Roles of Taste in Feeding and Reward

The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference

Volumn 4, Issue , 2008, Pages 437-458

  Yamamoto, T ^a   Shimura, T ^a  

^a OSAKA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Benzodiazepine; Conditioned taste aversion; Conditioned taste preference; Dopamine; Lateral hypothalamic area; Nucleus accumbens; Opioid; Orbitofrontal cortex; Orexigenic substances; Palatability; Prefrontal cortex; Reward; Ventral tegmental area

Indexed keywords

EID: 79954440546     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370880-9.00098-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (239)

1. Abel E.L. Effects of marijuana on the solution of anagrams, memory and appetite. Nature 1971, 231:260-261.
2. Accolla R., Bathellier B., Petersen C.C.H., Carleton A. Differential spatial representation of taste modalities in the rat gustatory cortex. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:1396-1404.
3. Apfelbaum M., Mandenoff A. Naltrexone suppresses hyperphagia induced in the rat by a highly palatable diet. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1981, 15:89-91.
4. Azuma S., Yamamoto T., Kawamura Y. Studies on gustatory responses of amygdaloid neurons in rats. Exp. Brain Res. 1984, 56:12-22.
5. Azzara A.V., Bodnar R.J., Delamater A.R., Sclafani A. Naltrexone fails to block the acquisition or expression of a flavor preference conditioned by intragastric carbohydrate infusions. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2000, 67:545-557.
6. 2 dopamine receptor antagonism blocks the acquisition of a flavor preference conditioned by intragastric carbohydrate infusions. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2001, 68:709-720.
7. Bahar A., Dudai Y., Ahissar E. Neural signature of taste familiarity in the gustatory cortex of the freely behaving rat. J. Neurophysiol. 2004, 92:3298-3308.
8. Bakshi V.P., Kelley A.E. Feeding induced by opioid stimulation of the ventral striatum: role of opiate receptor subtypes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1993, 265:1253-1260.
9. Baldo B.A., Gual-Bonilla L., Sijapati K., Daniel R.A., Landry C.F., Kelley A.E. Activation of a subpopulation of orexin/hypocretin-containing hypothalamic neurons by GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of the nucleus accumbens shell, but not by exposure to a novel environment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 19:376-386.
10. Bartoshuk L.M., Beauchamp G.K. Chemical senses. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1994, 45:419-449.
11. Baxter H. Variations in the inorganic constituents of mixed and parotid gland saliva activated by reflex stimulation in the dog. J. Biol. Chem. 1933, 102:203-217.
12. Beckstead R.M., Morse J.R., Norgren R. The nucleus of the solitary tract in the monkey: projections to the thalamus and brain stem nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 1980, 190:259-282.
13. Bermúdez-Rattoni F. Molecular mechanisms of taste-recognition memory. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 5:209-217.
14. Berridge K.C. Brainstem systems mediate the enhancement of palatability by chlordiazepoxide. Brain Res. 1988, 447:262-268.
15. Berridge K.C. Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1996, 20:1-25.
16. Berridge K.C., Peciña S. Benzodiazepines, appetite, and taste palatability. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1995, 19:121-131.
17. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Res. Rev. 1998, 28:309-369.
18. Berridge K.C., Treit D. Chlordiazepoxide directly enhances positive ingestive reactions in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1986, 24:217-221.
19. Berridge K.C., Venier I.L., Robinson T.E. Taste reactivity analysis of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced aphagia: implications for arousal and anhedonia hypotheses of dopamine function. Behav. Neurosci. 1989, 103:36-45.
20. Berthoud H.R., Trimble E.R., Siegel E.G., Bereiter D.A., Jeanrenaud B. Cephalic-phase insulin secretion in normal and pancreatic islet-transplanted rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1980, 238:E336-E340.
21. Bielajew C., Trzcinska M. Characteristics of stimulation-induced feeding sites in the sulcal prefrontal cortex. Behav. Brain Res. 1994, 61:29-35.
22. Bishop M.P., Elder S.T., Heath R.G. Intracranial self-stimulation in man. Science 1963, 140:394-396.
23. Blackburn J.R., Pfaus J.G., Phillips A.G. Dopamine functions in appetitive and defensive behaviours. Prog. Neurobiol. 1992, 39:247-279.
24. Brandes J.S., Johnson A.K. Recovery of feeding in rats following frontal neocortical ablations. Physiol. Behav. 1978, 20:763-770.
25. Breiter H.C., Gollub R.L., Weisskoff R.M., Kennedy D.N., Makris N., Berke J.D., Goodman J.M., Kantor H.L., Gastfriend D.R., Riorden J.P., Mathew R.T., Rosen B.R., Hyman S.E. Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion. Neuron 1997, 19:591-611.
26. Brog J.S., Salyapongse A., Deutch A.Y., Zahm D.S. The patterns of afferent innervation of the core and shell in the "accumbens" part of the rat ventral striatum: immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported fluoro-gold. J. Comp. Neurol. 1993, 338:255-278.
