Innate immune sensors and gastrointestinal bacterial infections

Clinical and Developmental Immunology

Volumn 2011, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Monie, Tom P ^b   Hold, Georgina L ^a   Mukhopadhya, Indrani ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 4; CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN SIGNALING PROTEIN; FLAGELLIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA CONVERTING ENZYME; INTERLEUKIN 8; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; RECEPTOR INTERACTING PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 5; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 6; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9;

BINDING AFFINITY; CELL DEATH; CELL MEMBRANE; CHRONIC GASTRITIS; COLON MUCOSA; CROHN DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENTERITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INTESTINE FLORA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; SALMONELLOSIS; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; ANIMAL; BACTERIAL INFECTION; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; IMMUNOLOGY; INNATE IMMUNITY; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; RECEPTORS, PATTERN RECOGNITION; SALMONELLA INFECTIONS;

EID: 79959190730     PISSN: 17402522     EISSN: 17402530     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2011/579650     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Neutra M. R., Frey A., Kraehenbuhl J. P., Epithelial M cells: gateways for mucosal infection and immunization Cell 1996 86 3 345 348 (Pubitemid 26272074)
2. Rescigno M., Urbano M., Valzasina B., Francolini M., Rotta G., Bonasio R., Granucci F., Kraehenbuhl J. P., Ricciardi-Castagnoli P., Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria Nature Immunology 2001 2 4 361 367 (Pubitemid 33706348)
3. Lee Y. K., Mazmanian S. K., Has the microbiota played a critical role in the evolution of the adaptive immune system? Science 2010 330 6012 1768 1773
4. Sakaguchi S., Yamaguchi T., Nomura T., Ono M., Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance Cell 2008 133 5 775 787 (Pubitemid 351707693)
5. Atarashi K., Tanoue T., Shima T., Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species Science 2011 331 6015 337 341
6. Takeuchi O., Akira S., Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation Cell 2010 140 6 805 820
7. Monie T. P., Bryant C. E., Gay N. J., Activating immunity: lessons from the TLRs and NLRs Trends in Biochemical Sciences 2009 34 11 553 561
8. Ishihara S., Rumi M. A. K., Kadowaki Y., Ortega-Cava C. F., Yuki T., Yoshino N., Miyaoka Y., Kazumori H., Ishimura N., Amano Y., Kinoshita Y., Essential role of MD-2 in TLR4-dependent signaling during Helicobacter pylori gastritis Journal of Immunology 2004 173 2 1406 1416 (Pubitemid 38924322)
9. Schmauer B., Andrulis M., Endrich S., Lee S. K., Josenhans C., Mller-Hermelink H. K., Eck M., Expression and subcellular distribution of Toll-like receptors TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 on the gastric epithelium in Helicobacter pylori infection Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2004 136 3 521 526 (Pubitemid 38703687)
10. Schmauer B., Andrulis M., Endrich S., Mller-Hermelink H. K., Eck M., Toll-like receptors TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 on gastric carcinoma cells: an implication for interaction with Helicobacter pylori International Journal of Medical Microbiology 2005 295 3 179 185 (Pubitemid 40776102)
11. Fukata M., Abreu M. T., Role of Toll-like receptors in gastrointestinal malignancies Oncogene 2008 27 2 234 243
12. Rachmilewitz D., Katakura K., Karmeli F., Hayashi T., Reinus C., Rudensky B., Akira S., Takeda K., Lee J., Takabayashi K., Raz E., Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis Gastroenterology 2004 126 2 520 528 (Pubitemid 38182309)
