. 2 (Winter): 142-59.
123. Gnagey, Laurel Thomas. 2003. Supreme Court Decisions Uphold Affirmative Action. University Record Online. http://www.ur.umich.edu/0203/June16_03/01 _decision.shtml (accessed September 21, 2010).
124. Goldberg, Carey. 1996. Wealthy Ally for Dissidents in the Drug War. New York Times, September 11.
125. Goldstein, Thomas C. 2007. Justice Thomas: Constitutional "Stare Indecisis." Symposium on Justice Thomas and the First Amendment. http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/analysis.aspxid=19133 (accessed November 26, 2007).
126. Greene, William. 2000. Econometric Analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Prentice Hall.
127. Greenhouse, Linda. 2003. Bush and Affirmative Action: News Analysis; Muted Call in Race Case. New York Times, January 17, sec. A, p. 1.
128. Groseclose, Timothy, Steven Levitt, and James Snyder. 1999. Comparing Interest Group Scores across Time and Chambers: Adjusted ADA Scores for the U.S. Congress. American Political Science Review 93, no. 1 (March): 33-50.
129. Hagle, Tim, and Harold Spaeth. 1992. The Emergence of a New Ideology: The Business Decisions of the Burger Court. Journal of Politics 54, no. 1 (February): 120-34.
130. Hagle, Tim, and Harold Spaeth.. 1993. Ideological Patterns in the Justices' Voting in the Burger Court Business Cases. Journal of Politics 55, no. 2 (May): 492-505.
131. Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. 2011. Reprint. The Federalist Papers. New York: Tribeca Books.
132. Hammond, Thomas H., Chris W. Bonneau, and Reginald S. Sheehan. 2005. Strategic Behavior and Policy Choice on the U.S. Supreme Court. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
133. Hansford, Thomas G., and David F. Damore. 2000. Congressional Preferences, Perceptions of Threat, and Supreme Court Decision Making. American Politics Research 28, no. 4 (October): 490-510.
134. Hansford, Thomas G., and James F. Spriggs. 2006. The Politics of Precedent on the U.S. Supreme Court. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
135. Harlan, John Marshall. 1964. Dissenting Opinion in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533.
136. Harvey, Anna, and Barry Friedman. 2006. Pulling Punches: Congressional Constraints on the Supreme Court's Constitutional Rulings, 1987-2000. Legislative Studies Quarterly 31, no. 4 (November): 533-62.
137. Harvey, Anna, and Barry Friedman. 2009. Ducking Trouble: Congressionally-Induced Selection Bias in the Supreme Court's Agenda. Journal of Politics 71, no. 2 (April): 574-92.
138. Harvey, Anna, and Michael Woodruff. 2011. Confirmation Bias in the United States Supreme Court Judicial Database. Manuscript. New York University.
139. Hausegger, Lori, and Lawrence Baum. 1999. Inviting Congressional Action: A Study of Supreme Court Motivations in Statutory Interpretation. American Journal of Political Science 43, no.1 (January): 162-85.
140. Heinemann, Ronald L. 1996. Harry Byrd of Virginia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
141. Hirsch, H. N. 1981. The Enigma of Felix Frankfurter. New York: Basic Books.
142. Hoekstra, Valerie J. 2000. The Supreme Court and Local Public Opinion. American Political Science Review 94, no. 1 (March): 89-100.
143. Howard, Robert, and Jeffrey A. Segal. 2004. A Preference for Deference: The Supreme Court and Judicial Review. Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 1 (March): 131-43.
144. Howe, M. D. 1953. Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski: 1916-1935. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
145. Jackman, Simon. 2000. Estimation and Inference via Bayesian Simulation: An Introduction to Markov Chain Monte Carlo. American Journal of Political Science 44, no. 2 (April): 375-404.
146. Johnson, Timothy R. 2003. The Supreme Court, the Solicitor General, and the Separation of Powers. American Politics Research 31, no. 4 (July): 426-51.
147. Johnson, Valen, and James Albert. 1999. Ordinal Data Modeling. New York: Springer.
148. Kagan, Elena. 2010. The Nomination of Elena Kagan to Be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, June 28-June 30.
