Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), a wonder berry in the treatment and prevention of cancer

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 225-239

  Baliga, Manjeshwar Shrinath ^a   Dsouza, Jason Jerome ^a  

^a FATHER MULLER MEDICAL COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

amla; anticancer; chemomodulation; chemoprevention; Emblica officinalis; Phyllanthus emblica; radiation protection

Indexed keywords

CORILAGIN; CYTOCHROME B5; CYTOCHROME P450; ELLAGIC ACID; EMBLICA OFFICINALIS EXTRACT; GALLIC ACID; GERANIIN; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; KAEMPFEROL; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; QUERCETIN; SESQUITERPENOID;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; EMBLICA OFFICINALIS; HUMAN; NEOPLASM; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION INJURY; RADIATION PROTECTION; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR;

FRUIT; HUMANS; MEDICINE, AYURVEDIC; NEOPLASMS; PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA; PHYTOTHERAPY;

EID: 79955063822     PISSN: 09598278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32834473f4     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Agarwal C, Tyagi A, Agarwal R (2006). Gallic acid causes inactivating phosphorylation of Cdc25A/Cdc25C-Cdc2 via ATM-Chk2 activation, leading to cell cycle arrest, and induces apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. Mol Cancer Ther 5:3294-3302. (Pubitemid 46092073)
2. Anilakumar KR, Nagaraj NS, Santhanam K (2007). Reduction of hexachlorocyclohexane- induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in rat liver by Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Indian J Exp Biol 45:450-454.
3. Are C, Colburn L, Rajaram S, Vijayakumar M (2010). Disparities in cancer care between the United States of America and India and opportunities for surgeons to lead. J Surg Oncol 102:100-105.
4. Arora R, editor (2010). Herbal drugs: a cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic perspective. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
5. Arora S, Kaur K, Kaur S (2003). Indian medicinal plants as a reservoir of protective phytochemicals. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen (Suppl 1):295-300. (Pubitemid 36277907)
6. Arora R, Gupta D, Chawla R, Sagar R, Sharma A, Kumar R, et al. (2005). Radioprotection by plant products: present status and future prospects. Phytother Res 19:1-22. (Pubitemid 40444988)
7. Asmawi MZ, Kankaanranta H, Moilanen E, Vapaatalo H (1993). Anti-inflammatory activities of Emblica officinalis Gaertn leaf extracts. J Pharm Pharmacol 45:581-584. (Pubitemid 23201446)
8. Banu SM, Selvendiran K, Singh JP, Sakthisekaran D (2004). Protective effect of Emblica officinalis ethanolic extract against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) induced genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 23:527-531. (Pubitemid 39627222)
9. Benkovic V, Knezevic AH, Dikic D, Lisicic D, Orsolic N, Basic I, et al. (2008). Radioprotective effects of propolis and quercetin in gammairradiated mice evaluated by the alkaline comet assay. Phytomedicine 15:851-858.
10. Benković V, Kopjar N, Horvat Knezevic A, Dikić D, Basić I, Ramić S, et al. (2008). Evaluation of radioprotective effects of propolis and quercetin on human white blood cells in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull 31:1778-1785.
11. Benković V, Knezević AH, Dikić D, Lisicić D, Orsolić N, Basić I, Kopjar N (2009). Radioprotective effects of quercetin and ethanolic extract of propolis in gamma-irradiated mice. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 60:129-138.
12. Bhosle SM, Huilgol NG, Mishra KP (2005). Enhancement of radiation-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in tumor cells by Ellagic acid. Clin Chim Acta 359:89-100. (Pubitemid 41116300)
13. Biswas S, Talukder G, Sharma A (1999). Protection against cytotoxic effects of arsenic by dietary supplementation with crude extract of Emblica officinalis fruit. Phytother Res 13:513-516. (Pubitemid 29445771)
14. Bonte J (1993). Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2: 141-146.
15. Caltagirone S, Rossi C, Poggi A, Ranelletti FO, Natali PG, Brunetti M, et al. (2000). Flavonoids apigenin and quercetin inhibit melanoma growth and metastatic potential. Int J Cancer 87:595-600. (Pubitemid 30639822)
16. Chakraborty D, Verma R (2010). Ameliorative effect of Emblica officinalis aqueous extract on ochratoxin-induced lipid peroxidation in the kidney and liver of mice. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 23:63-73.
