Conserved expression and functions of PDE4 in rodent and human heart

Basic Research in Cardiology

Volumn 106, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 249-262

  Richter, Wito ^a   Xie, Moses ^a   Scheitrum, Colleen ^a   Krall, Judith ^b   Movsesian, Matthew A ^b   Conti, Marco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

3 ; 5 Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase; CAMP; Heart failure; Human heart; PDE4

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC AMP; PHOSPHODIESTERASE IV; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; ISOENZYME;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CELL COMPARTMENTALIZATION; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOWN REGULATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INACTIVATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; ENZYME REGULATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; HUMAN VERSUS ANIMAL COMPARISON; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RODENT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ANIMAL; CELL CULTURE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYMOLOGY; HEART MUSCLE; METABOLISM; PHOSPHORYLATION; RAT;

ANIMALS; CELLS, CULTURED; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES; CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASES, TYPE 4; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; ISOENZYMES; MICE; MYOCARDIUM; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; PHOSPHORYLATION; RATS;

EID: 79957876717     PISSN: 03008428     EISSN: 14351803     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00395-010-0138-8     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Abi-Gerges A, Richter W, Lefebvre F, Mateo P, Varin A, Heymes C, Samuel JL, Lugnier C, Conti M, Fischmeister R, Vandecasteele G (2009) Decreased expression and activity of cAMP phosphodiesterases in cardiac hypertrophy and its impact on betaadrenergic cAMP signals. Circ Res 105(8):784-792. doi:10. 1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.197947
2. Afzal F, Andressen KW, Mork HK, Aronsen JM, Sjaastad I, Dahl CP, Skomedal T, Levy FO, Osnes JB, Qvigstad E (2008) 5-HT4- elicited positive inotropic response is mediated by cAMP and regulated by PDE3 in failing rat and human cardiac ventricles. Br J Pharmacol 155(7):1005-1014. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.339
3. Bethke T, Klimkiewicz A, Kohl C, von der Leyen H, Mehl H, Mende U, Meyer W, Neumann J, Schmitz W, Scholz H et al (1991) Effects of isomazole on force of contraction and phosphodiesterase isoenzymes I-IV in nonfailing and failing human hearts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 18(3):386-397
4. Calverley PM, Rabe KF, Goehring UM, Kristiansen S, Fabbri LM, Martinez FJ (2009) Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet 374(9691):685-694. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09) 61255-1
5. Chidsey CA, Braunwald E, Morrow AG, Mason DT (1963) Myocardial norepinephrine concentration in man. Effects of reserpine and of congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 269:653-658
6. Christ T, Engel A, Ravens U, Kaumann AJ (2006) Cilostamide potentiates more the positive inotropic effects of (-)-adrenaline through beta(2)-adrenoceptors than the effects of (-)-noradrenaline through beta (1)-adrenoceptors in human atrial myocardium. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 374(3):249-253. doi:10.1007/s00210-006-0119-5 (Pubitemid 44819257)
7. 2+ current, activated by beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors, are differently controlled by phosphodiesterases 3 and 4 in rat heart. Br J Pharmacol 156(1):62-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00015.x
8. Christ T, Molenaar P, Galindo-Tovar A, Ravens U, Kaumann AJ (2006) Contractile responses through Gs-coupled receptors are reduced by phosphodiesterase3 activity in human isolated myocardium. In: Compartmentalization of cyclic AMP signalling P014, Biochemical Society Meeting, Cambridge, UK
9. Conti M, Beavo J (2007) Biochemistry and physiology of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: essential components in cyclic nucleotide signaling. Annu Rev Biochem 76:481-511. doi:10.1146/ annurev.biochem.76.060305.150444
10. Conti M, Richter W, Mehats C, Livera G, Park JY, Jin C (2003) Cyclic AMP-specific PDE4 phosphodiesterases as critical components of cyclic AMP signaling. J Biol Chem 278(8):5493-5496. doi:10.1074/jbc.R200029200 (Pubitemid 36800786)