13. Lavelle E. C., Murphy C., O'Neill L. A. J., Creagh E. M., The role of TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs in mucosal innate immunity and homeostasis Mucosal Immunology 2010 3 1 17 28
14. Parsonnet J., Helicobacter pylori Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 1998 12 1 185 197 (Pubitemid 28072508)
15. El-Omar E. M., Carrington M., Chow W. H., McColl K. E. L., Bream J. H., Young H. A., Herrera J., Lissowska J., Yuan C. C., Rothman N., Lanyon G., Martin M., Fraumeni J. F., Rabkin C. S., Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer Nature 2000 404 6776 398 402 (Pubitemid 30164342)
16. Smith M. G., Hold G. L., Tahara E., El-Omar E. M., Cellular and molecular aspects of gastric cancer World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006 12 19 2979 2990 (Pubitemid 43811073)
17. Backhed F., Rokbi B., Torstensson E., Zhao Y., Nilsson C., Seguin D., Normark S., Buchan A. M., Richter-Dahlfors A., Gastric mucosal recognition of Helicobacter pylori is independent of Toll-like receptor 4 The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003 187 5 829 836 (Pubitemid 36286944)
18. Mandell L., Moran A. P., Cocchiarella A., Houghton J., Taylor N., Fox J. G., Wang T. C., Kurt-Jones E. A., Intact gram-negative Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter felis, and Helicobacter hepaticus bacteria activate innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 2 but not Toll-like receptor 4 Infection and Immunity 2004 72 11 6446 6454 (Pubitemid 39425425)
19. Gribar S. C., Richardson W. M., Sodhi C. P., Hackam D. J., No longer an innocent bystander: epithelial Toll-like receptor signaling in the development of mucosal inflammation Molecular Medicine 2008 14 9-10 645 659
20. Hold G. L., Bryant C. E., Knirel Y., Valvano M. A., The molecular basis of lipid A and Toll-like receptor 4 interactions Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides: Structure, Chemical Synthesis, Biogenesis and Interaction with Host Cells 2011 New York, NY, USA Springer
21. Moran A. P., Lindner B., Walsh E. J., Structural characterization of the lipid A component of Helicobacter pylori rough- and smooth-form lipopolysaccharides Journal of Bacteriology 1997 179 20 6453 6463 (Pubitemid 27443930)
22. Lee S. K., Stack A., Katzowitsch E., Aizawa S. I., Suerbaum S., Josenhans C., Helicobacter pylori flagellins have very low intrinsic activity to stimulate human gastric epithelial cells via TLR5 Microbes and Infection 2003 5 15 1345 1356 (Pubitemid 37510361)
23. Gewirtz A. T., Yu Y., Krishna U. S., Israel D. A., Lyons S. L., Peek R. M., Helicobacter pylori flagellin evades Toll-like receptor 5-mediated innate immunity Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004 189 10 1914 1920 (Pubitemid 38657228)
24. Andersen-Nissen E., Smith K. D., Strobe K. L., Rassoulian Barrett S. L., Cookson B. T., Logan S. M., Aderem A., Evasion of Toll-like receptor 5 by flagellated bacteria Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 102 26 9247 9252 (Pubitemid 40923549)
25. Rad R., Ballhorn W., Voland P., Eisencher K., Mages J., Rad L., Ferstl R., Lang R., Wagner H., Schmid R. M., Bauer S., Prinz C., Kirschning C. J., Krug A., Extracellular and intracellular pattern recognition receptors cooperate in the recognition of Helicobacter pylori Gastroenterology 2009 136 7 2247 2257
26. Lindgren A., Pavlovic V., Flach C. F., Interferon-gamma secretion is induced in IL-12 stimulated human NK cells by recognition of Helicobacter pylori or TLR2 ligands Innate Immunity 2011 17 2 191 203
27. Kaparakis M., Turnbull L., Carneiro L., Firth S., Coleman H. A., Parkington H. C., Le Bourhis L., Karrar A., Viala J., Mak J., Hutton M. L., Davies J. K., Crack P. J., Hertzog P. J., Philpott D. J., Girardin S. E., Whitchurch C. B., Ferrero R. L., Bacterial membrane vesicles deliver peptidoglycan to NOD1 in epithelial cells Cellular Microbiology 2010 12 3 372 385