149. Kahn, Ronald. 1999. Institutionalized Norms and Supreme Court Decision- Making: The Rehnquist Court on Privacy and Religion. In Cornell W. Clayton and Howard Gillman, eds., Supreme Court Decision-Making: New Institutionalist Approaches. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
150. Kastellec, Jonathan P., and Jeffrey Lax. 2008. Case Selection and the Study of Judicial Politics. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 5, no. 3: 407-446.
151. Katcher, Leo. 1967. Earl Warren: A Political Biography. New York: McGraw-Hill.
152. Katzmann, Robert. 1997. Courts and Congress. Washington, DC: Brookings/ Governance.
153. Kearney, Joseph, and Thomas Merrill. 2000. The Influence of Amicus Curiae Briefs on the Supreme Court. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 148, no. 3 (January): 743-854.
154. Keck, Thomas. 2007. Party, Policy or Duty: Why Does the Supreme Court Invalidate Federal Statutes? American Political Science Review 101, no. 2 (May): 321-38.
155. Knight, Jack, and Lee Epstein. 1996. The Norm of Stare Decisis. American Journal of Political Science 40, no. 4 (November): 1018-35.
156. Krauthammer, Charles. 2009. Sotomayor: Criticize, Then Confirm. Washington Post, May 29.
157. Krehbiel, Keith. 1998. Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
158. Krehbiel, Keith. 2007. Supreme Court Appointments as a Move-the-Median Game. American Journal of Political Science 51, no. 2 (April): 231-40.
159. Kronman, Anthony. 2006. Statement on Samuel Alito's Nomination. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, January 12. http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1725&wit_id=4907 (accessed December 25, 2010).
160. Kyl, Jon. 2009. Kyl Will Oppose Sotomayor Confirmation. Press release, Office of United States Senator Jon Kyl.
161. Landes, William, and Richard Posner. 1975. The Independent Judiciary in an Interest-Group Perspective. Journal of Law and Economics 18, no. 3 (December): 875-901.
162. Leahy, Patrick. 2005. Congressional Record, 109th Cong., 1st Sess., September 21: S10252.
163. Leahy, Patrick. 2009. Statement Regarding the Nomination of Judge Sonia Sotomayor to Be an Associate Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, June 9.
164. Levi, Edward H. 1949. An Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
165. Levin, Mark R. 2005. Men in Black: How the Supreme Court Is Destroying America. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
166. Levinson, Sanford. 1977. Review of From the Diaries of Felix Frankfurter by Joseph P. Lash. American Journal of Legal History 21, no. 1 (January): 80-83.
167. Lewis, Anthony. 2009. Justice Holmes and the Splendid Prisoner. New York Review of Books, July 2, 44-47.
168. Lewis, John. 2003. Bush's Strategy of Racial Innuendo: A Telling and Troubling Sign. Atlanta Journal and Constitution, January 20.
169. Li, Hao, and Suen Wing. 2004. Delegating Decisions to Experts. Journal of Political Economy 112, no. S1 (February): S311-35.
170. Lindquist, Stefanie, and Frank Cross. 2009. Measuring Judicial Activism. New York: Oxford University Press.
171. Lindquist, Stefanie, and Rorie Spill Solberg. 2007. Judicial Review by the Burger and Rehnquist Courts: Explaining Justices' Responses to Constitutional Challenges. Political Research Quarterly 60, no. 1 (March): 71-90.
172. Liptak, Adam. 2009. Roberts Sets Off Debate on Judicial Experience. New York Times, February 16.
173. Liptak, Adam. 2010. Court under Roberts Is Most Conservative in Decades. New York Times, July 24.
174. Llewellyn, Karl. 1962. Jurisprudence: Realism in Theory and Practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
175. Londregan, John. 1999. Estimating Legislators' Preferred Points. Political Analysis 8, no. 1: 35-56.
176. Loughlin, Sean. 2003. Santorum under Fire for Comments on Homosexuality. http://cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/04/22/santorum.gays/ (accessed September 20, 2010).