27. Brown D.R., Holtzman S.G. Suppression of deprivation-induced food and water intake in rats and mice by naloxone. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1979, 11:567-573.
28. Bures J., Bermúdez-Rattoni F., Yamamoto T. Conditioned Taste Aversion: Memory of a Special Kind 1998, Oxford University Press, pp. 1-178.
29. Chauncey H.H., Feller R.P. Measurement of Human Gustatory Perception Using the Parotid Gland Secretion Rate. Olfaction and Taste 1967, Vol. II:265-280. Pergamon. T. Hayashi (Ed.).
30. Cole S.O. Combined effects of chlordiazepoxide treatment and food deprivation on concurrent measures of feeding and activity. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1983, 18:369-372.
31. Cooper S.J. Effects of opiate agonists and antagonists on fluid intake and saccharin choice in the rat. Neuropharmacology 1983, 22:323-328.
32. Cooper S.J. Chlordiazepoxide-induced selection of saccharin-flavoured food in the food-deprived rat. Physiol. Behav. 1987, 41:539-542.
33. Cooper S.J. Endocannabinoids and food consumption: comparisons with benzodiazepine and opioid palatability-dependent appetite. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 500:37-49.
34. Cooper S.J., Estall L.B. Behavioural pharmacology of food, water and salt intake in relation to drug actions at benzodiazepine receptors. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1985, 9:5-19.
35. Cooper S.J., Green A.E. The benzodiazepine receptor partial agonists, bretazenil (Ro 16-6028) and Ro 17-1812, affect saccharin preference and quinine aversion in the rat. Behav. Pharmacol. 1993, 4:81-85.
36. Cooper S.J., Kirkham T.C. Opioid Mechanisms in the Control of Food Consumption and Taste Preferences. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Opioids II, Vol. 104/II 1993, 239-262. Springer-Verlag. A. Herz (Ed.).
37. Cooper S.J., McClelland A. Effects of chlordiazepoxide, food familiarization, and prior shock experience on food choice in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1980, 12:23-28.
38. Cooper S.J., Yerbury R.E. Benzodiazepine-induced hyperphagia: stereospecificity and antagonism by pyrazoloquinolines, CGS 9895 and CGS 9896. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1986, 89:462-466.
39. Cooper S.J., Yerbury R.E. Clonazepam selectively increases saccharin ingestion in a two-choice test. Brain Res. 1988, 456:173-176.
40. Cooper S.J., van der Hoek G., Kirkham T.C. Bi-directional changes in sham feeding in the rat produced by benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Physiol. Behav. 1988, 42:211-216.
41. Devane W.A., Hanus L., Breuer A., Pertwee R.G., Stevenson L.A., Griffin G., Gibson D., Mandelbaum A., Etinger A., Mechoulam R. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 1992, 258:1946-1949.
42. DiNardo L.A., Travers J.B. Hypoglossal neural activity during ingestion and rejection in the awake rat. J. Neurophysiol. 1994, 72:1181-1191.
43. Divac I., Kosmal A., Bjorklund A., Lindvall O. Subcortical projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rat as revealed by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Neuroscience 1978, 3:785-796.
44. Domjan M. Determinants of the enhancement of flavored-water intake by prior exposure. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process 1976, 2:17-27.
45. Doyle T.G., Berridge K.C., Gosnell B.A. Morphine enhances hedonic taste palatability in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1993, 46:745-749.
46. Drewnowski A., Krahn D.D., Demitrack M.A., Nairn K., Gosnell B.A. Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: evidence for opioid involvement. Physiol. Behav. 1992, 51:371-379.
47. Elizalde G., Sclafani A. Flavor preferences conditioned by intragastric Polycose infusions: a detailed analysis using an electronic esophagus preparation. Physiol. Behav. 1990, 47:63-77.
48. Emmelin N., Holmberg J. Impulse frequency in secretory nerves of salivary glands. J. Physiol. Lond. 1967, 191:205-214.
49. Fanselow G., Birk J. Flavor-flavor associations induce hedonic shifts in taste preference. Anim. Learn. Behav. 1982, 10:223-228.
50. Fantino M., Hosotte J., Apfelbaum M. An opioid antagonist, naltrexone, reduces preference for sucrose in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 1986, 251:R91-R96.
51. Faurion A., Cerf B., Van De Moortele P.F., Lobel E., Mac Leod P., Le Bihan D. Human taste cortical areas studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging: evidence of functional lateralization related to handedness. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 277:189-192.
52. Feller R.P., Sharon I.M., Chauncey H.H., Shannon I.L. Gustatory perception of sour, sweet, and salt mixtures using parotid gland flow rate. J. Appl. Physiol. 1965, 20:1341-1344.
53. Fischer U., Hommel H., Ziegler M., Michael R. The mechanism of secretion after oral glucose administration. I. Multiphasic course of insulin mobilization after oral administration of glucose in conscious dogs. Diabetologia 1972, 8:104-110.