28. Viala J., Chaput C., Boneca I. G., Cardona A., Girardin S. E., Moran A. P., Athman R., Mmet S., Huerre M. R., Coyle A. J., DiStefano P. S., Sansonetti P. J., Labigne A., Bertin J., Philpott D. J., Ferrero R. L., Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island Nature Immunology 2004 5 11 1166 1174 (Pubitemid 39549631)
29. Franchi L., Warner N., Viani K., Nuez G., Function of Nod-like receptors in microbial recognition and host defense Immunological Reviews 2009 227 1 106 128
30. Grubman A., Kaparakis M., Viala J., Allison C., Badea L., Karrar A., Boneca I. G., Le Bourhis L., Reeve S., Smith I. A., Hartland E. L., Philpott D. J., Ferrero R. L., The innate immune molecule, NOD1, regulates direct killing of Helicobacter pylori by antimicrobial peptides Cellular Microbiology 2010 12 5 626 639
31. El-Omar E. M., Ng M. T., Hold G. L., Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor genes and risk of cancer Oncogene 2008 27 2 244 252
32. Arbour N. C., Lorenz E., Schutte B. C., Zabner J., Kline J. N., Jones M., Frees K., Watt J. L., Schwartz D. A., TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans Nature Genetics 2000 25 2 187 191 (Pubitemid 30394990)
33. Hold G. L., Rabkin C. S., Chow W. H., Smith M. G., Gammon M. D., Risch H. A., Vaughan T. L., McColl K. E. L., Lissowska J., Zatonski W., Schoenberg J. B., Blot W. J., Mowat N. A. G., Fraumeni J. F., El-Omar E. M., A functional polymorphism of Toll-like receptor 4 gene increases risk of gastric carcinoma and its precursors Gastroenterology 2007 132 3 905 912 (Pubitemid 46440859)
34. Hofner P., Gyulai Z., Kiss Z. F., Tiszai A., Tiszlavicz L., Tth G., Szke D., Molnr B., Lonovics J., Tulassay Z., Mndi Y., Genetic polymorphisms of NOD1 and IL-8, but not polymorphisms of TLR4 genes, are associated with Helicobacter pylori -induced duodenal ulcer and gastritis Helicobacter 2007 12 2 124 131
35. Hold G. L., Rabkin C. S., Gammon M. D., Berry S. H., Smith M. G., Lissowska J., Risch H. A., Chow W. H., Ashley G Mowat N., Vaughan T. L., El-Omar E. M., CD14-159C/T and TLR9-1237T/C polymorphisms are not associated with gastric cancer risk in Caucasian populations European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2009 18 2 117 119
36. Ng M. T. H., Van't Hof R., Crockett J. C., Hope M. E., Berry S., Thomson J., McLean M. H., McColl K. E. L., El-Omar E. M., Hold G. L., Increase in NF- B binding affinity of the variant C allele of the Toll-like receptor 9-1237T/C polymorphism is associated with Helicobacter pylori gastric disease Infection and Immunity 2010 78 3 1345 1352
37. Tahara T., Arisawa T., Wang F., Shibata T., Nakamura M., Sakata M., Hirata I., Nakano H., Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR)-196 to 174del polymorphism in gastro-duodenal diseases in Japanese population Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2008 53 4 919 924 (Pubitemid 351379814)
38. Spiller S., Elson G., Ferstl R., Dreher S., Mueller T., Freudenberg M., Daubeuf B., Wagner H., Kirschning C. J., TLR4-induced IFN- production increases TLR2 sensitivity and drives Gram-negative sepsis in mice Journal of Experimental Medicine 2008 205 8 1747 1754
39. Talbot S., Ttemeyer S., Yamamoto M., Akira S., Hughes K., Gray D., Barr T., Mastroeni P., Maskell D. J., Bryant C. E., Toll-like receptor 4 signalling through MyD88 is essential to control Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection, but not for the initiation of bacterial clearance Immunology 2009 128 4 472 483
40. Magnusson M., Tobes R., Sancho J., Pareja E., Cutting edge: natural DNA repetitive extragenic sequences from gram-negative pathogens strongly stimulate TLR9 Journal of Immunology 2007 179 1 31 35 (Pubitemid 46986513)