11. De Arcangelis V, Soto D, Xiang Y (2008) Phosphodiesterase 4 and phosphatase 2A differentially regulate cAMP/protein kinase a signaling for cardiac myocyte contraction under stimulation of beta1 adrenergic receptor. Mol Pharmacol 74(5):1453-1462. doi: 10.1124/mol.108.049718
12. Ding B, Abe J, Wei H, Huang Q, Walsh RA, Molina CA, Zhao A, Sadoshima J, Blaxall BC, Berk BC, Yan C (2005) Functional role of phosphodiesterase 3 in cardiomyocyte apoptosis: implication in heart failure. Circulation 111(19):2469-2476. doi:10.1161/01. CIR.0000165128.39715.87 (Pubitemid 40696135)
13. Galindo-Tovar A, Kaumann AJ (2008) Phosphodiesterase-4 blunts inotropism and arrhythmias but not sinoatrial tachycardia of (-)-adrenaline mediated through mouse cardiac beta(1)- adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 153(4):710-720. doi:10.1038/sj. bjp.0707631 (Pubitemid 351271768)
14. Galindo-Tovar A, Vargas ML, Escudero E, Kaumann AJ (2009) Ontogenic changes of the control by phosphodiesterase-3 and -4 of 5-HT responses in porcine heart and relevance to human atrial 5-HT(4) receptors. Br J Pharmacol 156(2):237-249. doi:10.1111/ j.1476-5381.2008.00023.x
15. Galindo-Tovar A, Vargas ML, Kaumann AJ (2009) Phosphodiesterases PDE3 and PDE4 jointly control the inotropic effects but not chronotropic effects of (-)-CGP12177 despite PDE4-evoked sinoatrial bradycardia in rat atrium. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 379(4):379-384. doi:10.1007/s00210-008-0367-7
16. Galindo-Tovar A, Vargas ML, Kaumann AJ (2010) Function of cardiac beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors of newborn piglets: role of phosphodiesterases PDE3 and PDE4. Eur J Pharmacol 638(1-3):99-107. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.013
17. Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir ST, Manolescu A, Jonsdottir S, Jonsdottir T, Gudmundsdottir T, Bjarnadottir SM, Einarsson OB, Gudjonsdottir HM, Hawkins M, Gudmundsson G, Gudmundsdottir H, Andrason H, Gudmundsdottir AS, Sigurdardottir M, Chou TT, Nahmias J, Goss S, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Valdimarsson EM, Jakobsson F, Agnarsson U, Gudnason V, Thorgeirsson G, Fingerle J, Gurney M, Gudbjartsson D, Frigge ML, Kong A, Stefansson K, Gulcher JR (2003) The gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4D confers risk of ischemic stroke. Nat Genet 35(2):131-138. doi:10.1038/ng1245 (Pubitemid 37187631)
18. Hambleton R, Krall J, Tikishvili E, Honeggar M, Ahmad F, Manganiello VC, Movsesian MA (2005) Isoforms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE3 and their contribution to cAMP hydrolytic activity in subcellular fractions of human myocardium. J Biol Chem 280(47):39168-39174. doi:10.1074/ jbc.M506760200 (Pubitemid 41713868)
19. Haworth RS, Cuello F, Avkiran M (2010) Regulation by phosphodiesterase isoforms of protein kinase A-mediated attenuation of myocardial protein kinase D activation. Basic Res Cardiol. doi: 10.1007/s00395-010-0116-1
20. Heaslip RJ, Buckley SK, Sickels BD, Grimes D (1991) Bronchial vs. cardiovascular activities of selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the anesthetized beta-blocked dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257(2):741-747
21. Heaslip RJ, Evans DY (1995) Emetic, central nervous system, and pulmonary activities of rolipram in the dog. Eur J Pharmacol 286(3):281-290. doi:0014299995004572
22. Herzer WA, Thomas NJ, Carcillo JA, Tofovic SP, Jackson EK (1998) Effects of type IV phosphodiesterase inhibition on cardiac function in the presence and absence of catecholamines. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 32(5):769-776 (Pubitemid 28506648)
23. Ho D, Yan L, Iwatsubo K, Vatner DE, Vatner SF (2010) Modulation of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in heart failure and longevity: targeting adenylyl cyclase type 5. Heart Fail Rev 15(5):495-512. doi:10.1007/s10741-010- 9183-5
24. Holbrook M, Coker SJ (1991) Effects of zaprinast and rolipram on platelet aggregation and arrhythmias following myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in anaesthetized rabbits. Br J Pharmacol 103(4):1973-1979
25. Houslay MD, Adams DR (2003) PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterases: modular enzymes that orchestrate signalling cross-talk, desensitization and compartmentalization. Biochem J 370(Pt 1): 1-18. doi:10.1042/BJ20021698 (Pubitemid 36259414)