17. Chang RL, Huang MT,Wood AW,Wong CQ, Newmark HL, Yagi H, et al. (1985). Effect of ellagic acid and hydroxylated flavonoids on the tumorigenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and ( ± )-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alphaepoxy- 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene on mouse skin and in the newborn mouse. Carcinogenesis 6:1127-1133. (Pubitemid 15041861)
18. Chen WJ, Lin JK (2004). Induction of G1 arrest and apoptosis in human jurkat T cells by pentagalloylglucose through inhibiting proteasome activity and elevating p27Kip1, p21Cip1/WAF1, and Bax proteins. J Biol Chem 279:13496-13505.
19. Chen HM,Wu YC, Chia YC, Chang FR, Hsu HK, Hsieh YC, et al. (2009). Gallic acid, a major component of Toona sinensis leaf extracts, contains a ROSmediated anti-cancer activity in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 286:161-171.
20. Chiang AC, Massagué J (2008). Molecular basis of metastasis. N Engl J Med 359:2814-2823.
21. Coleman CN, Bump EA, Kramer RA (1988). Chemical modifiers of cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol 6:709-733.
22. De S, Chakraborty J, Chakraborty RN, Das S (2000). Chemopreventive activity of quercetin during carcinogenesis in cervix uteri in mice. Phytother Res 14:347-351. (Pubitemid 30655520)
23. Del Tito BJ Jr, Mukhtar H, Bickers DR (1983). Inhibition of epidermal metabolism and DNA-binding of benzo[a]pyrene by ellagic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 114:388-394. (Pubitemid 13079127)
24. Devasagayam TP, Tilak JC, Boloor KK, Sane KS, Ghaskadbi SS, Lele RD (2004). Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. J Assoc Phys India 52:794-804. (Pubitemid 41279997)
25. Devipriya N, Sudheer AR, Srinivasan M, Menon VP (2008). Quercetin ameliorates gamma radiation-induced DNA damage and biochemical changes in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 654:1-7.
26. DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Hellman S, Rosenberg's SA (2004). Cancer: principles &practice of oncology. 8th ed. USA: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
27. Dhir H, Roy AK, Sharma A, Talukder G (1990). Modification of clastogenicity of lead and aluminium in mouse bone marrow cells by dietary ingestion of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. Mutat Res 241:305-312. (Pubitemid 20207964)
28. Dhir H, Agarwal K, Sharma A, Talukder G (1991). Modifying role of Phyllanthus emblica and ascorbic acid against nickel clastogenicity in mice. Cancer Lett 59:9-18.
29. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010). Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN Int J Cancer [Epub ahead of print].
30. Gali HU, Perchellet EM, Klish DS, Johnson JM, Perchellet JP (1992). Hydrolyzable tannins: potent inhibitors of hydroperoxide production and tumor promotion in mouse skin treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in vivo. Int J Cancer 51:425-432.
31. Gandhi NM, Nair CK (2005). Protection of DNA and membrane from gamma radiation induced damage by gallic acid. Mol Cell Biochem 278:111-117. (Pubitemid 41418926)
32. Ghobrial IM,Witzig TE, Adjei AA (2005). Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer therapy. CA Cancer J Clin 55:178-194. (Pubitemid 40826487)
33. Ghosh A, Sharma A, Talukder G (1992). Relative protection given by extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruit and an equivalent amount of vitamin C against a known clastogen-caesium chloride. Food Chem Toxicol 30:865-869.
34. Gulati RK, Agarwal S, Agrawal SS (1995). Hepatoprotective studies on Phyllanthus emblica Linn. and quercetin. Indian J Exp Biol 33:261-268.
35. Habib-ur-Rehman, Yasin KA, Choudhary MA, Khaliq N, Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI, Malik S (2007). Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica. Nat Prod Res 21:775-781.