41. Royle M. C. J., Ttemeyer S., Alldridge L. C., Maskell D. J., Bryant C. E., Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 by lipopolysaccharide during cellular invasion by live Salmonella typhimurium is a critical but not exclusive event leading to macrophage responses Journal of Immunology 2003 170 11 5445 5454 (Pubitemid 36617831)
42. Kenny E. F., Talbot S., Gong M., Golenbock D. T., Bryant C. E., O'Neill L. A. J., MyD88 adaptor-like is not essential for TLR2 signaling and inhibits signaling by TLR3 Journal of Immunology 2009 183 6 3642 3651
43. Fournier B., Williams I. R., Gewirtz A. T., Neish A. S., Toll-like receptor 5-dependent regulation of inflammation in systemic Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection Infection and Immunity 2009 77 9 4121 4129
44. Vijay-Kumar M., Wu H., Jones R., Grant G., Babbin B., King T. P., Kelly D., Gewirtz A. T., Neish A. S., Flagellin suppresses epithelial apoptosis and limits disease during enteric infection American Journal of Pathology 2006 169 5 1686 1700 (Pubitemid 351182000)
45. Franchi L., Amer A., Body-Malapel M., Kanneganti T. D., zren N., Jagirdar R., Inohara N., Vandenabeele P., Bertin J., Coyle A., Grant E. P., Nez G., Cytosolic flagellin requires Ipaf for activation of caspase-1 and interleukin 1 in salmonella -infected macrophages Nature Immunology 2006 7 6 576 582 (Pubitemid 43797338)
46. Miao E. A., Alpuche-Aranda C. M., Dors M., Clark A. E., Bader M. W., Miller S. I., Aderem A., Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1 via Ipaf Nature Immunology 2006 7 6 569 575 (Pubitemid 43797337)
47. Miao E. A., Leaf I. A., Treuting P. M., Caspase-1-induced pyroptosis is an innate immune effector mechanism against intracellular bacteria Nature Immunology 2010 11 12 1136 1142
48. Miao E. A., Mao D. P., Yudkovsky N., Bonneau R., Lorang C. G., Warren S. E., Leaf I. A., Aderem A., Innate immune detection of the type III secretion apparatus through the NLRC4 inflammasome Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010 107 7 3076 3080
49. Broz P., Newton K., Lamkanfi M., Redundant roles for inflammasome receptors NLRP3 and NLRC4 in host defense against Salmonella The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2010 207 8 1745 1755
50. Le Bourhis L., Magalhaes J. G., Selvanantham T., Travassos L. H., Geddes K., Fritz J. H., Viala J., Tedin K., Girardin S. E., Philpott D. J., Role of Nod1 in mucosal dendritic cells during Salmonella pathogenicity island 1-independent Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection Infection and Immunity 2009 77 10 4480 4486
51. Ko D. C., Shukla K. P., Fong C., Wasnick M., Brittnacher M. J., Wurfel M. M., Holden T. D., O'Keefe G. E., Van Yserloo B., Akey J. M., Miller S. I., A genome-wide in vitro bacterial-infection screen reveals human variation in the host response associated with inflammatory disease American Journal of Human Genetics 2009 85 2 214 227
52. Schirbel A., Fiocchi C., Inflammatory bowel disease: established and evolving considerations on its etiopathogenesis and therapy Journal of Digestive Diseases 2010 11 5 266 276
53. Rakoff-Nahoum S., Paglino J., Eslami-Varzaneh F., Edberg S., Medzhitov R., Recognition of commensal microflora by Toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis Cell 2004 118 2 229 241 (Pubitemid 38962578)
54. Hansen R., Thomson J. M., El-Omar E. M., Hold G. L., The role of infection in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease Journal of Gastroenterology 2010 45 3 266 276
55. Yamamoto-Furusho J. K., Podolsky D. K., Innate immunity in inflammatory bowel disease World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007 13 42 5577 5580 (Pubitemid 350031477)
56. Cario E., Podolsky D. K., Differential alteration in intestinal epithelial cell expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease Infection and Immunity 2000 68 12 7010 7017 (Pubitemid 32463415)