54. Flowers S.H., Dunham E.S., Barbour H.G. Addiction edema, and withdrawal edema in morphinized rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1929, 26:572-574.
55. Foltin R.W., Brady J.V., Fischman M.V. Behavioral analysis of marijuana effects on food intake in humans. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1986, 25:577-582.
56. Foltin R.W., Ellis S., Schuster C.R. Specific antagonism by Ro15-1788 of benzodiazepine-induced increases in food intake in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1985, 23:249-252.
57. Foltin R.W., Fischman M.W., Byrne M.F. Food intake in baboons: effects of diazepam. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1989, 97:443-447.
58. Funakoshi M., Kawamura Y. Relations Between Taste Qualities and Parotid Gland Secretion Rate. Olfaction and Taste II 1967, 281-287. Pergamon Press. T. Hayashi (Ed.).
59. Funakoshi M., Kasahara Y., Yamamoto T., Kawamura Y. Taste Coding and Central Perception. Olfaction and Taste IV 1972, 336-342. Wissenschaftlich Verlagsgesellschaft MBH. D. Schneider (Ed.).
60. Furudono Y., Ando C., Yamamoto C., Kobashi M., Yamamoto T. Involvement of specific orexigenic neuropeptides in sweetener-induced overconsumption in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2006, 175:241-248.
61. Ganchrow J.R., Oppenheimer M., Steiner J.E. Behavioral displays to gustatory stimuli in newborn rabbit pups. Chem. Senses Flavor 1979, 4:49-61.
62. Gantt W.H. The nervous secretion of saliva. Quantitative studies in the natural unconditioned reflex secretion of parotid saliva. Am. J. Physiol. 1973, 119:493-507.
63. Geary N., Smith G.P. Pimozide decreases the positive reinforcing effect of sham fed sucrose in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1985, 22:787-790.
64. Giza B.K., Ackroff K., McCaughey S.A., Sclafani A., Scott T.R. Preference conditioning alters taste responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 273:R1230-R1240.
65. Gjorstrup P. Taste and chewing as stimuli for the secretion of amylase from the parotid gland of the rabbit. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 1980, 110:295-301.
66. Glass M.J., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Opioids and food intake: distributed functional neural pathway?. Neuropeptides 1999, 33:360-368.
67. Gosnell B.A. Central structures involved in opioid-induced feeding. Fed. Proc. 1987, 46:163-167.
68. Grandison L., Guidotti A. Stimulation of food intake by muscimol and β-endorphin. Neuropharmacology 1977, 16:533-536.
69. Gray R.W., Cooper S.J. Benzodiazepines and palatability: taste reactivity in normal ingestion. Physiol. Behav. 1995, 58:853-859.
70. Grill H.J., Norgren R. The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats. Brain Res. 1978, 143:263-279.
71. Grill H.J., Norgren R. The taste reactivity test. II. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats. Brain Res. 1978, 143:281-297.
72. Groenewegen H.J., Berendse H.W., Haber S.N. Organization of the output the ventral striatopallidal system in the rat: ventral pallidal efferents. Neuroscience 1993, 57:113-142.
73. Gutiérrez R., Téllez L.A., Bermúdez-Rattoni F. Blockade of cortical muscarinic but not NMDA receptors prevents a novel taste from becoming familiar. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 17:1556-1562.
74. Hajnal A., Smith G.P., Norgren R. Oral sucrose stimulation increases accumbens dopamine in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004, 286:R31-R37.
75. Halsell C.B., Travers S.P., Travers J.B. Ascending and descending projections from the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract originate from separate neuronal populations. Neuroscience 1996, 72:185-197.
76. Hanamori T., Kunitake T., Kato K., Kannan H. Responses of neurons in the insular cortex to gustatory, visceral, and nociceptive stimuli in rats. J. Neurophysiol. 1998, 79:2535-2545.
77. Haney M., Comer S.D., Fischman M.W., Foltin R.W. Alprazolam increases food intake in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1997, 132:311-314.
78. Heimer L., Zahm D.S., Churchill L., Kalivas P.W., Wohltmann C. Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat. Neuroscience 1991, 41:89-125.
79. Herbert H., Moga M.M., Saper C.B. Connections of the parabrachial nucleus with the nucleus of the solitary tract and the medullary reticular formation in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1990, 293:540-580.
80. Hernádi I., Karádi Z., Vígh J., Petykó Z., Egyed R., Berta B., Lénárd L. Alterations of conditioned taste aversion after microiontophoretically applied neurotoxins in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 2000, 53:751-758.
81. Higgs S., Cooper S.J. Increased food intake following injection of the benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam into the IVth ventricle. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1996, 55:81-86.
82. Higgs S., Cooper S.J. Hyperphagia induced by direct administration of midazolam into the parabrachial nucleus of the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 313:1-9.