36. Hall EJ (2000). Radiobiology for the radiologist. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins.
37. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57-70. (Pubitemid 30046295)
38. Haque R, Bin-Hafeez B, Ahmad I, Parvez S, Pandey S, Raisuddin S (2001). Protective effects of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 20:643-650. (Pubitemid 34308569)
39. Hari Kumar KB, Sabu MC, Lima PS, Kuttan R (2004). Modulation of haematopoetic system and antioxidant enzymes by Emblica officinalis Gaertn and its protective role against gamma-radiation induced damages in mice. J Radiat Res 45:549-555. (Pubitemid 40255928)
40. Hartwell LH, Weinert TA (1989). Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science 246:629-634. (Pubitemid 19283354)
41. Hazra B, Sarkar R, Biswas S, Mandal N (2010). Comparative study of the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties in the extracts of the fruits of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Emblica officinalis. BMC Complement Altern Med 10:20.
42. Ho HH, Chang CS, Ho WC, Liao SY,Wu CH,Wang CJ (2010). Anti-metastasis effects of gallic acid on gastric cancer cells involves inhibition of NF-kappaB activity and downregulation of PI3K/AKT/small GTPase signals. Food Chem Toxicol 48:2508-2516.
43. Huang WW, Chiu YJ, Fan MJ, Lu HF, Yeh HF, Li KH, et al. (2010). Kaempferol induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondriadependent pathway in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 54:1585-1595.
44. Isuzugawa K, Ogihara Y, Inoue M (2001). Different generation of inhibitors against gallic acid-induced apoptosis produces different sensitivity to gallic acid. Biol Pharm Bull 24:249-253. (Pubitemid 32237162)
45. Jana S, Mandlekar S (2009). Role of phase II drug metabolizing enzymes in cancer chemoprevention. Curr Drug Metab 10:595-616.
46. Jeena KJ, Joy KL, Kuttan R (1999). Effect of Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus and Picrorrhiza kurroa on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 136:11-16. (Pubitemid 29142296)
47. Jeong JC, Kim MS, Kim TH, Kim YK (2009). Kaempferol induces cell death through ERK and Akt-dependent down-regulation of XIAP and survivin in human glioma cells. Neurochem Res 34:991-1001.
48. Ji BC, Hsu WH, Yang JS, Hsia TC, Lu CC, Chiang JH, et al. (2009). Gallic acid induces apoptosis via caspase-3 and mitochondrion-dependent pathways in vitro and suppresses lung xenograft tumor growth in vivo. J Agric Food Chem 57:7596-7604.
49. Jindal A, Soyal D, Sharma A, Goyal PK (2009). Protective effect of an extract of Emblica officinalis against radiation-induced damage in mice. Integr Cancer Ther 8:98-105.
50. Jose JK, Kuttan G, Kuttan R (2001). Antitumour activity of Emblica officinalis. J Ethnopharmacol 75:65-69. (Pubitemid 32303135)
51. Kamaraj S, Vinodhkumar R, Anandakumar P, Jagan S, Ramakrishnan G, Devaki T (2007). The effects of quercetin on antioxidant status and tumor markers in the lung and serum of mice treated with benzo(a)pyrene. Biol Pharm Bull 30:2268-2273. (Pubitemid 350223724)
52. Kang JW, Kim JH, Song K, Kim SH, Yoon JH, Kim KS (2010). Kaempferol and quercetin, components of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), induce caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in oral cavity cancer cells. Phytother Res Suppl 1:S77-S82.
53. Kastan MB, Bartek J (2004). Cell-cycle checkpoints and cancer. Nature 432:316-323. (Pubitemid 39551659)
54. Kaul A, Khanduja KL (1998). Polyphenols inhibit promotional phase of tumorigenesis: relevance of superoxide radicals. Nutr Cancer 32:81-85. (Pubitemid 29039505)
55. Kaur M, Velmurugan B, Rajamanickam S, Agarwal R, Agarwal C (2009). Gallic acid, an active constituent of grape seed extract, exhibits anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-tumorigenic effects against prostate carcinoma xenograft growth in nude mice. Pharm Res 26:2133-2140.
56. Khan KH (2009). Roles of Emblica officinalis in medicine - A review. Bot Res Int 2:218-228.
57. Khan MT, Lampronti I, Martello D, Bianchi N, Jabbar S, Choudhuri MS, et al. (2002). Identification of pyrogallol as an antiproliferative compound present in extracts from the medicinal plant Emblica officinalis: effects on in vitro cell growth of human tumor cell lines. Int J Oncol 21:187-192.