57. Hausmann M., Kiessling S., Mestermann S., Webb G., Spttl T., Andus T., Schlmerich J., Herfarth H., Ray K., Falk W., Rogler G., Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are up-regulated during intestinal inflammation Gastroenterology 2002 122 7 1987 2000 (Pubitemid 34651441)
58. Abreu M. T., Vora P., Faure E., Thomas L. S., Arnold E. T., Arditi M., Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide Journal of Immunology 2001 167 3 1609 1616 (Pubitemid 32703162)
59. Fukata M., Michelsen K. S., Eri R., Thomas L. S., Hu B., Lukasek K., Nast C. C., Lechago J., Xu R., Naiki Y., Soliman A., Arditi M., Abreu M. T., Toll-like receptor-4 is required for intestinal response to epithelial injury and limiting bacterial translocation in a murine model of acute colitis American Journal of Physiology 2005 288 5 G1055 G1065
60. Vijay-Kumar M., Aitken J. D., Carvalho F. A., Cullender T. C., Mwangi S., Srinivasan S., Sitaraman S. V., Knight R., Ley R. E., Gewirtz A. T., Metabolie syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5 Science 2010 328 5975 228 231
61. Rhee S. H., Im E., Riegler M., Kokkotou E., O'Brien M., Pothoulakis C., Pathophysiological role of Toll-like receptor 5 engagement by bacterial flagenllin in colonic inflammation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 102 38 13610 13615 (Pubitemid 41420896)
62. Rachmilewitz D., Karmeli F., Takabayashi K., Hayashi T., Leider-Trejo L., Lee J., Leoni L. M., Raz E., Immunostimulatory DNA ameliorates experimental and spontaneous murine colitis Gastroenterology 2002 122 5 1428 1441 (Pubitemid 34465184)
63. Erridge C., Duncan S. H., Bereswill S., Heimesaat M. M., The induction of colitis and ileitis in mice is associated with marked increases in intestinal concentrations of stimulants of TLRs 2, 4, and 5 PLoS ONE 2010 5 2, article e9125
64. Arnott I. D. R., Ho G. T., Nimmo E. R., Satsangi J., Franchimont D., Vermeire S., Deviere J., Rutgeerts P. J., Toll-like receptor 4 gene in IBD: further evidence for genetic heterogeneity in Europe Gut 2005 54 2 308 309 (Pubitemid 40139251)
65. Franchimont D., Vermeire S., El Housni H., Pierik M., Van Steen K., Gustot T., Quertinmont E., Abramowicz M., Van Gossum A., Devire J., Rutgeerts P., Deficient host-bacteria interactions in inflammatory bowel disease? The Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 Asp299gly polymorphism is associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Gut 2004 53 7 987 992 (Pubitemid 38824157)
66. Lakatos P. L., Lakatos L., Szalay F., Willheim-Polli C., sterreicher C., Tulassay Z., Molnar T., Reinisch W., Papp J., Mozsik G., Ferenci P., Fuszek P., Vargha P., Pronai L., Nemeth A., Miheller P., Kovacs A., Bene L., Szekely G., Gasztonyi B., Nagy F., Lonovics J., Ujszaszy L., Altorjai I., Palatka K., Kiss G. G., Tarnok F., Dobronte Z., Erdelyi Z., Pandur T., Mester G., Toll-like receptor 4 and NOD2/CARD15 mutations in Hungarian patients with Crohn's disease: phenotype-genotype correlations World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005 11 10 1489 1495 (Pubitemid 40468084)
67. Pierik M., Joossens S., Van Steen K., Van Schuerbeek N., Vlietinck R., Rutgeerts P., Vermeire S., Toll-like receptor-1, -2, and -6 polymorphisms influence disease extension in inflammatory bowel diseases Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2006 12 1 1 8 (Pubitemid 43032444)
68. Trk H. P., Glas J., Tonenchi L., Bruennler G., Folwaczny M., Folwaczny C., Crohn's disease is associated with a Toll-like receptor-9 polymorphism Gastroenterology 2004 127 1 365 366 (Pubitemid 38962306)
69. Cuthbert A. P., Fisher S. A., Mirza M. M., King K., Hampe J., Croucher P. J. P., Mascheretti S., Sanderson J., Forbes A., Mansfield J., Schreiber S., Lewis C. M., Mathew C. G., The contribution of NOD2 gene mutations to the risk and site of disease in inflammatory bowel disease Gastroenterology 2002 122 4 867 874 (Pubitemid 34267268)