83. Higgs S., Cooper S.J. Midazolam-induced rapid changes in licking behaviour: evidence for involvement of endogenous opioid peptides. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1997, 131:278-286.
84. Higgs S., Cooper S.J. Effects of benzodiazepine receptor ligands on the ingestion of sucrose, Intralipid, and maltodextrin: an investigation using a microstructural analysis of licking behavior in a brief contact test. Behav. Neurosci. 1998, 112:447-457.
85. Higgs S., Cooper S.J. Evidence for early opioid modulation of licking responses to sucrose and Intralipid: a microstructural analysis in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1998, 139:342-355.
86. Higgs S., Williams C.M., Kirkham T.C. Cannabinoid influences on palatability: microstructural analysis of sucrose drinking after Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, anandamide, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and SR141716. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2003, 165:370-377.
87. Holtzman S.G. Behavioral effects of separate and combined administration of naloxone and d-amphetamine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1974, 189:51-60.
88. Hyman S.E. Neurobiology: a new image for fear and emotion. Nature 1988, 393:417-418.
89. Inui A. Transgenic approach to the study of body weight regulation. Pharmacol. Rev. 2000, 52:35-62.
90. Jacobs K.M., Mark G.P., Scott T.R. Taste responses in the nucleus tractus solitarius of sodium-deprived rats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1988, 406:393-410.
91. Janowitz H.D., Hollander F., Orringer P., Levy M.H., Winkelstein A., Kaufman M.R., Margolin S.G. A quantitative study of the gastric secretory response to sham feeding in a human subject. Gastroenterology 1950, 16:104-116.
92. Karádi Z., Lukáts B., Papp S.z., Egyed R., Lénárd L., Takács G. Involvement of forebrain glucose-monitoring neurons in taste information processing: electrophysiological and behavioral studies. Chem. Senses 2005, 30:i168-i169.
93. Karimnamazi H., Travers J.B. Differential projections from gustatory responsive regions of the parabrachial nucleus to the medulla and forebrain. Brain Res. 1998, 813:283-302.
94. Katz D.B., Simon S.A., Nicolelis M.A.L. Dynamic and multimodal responses of gustatory cortical neurons in awake rats. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:4478-4489.
95. Kawamura Y., Yamamoto T. Studies on neural mechanisms of the gustatory-salivary reflex in rabbits. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1978, 285:35-47.
96. Kelley A.E., Bakshi V.P., Haber S.N., Steininger T.L., Will M.J., Zhang M. Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum. Physiol. Behav. 2002, 76:365-377.
97. Kephalas T.A., Kiburis J., Michael C.M., Miras C.J., Papadakis D.P. Some Aspects of Cannabis Smoke Chemistry. Marihuana: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Cellular Affects 1976, 39-49. Springer-Verlag. G.G. Nahas (Ed.).
98. Kerr A.C. The Physiological Regulation of Salivary Secretions in Man 1961, Pergamon Press.
99. Kinomura S., Kawashima R., Yamada K., Ono S., Itoh M., Yoshioka S., Yamaguchi T., Matsui H., Miyazawa H., Itoh H., Goto R., Fujiwara T., Satoh K., Fukuda H. Functional anatomy of taste perception in the human brain studied with positron emission tomography. Brain Res. 1994, 659:263-266.
100. Kirkham T.C., Cooper S.J. Attenuation of sham feeding by naloxone is stereospecific: evidence for opioid mediation of orosensory reward. Physiol. Behav. 1988, 43:845-847.
101. Kirkham T.C., Williams C.M., Fezza F., Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoid levels in rat limbic forebrain and hypothalamus in relation to fasting, feeding and satiation: stimulation of eating by 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 136:550-557.
102. Kita H., Oomura Y. Reciprocal connections between the lateral hypothalamus and the frontal cortex in the rat: Electrophysiological and anatomical observations. Brain Res. 1981, 213:1-16.
103. Kobashi M., Bradley R.M. Effects of GABA on neurons of the gustatory and visceral zones of the parabrachial nucleus in rats. Brain Res. 1998, 799:323-328.
104. Kobashi M., Furudono Y., Matsuo R., Yamamoto T. Central orexin facilitates gastric relaxation and contractility in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 2003, 332:171-174.
105. Kobashi M., Mizutani M., Matsuo R. Water stimulation of the posterior oral cavity induces inhibition of gastric motility. Am. J. Physiol. 2000, 279:R778-R785.
106. Kobayakawa T., Endo H., Ayabe-Kanamura S., Kumagai T., Yamaguchi Y., Kikuchi Y., Takeda T., Saito S., Ogawa H. The primary gustatory area in human cerebral cortex studied by magnetoencephalography. Neurosci. Lett. 1996, 212:155-158.
107. Kobayashi M., Takeda M., Hattori N., Fukunaga M., Sasabe T., Inoue N., Nagai Y., Sawada T., Sadato N., Watanabe Y. Functional imaging of gustatory perception and imagery: top-down processing of gustatory signals. Neuroimage 2004, 23:1271-1282.