26. Houslay MD, Baillie GS, Maurice DH (2007) cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase-4 enzymes in the cardiovascular system: a molecular toolbox for generating compartmentalized cAMP signaling. CircRes 100(7):950-966. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000261934. 56938.38 (Pubitemid 46598920)
27. Houslay MD, Schafer P, Zhang KY (2005) Keynote review: phosphodiesterase-4 as a therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 10(22):1503-1519. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03622-6 (Pubitemid 41527193)
28. Jaiswal BS, Conti M (2001) Identification and functional analysis of splice variants of the germ cell soluble adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem 276(34):31698-31708. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011698200
29. Juan-Fita MJ, Vargas ML, Kaumann AJ, Hernandez Cascales J (2004) Rolipram reduces the inotropic tachyphylaxis of glucagon in rat ventricular myocardium. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 370(4):324-329. doi:10.1007/s00210-004-0978- 6 (Pubitemid 40063833)
30. 2+ channels by beta-adrenergic agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93(1):295-299
31. Kajimoto K, Hagiwara N, Kasanuki H, Hosoda S (1997) Contribution of phosphodiesterase isozymes to the regulation of the L-type calcium current in human cardiac myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 121(8):1549-1556. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp. 0701297 (Pubitemid 27343380)
32. Katano Y, Endoh M (1990) Differential effects of Ro 20-1724 and isobutylmethylxanthine on the basal force of contraction and beta-adrenoceptor-mediated response in the rat ventricular myocardium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 167(1):123-129. doi: 0006-291X(90)91739-F (Pubitemid 20085358)
33. Kaumann A, Semmler AB, Molenaar P (2007) The effects of both noradrenaline and CGP12177, mediated through human beta1- adrenoceptors, are reduced by PDE3 in human atrium but PDE4 in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 375(2): 123-131. doi:10.1007/s00210-007-0140-3 (Pubitemid 46425345)
34. Kaumann AJ, Galindo-Tovar A, Escudero E, Vargas ML (2009) Phosphodiesterases do not limit beta1-adrenoceptor-mediated sinoatrial tachycardia: evidence with PDE3 and PDE4 in rabbits and PDE1-5 in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 380(5):421-430. doi:10.1007/s00210-009-0445-5
35. Kerfant BG, Zhao D, Lorenzen-Schmidt I, Wilson LS, Cai S, Chen SR, Maurice DH, Backx PH (2007) PI3Kgamma is required for PDE4, not PDE3, activity in subcellular microdomains containing the sarcoplasmic reticular calcium ATPase in cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 101(4):400-408. doi:10.1161/CIRCRE SAHA.107.156422 (Pubitemid 47267708)
36. Kittleson MM, Minhas KM, Irizarry RA, Ye SQ, Edness G, Breton E, Conte JV, Tomaselli G, Garcia JG, Hare JM (2005) Gene expression analysis of ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy: shared and distinct genes in the development of heart failure. Physiol Genomics 21(3):299-307. doi:10.1152/ physiolgenomics. 00255.2004 (Pubitemid 40903130)
37. Kostic MM, Erdogan S, Rena G, Borchert G, Hoch B, Bartel S, Scotland G, Huston E, Houslay MD, Krause EG (1997) Altered expression of PDE1 and PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoforms in 7-oxo-prostacyclin- preconditioned rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29(11):3135-3146. doi:10.1006/ jmcc.1997.0544 (Pubitemid 27510779)
38. Lee DI, Vahebi S, Tocchetti CG, Barouch LA, Solaro RJ, Takimoto E, Kass DA (2010) PDE5A suppression of acute beta-adrenergic activation requiresmodulation of myocyte beta-3 signaling coupled to PKG-mediated troponin I phosphorylation. Basic Res Cardiol 105(3):337-347. doi:10.1007/s00395-010- 0084-5
39. Lehnart SE, Wehrens XH, Reiken S, Warrier S, Belevych AE, Harvey RD, Richter W, Jin SL, Conti M, Marks AR (2005) Phosphodiesterase 4D deficiency in the ryanodine-receptor complex promotes heart failure and arrhythmias. Cell 123(1):25-35. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.030 (Pubitemid 41414526)
40. Leineweber K, Bohm M, Heusch G (2006) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate in acute myocardial infarction with heart failure: slayer or savior? Circulation 114(5):365-367. doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642132