177. Maltzman, Forrest, and Paul J. Wahlbeck. 1996a. Strategic Policy Considerations and Voting Fluidity on the Burger Court. American Political Science Review 90, no. 3 (September): 581-92.
178. Maltzman, Forrest, and Paul J. Wahlbeck. 1996b. May It Please the Chief: Opinion Assignments in the Rehnquist Court. American Journal of Political Science 40, no. 2 (May): 421-33.
179. Maltzman, Forrest, James F. Spriggs, and Paul J. Wahlbeck. 1999. Strategy and Judicial Choice: New Institutionalist Approaches to Supreme Court Decision: Making. In Cornell W. Clayton and Howard Gillman, eds., Supreme Court Decision-Making: New Institutional Approaches. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
180. Maltzman, Forrest, James F. Spriggs, and Paul J. Wahlbeck. 2000. Crafting Law on the Supreme Court: The Collegial Game. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
181. March, James G., and Johan P. Olsen. 1984. The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life. American Political Science Review 78, no. 3: 734-49.
182. Marks, Brian. 1989. A Model of Judicial Influence on Congressional Policymaking: Grove City College v. Bell. Ph.D. diss., Washington University.
183. Martin, Andrew. 2006. Statutory Battles and Constitutional Wars. In James R. Rogers, Roy B. Flemming, and Jon R. Bond, eds., Institutional Games and the U.S. Supreme Court. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
184. Martin, Andrew, and Kevin Quinn. 2002. Dynamic Ideal Point Estimation via Markov Chain Monte Carlo for the U.S. Supreme Court, 1953-1999. Political Analysis 10, no. 2: 134-53.
185. Martin, Andrew, and Kevin Quinn. 2009. Martin-Quinn Scores. http://mqscores.wustl.edu/measures.php (accessed January 4, 2011).
186. Martin, Andrew, Kevin Quinn, and Lee Epstein. 2005. The Median Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. North Carolina Law Review 83, no. 5 (June): 1275-1322.
187. Mason, Alpheus Thomas. 1956. Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law. New York: Viking Press.
188. McCarty, Nolan, and Keith Poole. 1995. Veto Power and Legislation: An Empirical Analysis of Executive and Legislative Bargaining from 1961 to 1986. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 11, no. 2 (October): 282-312.
189. McCloskey, Robert. 1960. The American Supreme Court. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
190. McGowan, Miranda O. 2008. Do as I Do, Not as I Say: An Empirical Investigation of Justice Scalia's Ordinary Meaning Method of Statutory Interpretation. San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 08-015.
191. McGrory, Mary. 2000. Supreme Travesty of Justice. Washington Post, December 14, A3.
192. McGuire, Kevin. 1998. Explaining Executive Success in the U.S. Supreme Court. Political Research Quarterly 51, no. 2 (June): 505-26.
193. McGuire, Kevin, and James Stimson. 2004. The Least Dangerous Branch Revisited: New Evidence on Supreme Court Responsiveness to Public Preferences. Journal of Politics 66, no. 4 (November): 1018-35.
194. McNollgast. 1995. Politics and the Courts: A Positive Theory of Judicial Doctrine and the Rule of Law. Southern California Law Review 68, no. 6 (September): 1631-82.
195. Meernik, James, and Joseph Ignagni. 1997. Judicial Review and Coordinate Construction of the Constitution. American Journal of Political Science 41, no. 2 (April): 447-67.
196. Meinhold, Stephen S., and Steven A. Shull. 1998. Policy Congruence between the President and the Solicitor General. Political Research Quarterly 51, no. 2: 527-37.
197. Mishler, William, and Reginald Sheehan. 1993. The Supreme Court as a Countermajoritarian Institution: The Impact of Public Opinion on Supreme Court Decisions. American Political Science Review 87, no. 1 (March): 87-101.
198. Mishler, William, and Reginald Sheehan. 1996. Public Opinion, the Attitudinal Model, and Supreme Court Decision Making: A Micro-Analytic Perspective. Journal of Politics 58, no. 1 (February): 169-200.