70. Hugot J. P., Chamaillard M., Zouali H., Lesage S., Czard J. P., Belaiche J., Almer S., Tysk C., O'morain C. A., Gassull M., Binder V., Finkel Y., Cortot A., Modigliani R., Laurent-Puig P., Gower-Rousseau C., Macry J., Colombel J. F., Sahbatou M., Thomas G., Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease Nature 2001 411 6837 599 603 (Pubitemid 32531408)
71. Ogura Y., Bonen D. K., Inohara N., Nicolae D. L., Chen F. F., Ramos R., Britton H., Moran T., Karaliuskas R., Duerr R. H., Achkar J. P., Brant S. R., Bayless T. M., Kirschner B. S., Hanauer S. B., Nez G., Cho J. H., A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease Nature 2001 411 6837 603 606 (Pubitemid 32531409)
72. Inohara N., Ogura Y., Fontalba A., Gutierrez O., Pons F., Crespo J., Fukase K., Inamura S., Kusumoto S., Hashimoto M., Foster S. J., Moran A. P., Fernandez-Luna J. L., Nuez G., Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. Implications for Crohn's disease Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003 278 8 5509 5512 (Pubitemid 36800790)
73. Netea M. G., Ferwerda G., De Jong D. J., Jansen T., Jacobs L., Kramer M., Naber T. H. J., Drenth J. P. H., Girardin S. E., Kullberg B. J., Adema G. J., Van Der Meer J. W. M., Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 modulates specific TLR pathways for the induction of cytokine release Journal of Immunology 2005 174 10 6518 6523 (Pubitemid 40663847)
74. Van Heel D. A., Ghosh S., Butler M., Hunt K. A., Lundberg A. M. C., Ahmad T., McGovern D. P. B., Onnie C., Negoro K., Goldthorpe S., Foxwell B. M. J., Mathew C. G., Forbes A., Jewell D. P., Playford R. J., Muramyl dipeptide and Toll-like receptor sensitivity in NOD2-associated Crohn's disease Lancet 2005 365 9473 1794 1796 (Pubitemid 40744660)
75. Noguchi E., Homma Y., Kang X., Netea M. G., Ma X., A Crohn's disease-associated NOD2 mutation suppresses transcription of human IL10 by inhibiting activity of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP-A1 Nature Immunology 2009 10 5 471 479
76. Hedl M., Li J., Cho J. H., Abraham C., Chronic stimulation of Nod2 mediates tolerance to bacterial products Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007 104 49 19440 19445
77. Cooney R., Baker J., Brain O., Danis B., Pichulik T., Allan P., Ferguson D. J. P., Campbell B. J., Jewell D., Simmons A., NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation Nature Medicine 2010 16 1 90 97
78. Travassos L. H., Carneiro L. A. M., Ramjeet M., Hussey S., Kim Y. G., Magalhes J. G., Yuan L., Soares F., Chea E., Le Bourhis L., Boneca I. G., Allaoui A., Jones N. L., Nez G., Girardin S. E., Philpott D. J., Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry Nature Immunology 2010 11 1 55 62
79. Hampe J., Franke A., Rosenstiel P., Till A., Teuber M., Huse K., Albrecht M., Mayr G., De La Vega F. M., Briggs J., Gnther S., Prescott N. J., Onnie C. M., Hsler R., Sipos B., Flsch U. R., Lengauer T., Platzer M., Mathew C. G., Krawczak M., Schreiber S., A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1 Nature Genetics 2007 39 2 207 211 (Pubitemid 46184351)
80. Park J. H., Wacholder S., Gail M. H., Peters U., Jacobs K. B., Chanock S. J., Chatterjee N., Estimation of effect size distribution from genome-wide association studies and implications for future discoveries Nature Genetics 2010 42 7 570 575
81. Kanzler H., Barrat F. J., Hessel E. M., Coffman R. L., Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists Nature Medicine 2007 13 5 552 559 (Pubitemid 46830615)
82. Rowland I. R., The role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer Current Pharmaceutical Design 2009 15 13 1524 1527
83. Balfour Sartor R., Bacteria in Crohn's disease: mechanisms of inflammation and therapeutic implications Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2007 41 supplement 1 S37 S43