41. 2+ channel regulation in adult rat ventricular myocytes: role of phosphodiesterases. Circ Res 102(9):1091-1100. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.167817 (Pubitemid 351667863)
42. Levy FO, Qvigstad E, Krobert KA, Skomedal T, Osnes JB (2008) Effects of serotonin in failing cardiac ventricle: signalling mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications. Neuropharmacology 55(6):1066-1071. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07. 010
43. Lissandron V, Zaccolo M (2006) Compartmentalized cAMP/ PKA signalling regulates cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 27(5-7):399-403. doi:10.1007/ s10974-006-9077-2 (Pubitemid 44325618)
44. Lohse MJ, Engelhardt S, Eschenhagen T (2003) What is the role of beta-adrenergic signaling in heart failure? Circ Res 93(10):896-906. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000102042.83024.CA (Pubitemid 37433227)
45. Lu Z, Xu X, Hu X, Lee S, Traverse JH, Zhu G, Fassett J, Tao Y, Zhang P, dos Remedios C, Pritzker M, Hall JL, Garry DJ, Chen Y (2010) Oxidative stress regulates left ventricular PDE5 expression in the failing heart. Circulation 121(13):1474-1483. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.906818
46. Lugnier C, Muller B, Le Bec A, Beaudry C, Rousseau E (1993) Characterization of indolidan- and rolipram-sensitive cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in canine and human cardiac microsomal fractions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265(3):1142-1151 (Pubitemid 23321013)
47. Masunaga R, Nagasaka A, Sawai Y, Hayakawa N, Nakai A, Hotta K, Kato Y, Hishida H, Takahashi H, Naka M, Shimada Y, Tanaka T, Hidaka H, Itoh M (2004) Changes in cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity and calmodulin concentration in heart muscle of cardiomyopathic hamsters. J Mol Cell Cardiol 37(3):767-774. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.06.013 (Pubitemid 39194568)
48. McCahill A, Campbell L, McSorley T, Sood A, Lynch MJ, Li X, Yan C, Baillie GS, Houslay MD (2008) In cardiac myocytes, cAMP elevation triggers the down-regulation of transcripts and promoter activity for cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase-4A10 (PDE4A10). Cell Signal 20(11):2071-2083. doi:10.1016/j. cellsig.2008.07.017
49. McConnachie G, Langeberg LK, Scott JD (2006) AKAP signaling complexes: getting to the heart of the matter. Trends Mol Med 12(7):317-323. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.05.008 (Pubitemid 44110003)
50. Mongillo M, McSorley T, Evellin S, Sood A, Lissandron V, Terrin A, Huston E, Hannawacker A, Lohse MJ, Pozzan T, Houslay MD, Zaccolo M (2004) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based analysis of cAMP dynamics in live neonatal rat cardiac myocytes reveals distinct functions of compartmentalized phosphodiesterases. Circ Res 95(1):67-75. doi:10.1161/01.RES. 0000134629.84732.11 (Pubitemid 38931837)
51. Movsesian MA, Bristow MR (2005) Alterations in cAMP-mediated signaling and their role in the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy. Curr Top Dev Biol 68:25-48. doi:10.1016/ S0070-2153(05)68002-7 (Pubitemid 43588862)
52. 2+ uptake by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 65(4):1141-1144 (Pubitemid 19242665)
53. Movsesian MA, Smith CJ, Krall J, Bristow MR, Manganiello VC (1991) Sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated cyclic adenosine 50- monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity in normal and failing human hearts. J Clin Invest 88(1):15-19. doi:10.1172/JCI115272
54. Muller B, Lugnier C, Stoclet JC (1990) Involvement of rolipramsensitive cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in the regulation of cardiac contraction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 16(5):796-803 (Pubitemid 20345264)
55. Munshi A, Kaul S (2008) Stroke genetics-focus on PDE4D gene. Int J Stroke 3(3):188-192. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008. 00199.x
56. Murthy KS, Zhou H, Makhlouf GM (2002) PKA-dependent activation of PDE3A and PDE4 and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase V/VI in smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282(3):C508-C517. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00373.2001 (Pubitemid 34663167)
57. Osadchii OE (2007) Myocardial phosphodiesterases and regulation of cardiac contractility in health and cardiac disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 21(3):171-194. doi:10.1007/s10557- 007-6014-6 (Pubitemid 46817476)