199. Mislevy, Robert, and R. Darrell Bock. 1990. BILOG 3: Item Analysis and Test Scoring with Binary Logistic Models. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software Inc.
200. Moraski, Bryon, and Charles Shipan. 1999. The Politics of Supreme Court Nominations: A Theory of Institutional Constraints and Choices. American Journal of Political Science 43, no. 4 (October): 1069-95.
201. Murphy, Bruce Allen. 1988. Fortas: The Rise & Ruin of a Supreme Court Justice. New York: Random House.
202. Murphy, Walter. 1962. Congress and the Court: A Case Study in the American Political Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
203. Murphy, Walter. 1964. Elements of Judicial Strategy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
204. Murray, Frank. 2003. White House Set to Stay Out of Affirmative-Action Case. Washington Times, January 9.
205. Nemachek, Christine. 2008. Strategic Selection: Presidential Nomination of Supreme Court Justices from Herbert Hoover through George W. Bush. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
206. Nicholson, Chris, and Paul Collins. 2008. The Solicitor General's Amicus Curiae Strategies in the Supreme Court. American Politics Research 36, no. 3 (May): 382-415.
207. Nixon, Richard. 1969. Conversation with Newsmen on the Nomination of the Chief Justice of the United States. The American Presidency Project. May 22. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/.
208. Noel, Hans. 2009. The Coalition Merchants: Testing the Power of Ideas with the Civil Rights Realignment. Manuscript. Georgetown University.
209. Norman-Major, Kristen A. 1994. The Solicitor General: Executive Policy Agendas and the Court. Albany Law Review 57 (Fall): 1081-1109.
210. Novak, Robert. 2003. Bush's First Justice. January 23. http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/01/23/column.novak.opinion.justice/ (accessed February 27, 2010).
211. O'Brien, David M. 2000. Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics. 6th ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
212. O'Brien, David M. 2003. Constitutional Law and Politics. 5th ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
213. O'Connor, Karen. 1983. The Amicus Curiae Role of the U.S. Solicitor General in Supreme Court Litigation. Judicature 66, no. 5 (December-January): 256-64.
214. Page, Scott E. 2007. The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
215. Peabody, Bruce. 2005. Congressional Attitudes toward Constitutional Interpretation. In Neal Devins and Keith Whittington, eds., Congress and the Constitution. Durham: Duke University Press.
216. Peretti, Terri Jennings. 1999. In Defense of a Political Court. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
217. Peretti, Terri Jennings. 2002. Does Judicial Independence Exist? In Stephen Burbank and Barry Friedman, eds., Judicial Independence at the Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
218. Perry, H. W. Jr. 1991. Deciding to Decide: Agenda Setting in the United States Supreme Court. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
219. Pickerill, J. Mitchell. 2004. Constitutional Deliberation in Congress: The Impact of Judicial Review in a Separated System. Durham: Duke University Press.
220. Pinello, Daniel R. 2003. Gay Rights and American Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
221. Poole, Keith. 1998. Recovering a Basic Space from a Set of Issue Scales. American Journal of Political Science 42, no. 3 (July): 954-93.
222. Poole, Keith. 2004. Description of NOMINATE data. http://voteview.com/page2a.htm (accessed December 27, 2010).
223. Poole, Keith. 2005. Spatial Models of Parliamentary Voting. New York: Cambridge University Press.
224. Poole, Keith, and Howard Rosenthal. 1997. Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
225. Posner, Richard. 2005. The Supreme Court 2004 Term, Foreword: A Political Court. Harvard Law Review 119, no. 1 (November): 31-102.
226. Posner, Richard. 2008. How Judges Think. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
227. Provine, Doris Marie. 1980. Case Selection in the United States Supreme Court. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
228. Puro, Steven. 1981. The United States as Amicus Curiae. In S. Sidney Ulmer, ed., Courts, Law and Judicial Processes, 220-29. New York: The Free Press.
229. Rehnquist, William. 1987. The Supreme Court. New York: William Morrow.
230. Richards, Mark J., and Herbert Kritzer. 2002. Jurisprudential Regimes in Supreme Court Decision Making. American Political Science Review 96, no. 2 (June): 305-20.