58. Khandelwal S, Shukla LJ, Shanker R (2002). Modulation of acute cadmium toxicity by Emblica officinalis fruit in rat. Indian J Exp Biol 40:564-570. (Pubitemid 34468120)
59. Khanduja KL, Gandhi RK, Pathania V, Syal N (1999). Prevention of Nnitrosodiethylamine- induced lung tumorigenesis by ellagic acid and quercetin in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 37:313-318. (Pubitemid 29335758)
60. Krishnaveni M, Mirunalini S (2010). Therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus emblica (amla): the ayurvedic wonder. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 21:93-105.
61. Kulkarni RD (1997). Principles of pharmacology in ayurveda. Mumbai, India: Ram Sangam Graphics.
62. Kumaran A, Karunakaran RJ (2006). Nitric oxide radical scavenging active components from Phyllanthus emblica L Plant Foods Hum Nutr 61:1-5. (Pubitemid 44065543)
63. Kundu JK, Surh YJ (2005). Breaking the relay in deregulated cellular signal transduction as a rationale for chemoprevention with anti-inflammatory phytochemicals. Mutat Res 591:123-146. (Pubitemid 41654844)
64. Kuo SM (1996). Antiproliferative potency of structurally distinct dietary flavonoids on human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 110:41-48.
65. Lambertini E, Piva R, Khan MT, Lampronti I, Bianchi N, Borgatti M, Gambari R (2004). Effects of extracts from Bangladeshi medicinal plants on in vitro proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines and expression of estrogen receptor alpha gene. Int J Oncol 24:419-423.
66. Leber MF, Efferth T (2009). Molecular principles of cancer invasion and metastasis (Review). Int J Oncol 34:881-895.
67. Lee CY, Peng WH, Cheng HY, Chen FN, Lai MT, Chiu TH (2006). Hepatoprotective effect of Phyllanthus in Taiwan on acute liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride. Am J Chin Med 34:471-482.
68. Lesca P (1983). Protective effects of ellagic acid and other plant phenols on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia in mice. Carcinogenesis 4:1651-1653. (Pubitemid 14206932)
69. Li W, Du B,Wang T,Wang S, Zhang J (2009). Kaempferol induces apoptosis in human HCT116 colon cancer cells via the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated-p53 pathway with the involvement of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 177:121-127.
70. Lo C, Lai TY, Yang JH, Yang JS, Ma YS, Weng SW, et al. (2010). Gallic acid induces apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells through caspasedependent and -independent pathways. Int J Oncol 37:377-385.
71. Losso JN, Bansode RR, Trappey A II, Bawadi HA, Truax R (2004). In vitro antiproliferative activities of ellagic acid. J Nutr Biochem 15:672-678. (Pubitemid 39611365)
72. Makita H, Tanaka T, Fujitsuka H, Tatematsu N, Satoh K, Hara A, Mori H (1996). Chemoprevention of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced rat oral carcinogenesis by the dietary flavonoids chalcone, 2-hydroxychalcone, and quercetin. Cancer Res 56:4904-4909. (Pubitemid 26374427)
73. Manni A,Washington S, Griffith JW, Verderame MF, Mauger D, Demers LM, et al. (2002). Influence of polyamines on in vitro and in vivo features of aggressive and metastatic behavior by human breast cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 19:95-105. (Pubitemid 34264079)
74. Mir AI, Kumar B, Tasduq SA, Gupta DK, Bhardwaj S, Johri RK (2007). Reversal of hepatotoxin-induced pre-fibrogenic events by Emblica officinalis - a histological study. Indian J Exp Biol 45:626-629.
75. Mukhtar H, Das M, Del Tito BJ Jr, Bickers DR (1984a). Protection against 3-methylcholanthrene-induced skin tumorigenesis in Balb/C mice by ellagic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 119:751-757. (Pubitemid 14133987)
76. Mukhtar H, Das M, Bickers DR (1986). Inhibition of 3- methylcholanthreneinduced skin tumorigenicity in BALB/c mice by chronic oral feeding of trace amounts of ellagic acid in drinking water. Cancer Res 46:2262-2265. (Pubitemid 16120678)
77. Muthuraman A, Sood S, Singla SK (2010). The antiinflammatory potential of phenolic compounds from Emblica officinalis L in rat. Inflammopharmacology [Epub ahead of print].