108. Kolb B., Nonneman A.J. Prefrontal cortex and the regulation of food intake in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1975, 88:806-815.
109. Kosobud A.E., Harris G.C., Chapin J.K. Behavioral associations of neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:7117-7129.
110. Kotz C.M., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Opioids in the nucleus of the solitary tract are involved in feeding in the rat. Am. J. Physiol 1997, 272:R1028-R1032.
111. Le Magnen J., Marfaing-Jallat P., Miceli D., Devos M. Pain modulating and reward systems: a single brain mechanism? Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1980, 12:729-733.
112. Li C.S., Davis B.J., Smith D.V. Opioid modulation of taste responses in the NTS. Brain Res. 2003, 965:21-34.
113. Ljungberg T., Apicella P., Schultz W. Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions. J. Neurophysiol. 1992, 67:145-163.
114. Lukáts B., Papp S.z., Szalay C.s., Gode J., Lénárd L., Karádi Z. Gustatory neurons in the nucleus accumbens and the mediodorsal prefrontal cortex of the rat. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2002, 89:250.
115. Maldonado-Irizarry C.S., Swanson C.J., Kelley A.E. Glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell control feeding behavior via the lateral hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:6779-6788.
116. Manabe Y., Kuroda K., Imaizumi M., Inoue K., Sako N., Yamamoto T., Fushiki T., Hanai K. Diazepam-binding inhibitor-like activity in rat cerebrospinal fluid after stimulation by an aversive quinine taste. Chem. Senses 2000, 25:739-746.
117. Manabe Y., Toyoda T., Kuroda K., Imaizumi M., Yamamoto T., Fushiki T. Effect of diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) on the fluid intake, preference and the taste reactivity in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 2001, 126:197-204.
118. Mansour A., Khachaturian H., Lewis M.E., Akil H., Watson S.J. Autoradiographic differentiation of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors in the rat forebrain and midbrain. J. Neurosci. 1987, 7:2445-2464.
119. Maren S., Fanselow M.S. The amygdala and fear conditioning: has the nut been cracked?. Neuron 1996, 16:237-240.
120. Margules D.L., Stein L. Neuroleptics vs. Tranquilizers: Evidence from Animals of Mode and Site of Action. Neuropsychopharmacology 1967, 74-80. Excerpta Medica Foundation. H. Brill (Ed.).
121. Martin W.R., Wikler A., Eades C.G., Persor F.T. Tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in rats. Psychopharmacologia 1963, 4:247-260.
122. Matsuo R., Yamamoto T. Gustatory-salivary reflex: neural activity of sympathetic and parasymathetic fibers innervating the submandibular gland of the hamster. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 1989, 26:187-197.
123. Matsuo R., Yamamoto T., Yoshitaka K., Morimoto T. Neural substrates for reflex salivation induced by taste, mechanical, and thermal stimulation of the oral region in decerebrate rats. Jpn. J. Physiol. 1989, 39:349-357.
124. Matsuo R., Yamauchi Y., Kobashi M., Funahashi M., Mitoh Y., Adachi A. Role of parabrachial nucleus in submandibular salivary secretion induced by bitter taste stimulation in rats. Auton. Neurosci. 2001, 88:61-73.
125. McDonald A.J., Jackson T.R. Amygdaloid connections with posterior insular and temporal cortical areas in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1987, 262:59-77.
126. McDonald A.J., Shammah-Lagnado S.J., Shi C., Davis M. Cortical afferents to the extended amygdala. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1999, 877:309-338.
127. McLaughlin C.L., Baile C.A. Cholecystokinin, amphetamine and diazepam and feeding in lean and obese Zucker rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1979, 10:87-93.
128. McLean S., Hoebel B.G. Feeding induced by opiates injected into the paraventricular hypothalamus. Peptides 1983, 4:287-292.
129. Meredith G.E., Pennartz C.M., Groenewegen H.J. The cellular framework for chemical signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Prog. Brain Res. 1993, 99:3-24.
130. Miller C.C., Murray T.F., Freeman K.G., Edwards G.L. Cannabinoid agonist, CP 55,940, facilitates intake of palatable foods when injected into the hindbrain. Physiol. Behav. 2004, 80:611-616.
131. Miller F.R., Sherrington C.R. Some observations on the buccopharygeal stage of reflex deglutition the cat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1916, 9:147-186.
132. Mogenson G.J., Jones D.L., Yim C.Y. From motivation to action: functional interface between limbic system and the motor system. Prog. Neurobiol. 1980, 14:69-97.
133. Morris J.S., Frith C.D., Perrett D.I., Rowland D., Young A.W., Calder A.J., Dolan R.J. A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature 1996, 383:812-815.
134. Mucha R.F., Herz A. Preference conditioning produced by opioid active and inactive isomers of levorphanol and morphine in rat. Life Sci. 1986, 38:241-249.
135. Nachman M., Jones D.R. Learned taste aversions over long delays in rats: the role of learned safety. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1974, 86:949-956.