231. Roberts, John G. 2003. Confirmation Hearings on Federal Appointments. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, serial no. J-108-1, part 3.
232. Robertson, Pat. 2004. Courting Disaster: How the Supreme Court Is Usurping the Power of Congress and the People. Wake Forest, NC: Integrity Publishers.
233. Rogers, James. 2001. Information and Judicial Review: A Signaling Game of Legislative-Judicial Interaction. American Journal of Political Science 45, no. 1 (January): 84-99.
234. Rohde, David W., and Harold J. Spaeth. 1976. Supreme Court Decision Making. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
235. Rosen, Jeffrey. 2000. The Supreme Court Commits Suicide. The New Republic 223 (December 25).
236. Rosen, Jeffrey. 2006. The Most Democratic Branch: How the Courts Serve America. New York: Oxford University Press.
237. Rosenberg, Gerald. 1991. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring about Social Change? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
238. Rosenberg, Gerald. 1992. Judicial Independence and the Reality of Political Power. Review of Politics 54, no. 2 (Summer): 369-98.
239. Sala, Brian R., and James F. Spriggs II. 2004. Designing Tests of the Supreme Court and the Separation of Powers. Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 2 (June): 197-208.
240. Salokar, Rebecca. 1992. The Solicitor General: The Politics of Law. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
241. Sammon, Bill. 2003. Bush Set to Break Silence in Race Case. Washington Times, January 14.
242. Scalia, Antonin. 1998. A Matter of Interpretation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
243. Scalia, Antonin. 2003. Dissent in Lawrence v. Texas. No. 02-102. Decided June 26.
244. Scalia, Antonin. 2004. Memorandum of Justice Scalia on Cheney v. United States. No. 03-475. Decided March 18.
245. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. 1993. Senate Joint Resolution 8. http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/hemp/sj8.htm (accessed September 20, 2010).
246. Scigliano, Robert. 1971. The Supreme Court and the Presidency. New York: The Free Press.
247. Segal, Jeffrey A. 1988. Amicus Curiae Briefs by the Solicitor General during the Warren and Burger Courts: A Research Note. Western Political Quarterly 41, no. 1 (March): 135-44.
248. Segal, Jeffrey A. 1989. Supreme Court Support for the Solicitor General: The Effect of Presidential Appointments. Western Political Quarterly 43, no. 1 (March): 137-52.
249. Segal, Jeffrey A. 1997. Separation of Powers Games in the Positive Theory of Congress and Courts. American Political Science Review 91, no. 1 (March): 28-44.
250. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Albert Cover. 1989. Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices. American Political Science Review 83, no. 2 (June): 557-65.
251. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Robert M. Howard. 2005. How the Supreme Court Justices Respond to Litigant Requests to Overturn Precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court, 1985-1994. In E. Slotnick, ed., Judicial Politics: Readings from Judicature, 431-41. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
252. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Cheryl D. Reedy. 1988. The Supreme Court and Sex Discrimination: The Role of the Solicitor General. Western Political Quarterly 41, no. 3 (September): 553-68.
253. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 1993. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model. New York: Cambridge University Press.
254. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 1994. The Attitudinal Model: The Authors Respond. Law and Courts Newsletter 4, no. 1: 10.
255. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 1996. The Influence of Stare Decisis on the Votes of the United States Supreme Court Justices. American Journal of Political Science 40, no. 4 (November): 971-1003.
256. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 2002. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press.
257. Segal, Jeffrey, Chad Westerland, and Stefanie Lindquist. 2007. Congress, the Supreme Court and Judicial Review. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
258. Shepsle, Kenneth A., and David Rohde. 2007. Advice and Consent in the 60-Vote Senate. Journal of Politics 69, no. 3 (August): 664-77.
259. Smith, Jean Edward. 1996. John Marshall: Definer of a Nation. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
260. Smith, Rogers M. 1988. Political Jurisprudence, the "New Institutionalism" and the Future of Public Law. American Political Science Review 82, no. 1 (March): 89-108.