78. Naik GH, Priyadarsini KI, Bhagirathi RG, Mishra B, Mishra KP, Banavalikar MM, Mohan H (2005). In vitro antioxidant studies and free radical reactions of triphala, an ayurvedic formulation and its constituents. Phytother Res 19:582-586. (Pubitemid 41375239)
79. Nair HK, Rao KV, Aalinkeel R, Mahajan S, Chawda R, Schwartz SA (2004). Inhibition of prostate cancer cell colony formation by the flavonoid quercetin correlates with modulation of specific regulatory genes. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11:63-69. (Pubitemid 38090653)
80. Nandi P, Talukder G, Sharma A (1997). Dietary chemoprevention of clastogenic effects of 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene by Emblica officinalis Gaertn. fruit extract. Br J Cancer 76:1279-1283. (Pubitemid 27474967)
81. Nemavarkar P, Chourasia BK, Pasupathy K (2004). Evaluation of radioprotective action of compounds using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 23:145-151. (Pubitemid 41724497)
82. Ngamkitidechakul C, Jaijoy K, Hansakul P, Soonthornchareonnon N, Sireeratawong S (2010). Antitumour effects of Phyllanthus emblica L: induction of cancer cell apoptosis and inhibition of in vivo tumour promotion and in vitro invasion of human cancer cells. Phytother Res 24:1405-1413.
83. Nicolis E, Lampronti I, Dechecchi MC, Borgatti M, Tamanini A, Bianchi N, et al. (2008). Pyrogallol, an active compound from the medicinal plant Emblica officinalis, regulates expression of pro-inflammatory genes in bronchial epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 8:1672-1680.
84. Niture SK, Rao US, Srivenugopal KS (2006). Chemopreventative strategies targeting the MGMT repair protein: augmented expression in human lymphocytes and tumor cells by ethanolic and aqueous extracts of several Indian medicinal plants. Int J Oncol 29:1269-1278.
85. Ogasawara M, Matsunaga T, Suzuki H (2007). Differential effects of antioxidants on the in vitro invasion, growth and lung metastasis of murine colon cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull 30:200-204. (Pubitemid 46066348)
86. Ohno T, Inoue M, Ogihara Y (2001). Cytotoxic activity of gallic acid against liver metastasis of mastocytoma cells P-815. Anticancer Res 21:3875-3880. (Pubitemid 34229256)
87. Ou TT, Wang CJ, Lee YS, Wu CH, Lee HJ (2010). Gallic acid induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via regulating 14-3-3beta release from Cdc25C and Chk2 activation in human bladder transitional carcinoma cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 54:1781-1790.
88. Panchabhai TS, Ambarkhane SV, Joshi AS, Samant BD, Rege NN (2008). Protective effect of Tinospora cordifolia, Phyllanthus emblica and their combination against antitubercular drugs induced hepatic damage: an experimental study. Phytother Res 22:646-650. (Pubitemid 351716553)
89. Pandey G (2002). Dravyaguna Vijnana (Materia Medica-Vegetable Drugs) Part I Vol. 2. Varanasi, India: Krishnadas Academy; p. 102.
90. Pastorino U (1994). Lung cancer chemoprevention. Eur J Cancer Prev 3: 371-372.
91. Percival M (1997). Phytonutrients and detoxification. Clin Nutr Insights 5:1-3.
92. Phromnoi K, Yodkeeree S, Anuchapreeda S, Limtrakul P (2009). Inhibition of MMP-3 activity and invasion of the MDA-MB-231 human invasive breast carcinoma cell line by bioflavonoids. Acta Pharmacol Sin 30: 1169-1176.
93. Piantelli M, Rossi C, Iezzi M, La Sorda R, Iacobelli S, Alberti S, Natali PG (2006). Flavonoids inhibit melanoma lung metastasis by impairing tumor cells endothelium interactions. J Cell Physiol 207:23-29.
94. Pinmai K, Chunlaratthanabhorn S, Ngamkitidechakul C, Soonthornchareon N, Hahnvajanawong C (2008). Synergistic growth inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia bellerica extracts with conventional cytotoxic agents: doxorubicin and cisplatin against human hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 14:1491-1497. (Pubitemid 351460160)
95. Poltanov EA, Shikov AN, Dorman HJ, Pozharitskaya ON, Makarov VG, Tikhonov VP, Hiltunen R (2009). Chemical and antioxidant evaluation of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn., syn. Phyllanthus emblica L) supplements. Phytother Res 23:1309-1315.