136. Nakamura K., Norgren R. Sodium-deficient diet reduces gustatory activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract of behaving rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 269:R647-R661.
137. Newbrun E. Observations on the amylase content and flow rate of human saliva following gustatory stimulation. J. Dent. Res. 1962, 41:459-465.
138. Nicolaidis S. Sensory-Neuroendocrine Reflexes and Their Anticipatory and Optimizing Role on Metabolism. The Chemical Senses and Nutrition 1977, 123-140. Academic Press. M.R. Kare, O. Maller (Eds.).
139. Niijima A. Effects of oral and intestinal stimulation with umami substance on gastric vagus activity. Physiol. Behav. 1991, 49:1025-1028.
140. Niijima A., Togiyama T., Adachi A. Cephalic-phase insulin release induced by taste stimulus of monosodium glutamate (umami taste). Physiol. Behav. 1990, 48:905-908.
141. Nishijo H., Ono T., Nishino H. Topographic distribution of modality-specific amygdalar neuron in alert monkey. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:3556-3569.
142. Nishijo H., Ono T., Nishino H. Single neuron responses in amygdala of alert monkey during complex sensory stimulation with affective significance. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:3570-3583.
143. Nishijo H., Uwano T., Tamura R., Ono T. Gustatory and multimodal neuronal responses in the amygdala during licking and discrimination of sensory stimuli in awake rats. J. Neurophysiol. 1998, 79:21-36.
144. Norgren R. Gustatory System. The Rat Nervous System 1995, 751-771. Academic Press. G. Paxinos (Ed.).
145. Novis B.H., Bank S., Marks I.N. The cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion in man. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1971, 6:417-421.
146. Nowlis G.H. Taste-Elicited Tongue Movements in Human Newborn Infants: An Approach to Palatability. 4th Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception 1973, 292-303. US Government Printing Office. J.F. Bosma (Ed.).
147. O'Doherty J., Rolls E.T., Francis S., Bowtell R., McGlone F. Representation of pleasant and aversive taste in the human brain. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 85:1315-1321.
148. Ohara I., Naruse M.M., Itokawa Y. The effect of palatability and feeding conditions on digestive functions in rats. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1996, 15:186-191.
149. Ohara I., Otsuka S., Yugari Y. Cephalic phase response of pancreatic exocrine secretion in conscious dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 1988, 254:G416-G423.
150. Olds J., Milner P.M. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1954, 47:419-427.
151. Parker L.A. Chlordiazepoxide nonspecifically enhances consumption of saccharin solution. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1991, 38:375-377.
152. Pavlov I.P. The Work of the Digestive Glands 1902, Charles Griffin.
153. Peciña S., Berridge K.C. Central enhancement of taste pleasure by intraventricular morphine. Neurobiology Bp 1995, 3:269-280.
154. Peciña S., Berridge K.C. Brainstem mediates diazepam enhancement of palatability and feeding: microinjections into forth ventricle versus lateral ventricle. Brain Res. 1996, 727:22-30.
155. Peciña S., Berridge K.C. Opioid site in nucleus accumbens shell mediates eating and hedonic 'liking' for food: map based on microinjection Fos plumes. Brain Res. 2000, 863:71-86.
156. Peciña S., Cagniard B., Berridge K.C., Aldridge J.W., Zhuang X. Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher "wanting" but not 'liking' for sweet rewards. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:9395-9402.
157. Pérez-Jaranay J.M., Vives F. Electrophysiological study of the response of medial prefrontal cortex neurons to stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in the rat. Brain Res. 1991, 564:97-101.
158. Poschel B.P.H. A simple and specific screen for benzodiazepine-like drugs. Psychopharmacologia 1971, 19:193-198.
159. Ricardo J.A., Koh E.T. Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other forebrain structures in the rat. Brain Res. 1978, 153:1-26.
160. Richards J.G., Mohler H. Benzodiazepine receptors. Neuropharmacology 1984, 23:233-242.
161. Robinson T.G., Beart P.M. Excitant amino acid projections from rat amygdala and thalamus to nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. Bull. 1988, 20:467-471.
162. Rolls E.T. The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex. Brain Cogn. 2004, 55:11-29.
163. Rolls E.T., Baylis L.L. Gustatory, olfactory, and visual convergence within the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:5437-5452.
164. Rolls E.T., Critchley H.D., Browning A.S., Hernadi I., Lenard L. Responses to the sensory properties of fat of neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:1532-1540.
165. Rolls E.T., Verhagen J.V., Kadohisa M. Representations of the texture of food in the primate orbitofrontal cortex: neurons responding to viscosity, grittiness, and capsaicin. J. Neurophysiol. 2003, 90:3711-3724.
166. Saper C.B. Convergence of autonomic and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1982, 210:163-173.
167. Schoenfeld M.A., Neuer G., Tempelmann C., Schüßler K., Noesselt T., Hopf J.M., Heinze H.J. Functional magnetic resonance tomography correlates of taste perception in the human primary taste cortex. Neuroscience 2004, 127:347-353.