58. Perry SJ, Baillie GS, Kohout TA, McPhee I, Magiera MM, Ang KL, Miller WE, McLean AJ, Conti M, Houslay MD, Lefkowitz RJ (2002) Targeting of cyclic AMP degradation to beta 2- adrenergic receptors by beta-arrestins. Science 298(5594):834-836. doi:10.1126/science.1074683 (Pubitemid 35231537)
59. Podzuweit T, Nennstiel P, Muller A (1995) Isozyme selective inhibition of cGMP-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3- nonyl) adenine. Cell Signal 7(7):733-738. doi:089865689500042N
60. Pokreisz P, Vandenwijngaert S, Bito V, Van den Bergh A, Lenaerts I, Busch C, Marsboom G, Gheysens O, Vermeersch P, Biesmans L, Liu X, Gillijns H, Pellens M, Van Lommel A, Buys E, Schoonjans L, Vanhaecke J, Verbeken E, Sipido K, Herijgers P, Bloch KD, Janssens SP (2009) Ventricular phosphodiesterase- 5 expression is increased in patients with advanced heart failure and contributes to adverse ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in mice. Circulation 119(3):408-416. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.822072
61. Raeburn D, Underwood SL, Lewis SA, Woodman VR, Battram CH, Tomkinson A, Sharma S, Jordan R, Souness JE, Webber SE et al (1994) Anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator properties of RP 73401, a novel and selective phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 113(4):1423-1431 (Pubitemid 24364430)
62. Rena G, Begg F, Ross A, MacKenzie C, McPhee I, Campbell L, Huston E, Sullivan M, Houslay MD (2001) Molecular cloning, genomic positioning, promoter identification, and characterization of the novel cyclic amp-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4A10. Mol Pharmacol 59(5):996-1011 (Pubitemid 32381578)
63. Richter W, Day P, Agrawal R, Bruss MD, Granier S, Wang YL, Rasmussen SG, Horner K, Wang P, Lei T, Patterson AJ, Kobilka B, Conti M (2008) Signaling from beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors is defined by differential interactions with PDE4. EMBO J 27(2):384-393. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601968 (Pubitemid 351161657)
64. Richter W, Jin SL, Conti M (2005) Splice variants of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE4D are differentially expressed and regulated in rat tissue. Biochem J 388(Pt 3):803-811. doi: 10.1042/BJ20050030 (Pubitemid 40941566)
65. Rochais F, Abi-Gerges A, Horner K, Lefebvre F, Cooper DM, Conti M, Fischmeister R, Vandecasteele G (2006) A specific pattern of phosphodiesterases controls the cAMP signals generated by different Gs-coupled receptors in adult rat ventricularmyocytes. Circ Res 98(8):1081-1088. doi:10.1161/01.RES. 0000218493.09370.8e
66. Salazar NC, Chen J, Rockman HA (2007) Cardiac GPCRs: GPCR signaling in healthy and failing hearts. Biochim Biophys Acta 1768(4):1006-1018. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.010 (Pubitemid 46463942)
67. Sato N, Asai K, Okumura S, Takagi G, Shannon RP, Fujita- Yamaguchi Y, Ishikawa Y, Vatner SF, Vatner DE (1999) Mechanisms of desensitization to a PDE inhibitor (milrinone) in conscious dogs with heart failure. Am J Physiol 276(5 Pt 2): H1699-H1705 (Pubitemid 29246559)
68. Shahid M, Nicholson CD (1990) Comparison of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoenzymes in rat and rabbit ventricular myocardium: positive inotropic and phosphodiesterase inhibitory effects of Org 30029, milrinone and rolipram. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 342(6):698-705
69. Silver PJ, Allen P, Etzler JH, Hamel LT, Bentley RG, Pagani ED (1990) Cellular distribution and pharmacological sensitivity of low Km cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes in human cardiac muscle from normal and cardiomyopathic subjects. Second Messengers Phosphoproteins 13(1):13-25
70. Smith CJ, Huang R, Sun D, Ricketts S, Hoegler C, Ding JZ, Moggio RA, Hintze TH (1997) Development of decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with decreased gene expression and activity of the milrinone-sensitive cAMP phosphodiesterase PDE3A. Circulation 96(9):3116-3123 (Pubitemid 27500116)
71. Steinfath M, Danielsen W, von der Leyen H, Mende U, Meyer W, Neumann J, Nose M, Reich T, Schmitz W, Scholz H et al (1992) Reduced alpha 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated positive inotropic effects in human end-stage heart failure. Br J Pharmacol 105(2):463-469