96. Pozharitskaya ON, Ivanova SA, Shikov AN, Makarov VG (2007). Separation and evaluation of free radical-scavenging activity of phenol components of Emblica officinalis extract by using an HPTLC-DPPH method. J Sep Sci 30:1250-1254. (Pubitemid 46979320)
97. Pramyothin P, Samosorn P, Poungshompoo S, Chaichantipyuth C (2006). The protective effects of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. extract on ethanol induced rat hepatic injury. J Ethnopharmacol 107:361-364. (Pubitemid 44344426)
98. Priyadarsini KI, Khopde SM, Kumar SS, Mohan H (2002). Free radical studies of ellagic acid, a natural phenolic antioxidant. J Agric Food Chem 50: 2200-2206. (Pubitemid 34260032)
99. Raina K, Rajamanickam S, Deep G, Singh M, Agarwal R, Agarwal C (2008). Chemopreventive effects of oral gallic acid feeding on tumor growth and progression in TRAMP mice. Mol Cancer Ther 7:1258-1267.
100. Rajeshkumar NV, Pillai MR, Kuttan R (2003). Induction of apoptosis in mouse and human carcinoma cell lines by Emblica officinalis polyphenols and its effect on chemical carcinogenesis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 22:201-212. (Pubitemid 36734178)
101. Reddivari L, Vanamala J, Safe SH, Miller JC Jr (2010). The bioactive compounds alpha-chaconine and gallic acid in potato extracts decrease survival and induce apoptosis in LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 62:601-610.
102. Reddy VD, Padmavathi P, Varadacharyulu NCh (2009). Emblica officinalis protects against alcohol-induced liver mitochondrial dysfunction in rats. J Med Food 12:327-333.
103. Sai Ram M, Neetu D, Deepti P, Vandana M, Ilavazhagan G, Kumar D, Selvamurthy W (2003). Cytoprotective activity of amla (Emblica officinalis) against chromium (VI) induced oxidative injury in murine macrophages. Phytother Res 17:430-433. (Pubitemid 36565359)
104. Sakagami H, Jiang Y, Kusama K, Atsumi T, Ueha T, Toguchi M, et al. (2000). Cytotoxic activity of hydrolyzable tannins against human oral tumor cell lines -a possible mechanism. Phytomedicine 7:39-47. (Pubitemid 30191127)
105. Sancheti G, Jindal A, Kumari R, Goyal PK (2005). Chemopreventive action of Emblica officinalis on skin carcinogenesis in mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 6:197-201.
106. Sengupta A, Ghosh S, Das S (2001). Modulation of DMBA induced genotoxicity in bone marrow by quercetin during skin carcinogenesis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 20:131-134. (Pubitemid 32423983)
107. Sharma N, Trikha P, Athar M, Raisuddin S (2000a). Inhibitory effect of Emblica officinalis on the in vivo clastogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and cyclophosphamide in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 19:377-384.
108. Sharma N, Trikha P, Athar M, Raisuddin S (2000b). In vitro inhibition of carcinogen-induced mutagenicity by Cassia occidentalis and Emblica officinalis. Drug Chem Toxicol 23:477-484. (Pubitemid 30629483)
109. Singh I, Sharma A, Nunia V, Goyal PK (2005). Radioprotection of Swiss albino mice by Emblica officinalis. Phytother Res 19:444-446. (Pubitemid 41285014)
110. Son YO, Lee KY, Kook SH, Lee JC, Kim JG, Jeon YM, Jang YS (2004). Selective effects of quercetin on the cell growth and antioxidant defense system in normal versus transformed mouse hepatic cell lines. Eur J Pharmacol 502:195-204.