168. Schultz W., Romo R. Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to stimuli eliciting immediate behavioral reactions. J. Neurophysiol. 1990, 63:607-624.
169. Schwartz M.W., Woods S.C., Porte D., Sleeley R.J., Baskin D.G. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 2000, 404:661-671.
170. Sclafani A. Oral and postoral determinants of food reward. Physiol. Behav. 2004, 81:773-779.
171. Sclafani A., Azzara A.V., Touzani K., Grigson P.S., Norgren R. Parabrachial nucleus lesions block taste and attenuate flavor preference and aversion conditioning in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 2001, 115:920-933.
172. Scott T.R., Plata-Salaman C.R. Taste in the monkey cortex. Physiol. Behav. 1999, 67:489-511.
173. Scott T.R., Yaxley S., Siekiewicz Z.J., Rolls E.T. Gustatory responses in the frontal opercular cortex of the alert cynomolgus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 1986, 56:876-890.
174. Sewards T.V. Dual separate pathways for sensory and hedonic aspects of taste. Brain Res. Bull. 2004, 62:271-283.
175. Shammah-Lagnado S.J., Costa M.S.M.O., Ricardo J.A. Afferent connections of the parvocellular reticular formation: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. Neuroscience 1992, 50:403-425.
176. Shi C.-J., Cassell M.D. Cortical, thalamic, and amygdaloid connections of the anterior and posterior insular cortices. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 399:440-468.
177. Shimura T., Imaoka H., Okazaki Y., Kanamori Y., Fushiki T., Yamamoto T. Involvement of the mesolimbic system in palatability-induced ingestion. Chem. Senses 2005, 30:i188-i189.
178. Shimura T., Imaoka H., Yamamoto T. Neurochemical modulation of ingestive behavior in the ventral pallidum. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2006, 23:1596-1604.
179. Shimura T., Kamada Y., Yamamoto T. Ventral tegmental lesions reduce overconsumption of normally preferred taste fluid in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2002, 134:123-130.
180. Shimura T., Komori M., Yamamoto T. Acute sodium deficiency reduces gustatory responsiveness to NaCl in the parabrachial nucleus of rats. Neurosci. Lett. 1997, 236:33-36.
181. Shimura T., Tanaka H., Yamamoto T. Salient responsiveness of parabrachial neurons to the conditioned stimulus after the acquisition of taste aversion learning in rats. Neuroscience 1997, 81:239-247.
182. Shimura T., Tokita K., Yamamoto T. Parabrachial unit activities after the acquisition of conditioned taste aversion to a nonpreferred HCl solution in rats. Chem. Senses 2002, 27:153-158.
183. Shimura T., Watanabe U., Yanagawa Y., Yamamoto T. Altered taste function in mice deficient in the 65-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase. Neurosci. Lett. 2004, 356:171-174.
184. Shipley M.T., Geinisman Y. Anatomical evidence for convergence of olfactory, gustatory, and visceral afferent pathways in mouse cerebral cortex. Brain Res. Bull. 1984, 12:221-226.
185. Small D.M., Jones-Gotman M., Zatorre R.J., Petrides M., Evance A.C. Flavor processing: more than the sum of its part. Neuroreport 1997, 8:3913-3917.
186. Small D.M., Voss J., Mak Y.E., Simmons K.B., Parrish T., Gitelman D. Experience-dependent neural integration of taste and smell in the human brain. J. Neurophysiol. 2004, 92:1892-1903.
187. Small D.M., Zald D.H., Jones-Gotman M., Zatorre R.J., Pardo J.V., Stephen F., Petrides M. Human cortical gustatory areas: a review of functional neuroimaging data. Neuroreport 1999, 10:7-14.
188. Small D.M., Zatorre R.J., Dagher A., Evans A.C., Jones-Gotman M. Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: from pleasure to aversion. Brain 2001, 124:1720-1733.
189. Söderpalm A.H., Berridge K.C. The hedonic impact and intake of food are increased by midazolam microinjection in the parabrachial nucleus. Brain Res. 2000, 877:288-297.
190. Söderpalm A.H., Hansen S. Benzodiazepines enhance the consumption and palatability of alcohol in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1998, 137:215-222.
191. Steffens A.B. Influence of the oral cavity on insulin release in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1976, 230:1411-1415.
192. Steiner J.E. The Gustofacial Response: Observation on Normal and Anencephalic Newborn Infants. 4th Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception 1973, 254-278. US Government Printing Office. J.F. Bosma (Ed.).
193. Stratford T.R., Kelley A.E. GABA in the nucleus accumbens shell participates in the central regulation of feeding behavior. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:4434-4440.
194. Stratford T.R., Kelley A.E. Evidence of a functional relationship between the nucleus accumbens shell and lateral hypothalamus subserving the control of feeding behavior. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:11040-11048.