261. Songer, Donald, and Stefanie Lindquist. 1996. Not the Whole Story: The Impact of Justices' Values on Supreme Court Decision-Making. American Journal of Political Science 40, no. 4 (November): 1049-63.
262. Sotomayor, Sonia. 2001. A Latina Judge's Voice. Address to the "Raising the Bar" Symposium at the University of California at Berkeley School of Law. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/05/26_sotomayor.shtml (accessed September 21, 2010).
263. Sotomayor, Sonia. 2009. Opening Statement before the Senate Judiciary Committee. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, July 13.
264. Sowell, Thomas. 2010. Another Judicial Power Grab. Human Events. May 19. http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=37087 (accessed September 21, 2010).
265. Spaeth, Harold. 1961. An Approach to the Study of Attitudinal Differences as an Aspect of Judicial Behavior. Midwest Journal of Political Science 5, no. 2 (May): 165-80.
266. Spaeth, Harold. 1964. The Judicial Restraint of Mr. Justice Frankfurter: Myth or Reality. American Journal of Political Science 8, no. 1 (February): 22-38.
267. Spaeth, Harold. 1965. Jurimetrics and Professor Mendelson: A Troubled Relationship. Journal of Politics 27, no. 4 (November): 875-80.
268. Spaeth, Harold. 1979. Supreme Court Policy Making: Explanation and Prediction. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
269. Spaeth, Harold. 2009. United States Supreme Court Judicial Database. http://scdb.wustl.edu/ (accessed December 25, 2010).
270. Spaeth, Harold J., and Michael F. Altfeld. 1986. Felix Frankfurter, Judicial Activism, and Voting Conflict on the Warren Court. In Sheldon Goldman and Charles M. Lamb, eds., Judicial Conflict and Consensus. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
271. Spaeth, Harold J., and Jeffrey A. Segal. 1999. Majority Rule or Minority Will: Adherence to Precedent on the U.S. Supreme Court. New York: Cambridge University Press.
272. Spiller, Pablo, and Rafael Gely. 1992. Congressional Control or Judicial Independence: The Determinants of U.S. Supreme Court Labor-Relations Decisions, 1949-1988. RAND Journal of Economics 23, no. 4 (Winter): 463-92.
273. Spriggs, James F., and Thomas G. Hansford. 2001. Explaining the Overruling of U.S. Supreme Court Precedent. Journal of Politics 63, no. 4 (November): 1091-1111.
274. Spriggs, James F., and Paul J. Wahlbeck. 1997. Amicus Curiae and the Role of Information in the Supreme Court. Political Research Quarterly 50, no. 2 (June): 365-86.
275. Starr, Kenneth. 2002. First among Equals: The Supreme Court in American Life. New York: Warner Books.
276. Staton, Jeffrey. 2006. Constitutional Review and the Selective Promotion of Case Results. American Journal of Political Science 50, no. 1 (January): 98-112.
277. Stephenson, Matthew C. 2009. Legal Realism for Economists. Journal of Economic Perspectives 23, no. 2 (Spring): 191-211.
278. Stevens, John Paul. 2000. Opinion of the Court in Apprendi v. New Jersey. No. 99-478. Decided June 26.
279. Stevens, John Paul. 2006a. Learning on the Job. Fordham Law Review 74, no. 4 (March): 1561-67.
280. Stevens, John Paul. 2006b. Statement respecting the denial of the petitions for writ of certiorari. Rangel-Reyes v. United States. No. 05-10706. Decided June 12.
281. Stewart, Potter. 1966. Dissent. Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463.
282. Stimson, James, Michael Mackuen, and Robert Erikson. 1995. Dynamic Representation. American Political Science Review 89, no. 3 (September): 543-65.
283. Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. 2009. Sotomayor, a Trailblazer and a Dreamer. New York Times, May 26.