111. Spelman K, Burns J, Nichols D, Winters N, Ottersberg S, Tenborg M (2006). Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators. Altern Med Rev 11:128-150. (Pubitemid 44050251)
112. Sporn MB, Suh N (2002). Chemoprevention: an essential approach to controlling cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2:537-543. (Pubitemid 37328935)
113. Sultana S, Ahmed S, Sharma S, Jahangir T (2004). Emblica officinalis reverses thioacetamide-induced oxidative stress and early promotional events of primary hepatocarcinogenesis. J Pharm Pharmacol 56:1573-1579. (Pubitemid 39601999)
114. Sultana S, Ahmad S, Khan N, Jahangir T (2005). Effect of Emblica officinalis (Gaertn) on CCl4 induced hepatic toxicity and DNA synthesis in Wistar rats. Ind J Exp Biol 43:430-436. (Pubitemid 40678887)
115. Sultana S, Ahmed S, Jahangir T (2008). Emblica officinalis and hepatocarcinogenesis: a chemopreventive study inWistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol 118:1-6.
116. Sumantran VN, Boddul S, Koppikar SJ, Dalvi M, Wele A, Gaire V, Wagh UV (2007). Differential growth inhibitory effects of W somnifera root and E officinalis fruits on CHO cells. Phytother Res 21:496-499. (Pubitemid 46715096)
117. Sun SY, Hail N Jr, Lotan N (2004). Apoptosis as a novel target for cancer chemoprevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:662-672. (Pubitemid 38660229)
118. Suresh K, Vasudevan DM (1994). Augmentation of murine natural killer cell and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity activities by Phyllanthus emblica, a new immunomodulator. J Ethnopharmacol 44:55-60. (Pubitemid 24256659)
119. Tasduq SA, Kaisar P, Gupta DK, Kapahi BK, Maheshwari HS, Jyotsna S, Johri RK (2005). Protective effect of a 50% hydroalcoholic fruit extract of Emblica officinalis against anti-tuberculosis drugs induced liver toxicity. Phytother Res 19:193-197. (Pubitemid 40827640)
120. Verma R, Chakraborty D (2008). Emblica officinalis aqueous extract ameliorates ochratoxin-induced lipid peroxidation in the testis of mice. Acta Pol Pharm 65:187-194. (Pubitemid 351881428)
121. Vijayababu MR, Arunkumar A, Kanagaraj P, Venkataraman P, Krishnamoorthy G, Arunakaran J (2006). Quercetin downregulates matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 proteins expression in prostate cancer cells (PC-3). Mol Cell Biochem 287:109-116. (Pubitemid 44057398)
122. Walle T,Walle UK, Sedmera D, Klausner M (2006). Benzo[a]pyrene-induced oral carcinogenesis and chemoprevention: studies in bioengineered human tissue. Drug Metab Dispos 34:346-350. (Pubitemid 43290890)
123. Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK, Ramankutty C (1996). Indian medicinal plants. Vol. 5. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman Ltd; pp. 225-228.
124. Wattanapitayakul SK, Chularojmontri L, Herunsalee A, Charuchongkolwongse S, Niumsakul S, Bauer JA (2005). Screening of antioxidants from medicinal plants for cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin toxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 96:80-87. (Pubitemid 40260851)
125. Weisburger JH (2001). Antimutagenesis and anticarcinogenesis, from the past to the future. Mutat Res 480-481:23-35. (Pubitemid 32744810)
126. Yang CJ, Wang CS, Hung JY, Huang HW, Chia YC, Wang PH, et al. (2009). Pyrogallol induces G2-M arrest in human lung cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in an animal model. Lung Cancer 66:162-168.
127. You BR, Moon HJ, Han YH, Park WH (2010). Gallic acid inhibits the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cells via apoptosis and/or necrosis. Food Chem Toxicol 48:1334-1340.
128. Zhang LZ, Zhao WH, Guo YJ, Tu GZ, Lin S, Xin LG (2003). Studies on chemical constituents in fruits of Tibetan medicine: Phyllanthus emblica. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 28:940-943.
129. Zhang YJ, Nagao T, Tanaka T, Yang CR, Okabe H, Kouno I (2004). Antiproliferative activity of the main constituents from Phyllanthus emblica. Biol Pharm Bull 27:251-255. (Pubitemid 41694712)
130. Zhong ZG, Huang JL, Liang H, Zhong YN, Zhang WY,Wu DP, et al. (2009). The effect of gallic acid extracted from leaves of Phyllanthus emblica on apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7404 cells. Zhong Yao Cai; 32:1097-1101.