72. Terrin A, Di Benedetto G, Pertegato V, Cheung YF, Baillie G, Lynch MJ, Elvassore N, Prinz A, Herberg FW, Houslay MD, Zaccolo M (2006) PGE(1) stimulation of HEK293 cells generates multiple contiguous domains with different [cAMP]: role of compartmentalized phosphodiesterases. J Cell Biol 175(3): 441-451. doi:10.1083/jcb.200605050 (Pubitemid 44708068)
73. Ukita T, Sugahara M, Terakawa Y, Kuroda T, Wada K, Nakata A, Ohmachi Y, Kikkawa H, Ikezawa K, Naito K (1999) Novel, potent, and selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors as antiasthmatic agents: synthesis and biological activities of a series of 1- pyridylnaphthalene derivatives. J Med Chem 42(6):1088-1099. doi:10.1021/jm980314l (Pubitemid 29153437)
74. Usta C, Puddu PE, Papalia U, De Santis V, Vitale D, Tritapepe L, Mazzesi G, Miraldi F, Ozdem SS (2004) Comparison of the inotropic effects of levosimendan, rolipram, and dobutamine on human atrial trabeculae. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44(5):622-625. doi:00005344-200411000-00017 (Pubitemid 39441705)
75. Vandeput F, Krall J, Ockaili R, Salloum FN, Florio V, Corbin JD, Francis SH, Kukreja RC, Movsesian MA (2009) cGMP-hydrolytic activity and its inhibition by sildenafil in normal and failing human and mouse myocardium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 330(3):884-891. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.154468
76. Vandeput F, Wolda SL, Krall J, Hambleton R, Uher L, McCaw KN, Radwanski PB, Florio V, Movsesian MA (2007) Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE1C1 in human cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 282(45):32749-32757. doi:10.1074/jbc. M703173200 (Pubitemid 350159317)
77. Vargas ML, Hernandez J, Kaumann AJ (2006) Phosphodiesterase PDE3 blunts the positive inotropic and cyclic AMP enhancing effects of CGP12177 but not of noradrenaline in rat ventricle. Br J Pharmacol 147(2):158-163. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706498 (Pubitemid 43151563)
78. von der Leyen H, Mende U, Meyer W, Neumann J, Nose M, Schmitz W, Scholz H, Starbatty J, Stein B, Wenzlaff H et al (1991) Mechanism underlying the reduced positive inotropic effects of the phosphodiesterase III inhibitors pimobendan, adibendan and saterinone in failing as compared to nonfailing human cardiac muscle preparations. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 344(1):90-100
79. Weishaar RE, Burrows SD, Kobylarz DC, Quade MM, Evans DB (1986) Multiple molecular forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in cardiac and smooth muscle and in platelets. Isolation, characterization, and effects of various reference phosphodiesterase inhibitors and cardiotonic agents. Biochem Pharmacol 35 (5):787-800. doi:0006-2952(86)90247-9 (Pubitemid 16042282)
80. Weishaar RE, Kobylarz-Singer D, Klinkefus BA (1989) New mechanisms for positive inotropic agents: focus on the discovery and development of imazodan. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 3(1): 29-42 (Pubitemid 19147836)
81. Weishaar RE, Kobylarz-Singer DC, Kaplan HR (1987) Subclasses of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 19(10):1025-1036. doi:S0022-2828(87)80574-6 (Pubitemid 18015338)
82. Weishaar RE, Kobylarz-Singer DC, Steffen RP, Kaplan HR (1987) Subclasses of cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase in left ventricular muscle and their involvement in regulating myocardial contractility. Circ Res 61(4):539-547 (Pubitemid 17136189)
83. Xiang Y, Kobilka BK (2003) Myocyte adrenoceptor signaling pathways. Science 300(5625):1530-1532. doi:10.1126/science. 1079206 (Pubitemid 36682874)
84. Xiang Y, Naro F, Zoudilova M, Jin SL, Conti M, Kobilka B (2005) Phosphodiesterase 4D is required for beta2 adrenoceptor subtype-specific signaling in cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(3):909-914. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405263102 (Pubitemid 40282764)
85. Xiao RP, Zhu W, Zheng M, Chakir K, Bond R, Lakatta EG, Cheng H (2004) Subtype-specific beta-adrenoceptor signaling pathways in the heart and their potential clinical implications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25(7):358-365. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2004. 05.007 (Pubitemid 38829489)
86. Yan C, Miller CL, Abe J (2007) Regulation of phosphodiesterase 3 and inducible cAMP early repressor in the heart. Circ Res 100(4):489-501. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000258451.44949.d7 (Pubitemid 46673258)