284. Stout, David. 2005. Bush Nominee Continues Effort to Win over Senators. New York Times, July 22.
285. Sullivan, Kathleen M. 1998. The Jurisprudence of the Rehnquist Court. Nova Law Review 22, no. 3 (Spring): 743-61.
286. Sunstein, Cass R. 1999. One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
287. Sunstein, Cass R. 2005. The Rehnquist Revolution. The New Republic, January 10, 32-54.
288. Tamanaha, Brian Z. 2010. Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Politics of Judging. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
289. Tanenhaus, Joseph, Marvin Schick, Matthew Muraskin, and Daniel Rosen. 1963. The Supreme Court's Certiorari Jurisdiction: Cue Theory. In Glendon Schubert, ed., Judicial Decision-Making. New York: The Free Press.
290. Taylor, Stuart. 2005. What Kind of Justice? National Journal 37, no. 30 (July 23): 2352-57.
291. Thayer, James. 1893. The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law. Harvard Law Review 7, no. 3: 129-56.
292. Thomas, Clarence. 2006. Dissent from the denial of certiorari. Rangel-Reyes v. United States. No. 05-10706. Decided June 12.
293. Tiller, Emerson, and Frank Cross. 2006. What Is Legal Doctrine? Northwestern University Law Review 100, no. 1: 517-34.
294. Toma, Eugenia Froedge. 1991. Congressional Influence and the Supreme Court: The Budget as a Signaling Device. Journal of Legal Studies 20, no. 1 (January): 131-46.
295. Toobin, Jeffrey. 2007. The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. New York: Anchor Books.
296. Tribe, Laurence. 1985. God Save This Honorable Court: How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices Shapes Our History. New York: Random House.
297. Tsebelis, George. 2002. Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
298. Turner, Kathryn. 1961. The Midnight Judges. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 109, no. 4 (February): 494-523.
299. Tushnet, Mark. 1999. Taking the Constitution Away from the Courts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
300. Tushnet, Mark. 2005. A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law. New York: W. W. Norton.
301. Ulmer, S. Sidney. 1973. Social Background as an Indicator to the Votes of Supreme Court Justices in Criminal Cases: 1947-1956 Terms. American Journal of Political Science 17, no. 3 (August): 622-30.
302. Ulmer, S. Sidney. 1984. The Supreme Court's Certiorari Decisions: Conflict as a Predictive Variable. American Political Science Review 78, no. 4 (December): 901-11.
303. Ulmer, S. Sidney, and David Willison. 1985. The Solicitor General of the United States as Amicus Curiae in the U.S. Supreme Court: 1969-1983 Terms. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, New Orleans, Louisiana.
304. UM Lawyer. 2003. Subject to Interpretation. University of Mississippi, Spring/ Summer edition. http://www.law.olemiss.edu/UMLAWSPR03/UMlaw/interpretation.htm (accessed November 20, 2007).
305. Urofsky, Melvin. 1991. Felix Frankfurter: Judicial Restraint and Individual Liberties. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
306. U.S. Congress. 1971. Memorial Addresses and Other Tributes in the Congress of the United States on the Life and Contributions of Hugo LaFayette Black. 92nd Cong., 1st Sess.
307. Wald, Patricia M. 1999. A Response to Tiller and Cross. Columbia Law Review 99, no. 1 (January): 235-61.
308. Ward, Artemus. 2003. Deciding to Leave: The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court. Albany: State University of New York Press.
309. Wechsler, Herbert. 1959. Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law. Harvard Law Review 73, no. 1 (November): 1-35.
310. West, Diana. 2003. Bush Must Take a Stand on Affirmative Action. January 6. http://townhall.com/columnists/DianaWest/2003/01/06/bush_must_take_a_stand _on_affirmative_action (accessed September 21, 2010).
311. Whittingon, Keith. 1999. Constitutional Construction: Divided Powers and Constitutional Meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
312. Whittingon, Keith. 2005. Congress before the Lochner Court. Boston University Law Review 85, no. 3 (Summer): 821-57.
313. Whittingon, Keith. 2009. Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Leadership in U.S. History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
314. Yalof, David A. 1999. Pursuit of Justices: Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
315. Zavodnyik, Peter. 2007. The Age of Strict Construction: A History of the Growth of Federal Power, 1789-1861. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.
316. Zeppos, Nicholas S. 1993. Deference to Political Decisionmakers and the Preferred Scope of Judicial Review. Northwestern University Law Review 88, no. 1: 296-335.