195. Stratford T.R., Kelley A.E., Simansky K.J. Blockade of GABAA receptors in the medial ventral pallidum elicits feeding in satiated rats. Brain Res. 1999, 825:199-203.
196. Stratford T.R., Swanson C.J., Kelley A. Specific changes in food intake elicited by blockade or activation of glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell. Behav. Brain Res. 1998, 93:43-50.
197. Tabuchi E., Ono T., Nishijo H., Torii K. Amino acid and NaCl appetite, and LHA neuron responses of lysine-deficient rat. Physiol. Behav. 1991, 49:951-964.
198. Tokita K., Karádi Z., Shimura T., Yamamoto T. Centrifugal inputs modulate taste aversion learning associated parabrachial neuronal activities. J. Neurophysiol. 2004, 92:265-279.
199. Touzani K., Sclafani A. Conditioned flavor preference and aversion: role of the lateral hypothalamus. Behav. Neurosci. 2001, 115:84-93.
200. Travers J.B., Urbanek K., Grill H.J. Fos-like immunoreactivity in the brain stem following oral quinine stimulation in decerebrate rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 277:R384-R394.
201. Treesukosol Y., Ishizuka T., Yamamoto C., Senda K., Tsutsumi S., Yamatodani A., Yamamoto T. Hypothalamic histamine release by taste stimuli in freely moving rats: possible implication of palatability. Behav. Brain Res. 2005, 164:67-72.
202. Treit D., Berridge K.C., Schultz C.E. The direct enhancement of positive palatability by chlordiazepoxide is antagonized by Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1987, 26:709-714.
203. Weiffenbach J.M., Thach B.T. Elicited Tongue Movements: Touch and Taste in the Mouth of the Neonate. 4th Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception 1973, 232-243. US Government Printing Office. J.F. Bosma (Ed.).
204. Williams C.M., Kirkham T.C. Observational analysis of feeding induced by Δ9-THC and anandamide. Physiol. Behav. 2002, 76:241-250.
205. Wilson J.D., Nicklous D.M., Aloyo V.J., Simansky K.J. An orexigenic role for mu-opioid receptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2003, 285:R1055-R1065.
206. Wise R.A. Neuroleptics and operant behavior: the anhedonia hypothesis. Behav. Brain Sci. 1982, 5:39-87.
207. Wise R.A. Brain reward circuitry: insights from unsensed incentives. Neuron 2002, 36:229-240.
208. Wise R.A., Dawson V. Diazepam-induced eating and lever pressing for food in sated rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1974, 86:930-941.
209. Wise R.A., Spindler J., deWit H., Gerber G.J. Neuroleptic-induced "anhedonia" in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food. Science 1978, 201:262-264.
210. Woods J.S., Leibowitz S.F. Hypothalamic sites sensitive to morphine and naloxone: effects on feeding behavior. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1985, 23:431-438.
211. Xenakis S., Sclafani A. The effects of pimozide on the consumption of a palatable saccharin-glucose solution in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1981, 15:435-442.
212. Yamamoto C., Nagai H., Takahashi K., Nakagawa S., Yamaguchi M., Tonoike M., Yamamoto T. Cortical representation of taste modifying action of miracle fruit in humans. Neuroimage 2006, 33:1145-1151.
213. Yamamoto C., Takehara S., Morikawa K., Nakagawa S., Yamaguchi M., Iwaki S., Tonoike M., Yamamoto T. Magenetoencephalographic study of cortical activity evoked by electrogustatory stimuli. Chem. Senses 2003, 28:245-251.
214. Yamamoto T. Brain regions responsible for the expression of conditioned taste aversion in rats. Chem. Senses 2007, 32:105-109.
215. Yamamoto T., Kawamura Y. Responses of the submandibular secretory nerve to taste stimuli. Brain Res. 1977, 130:152-155.
216. Yamamoto T., Fujimoto Y., Shimura T., Sakai N. Conditioned taste aversion in rats with excitotoxic brain lesions. Neurosci. Res. 1995, 22:31-49.
217. Yamamoto T., Matsuo R., Ichikawa H., Wakisaka S., Akai M., Imai Y., Yonehara N., Inoki R. Aversive taste stimuli increase CGRP levels in the gustatory insular cortex of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 1990, 112:167-172.
218. Yamamoto T., Matsuo R., Kiyomitsu Y., Kitamura R. Sensory inputs from the oral region to the cerebral cortex in behaving rats: An analysis of unit responses in cortical somatosensory and taste areas during ingestive behavior. J. Neurophysiol. 1988, 60:1303-1321.
219. Yamamoto T., Matsuo R., Kiyomitsu Y., Kitamura R. Taste responses of cortical neurons in freely ingesting rats. J. Neurophysiol. 1989, 61:1244-1258.
220. Yamamoto T., Matsuo R., Kiyomitsu Y., Kitamura R. Response properties of lateral hypothalamic neurons during ingestive behavior with special reference to licking of various taste solutions. Brain Res. 1989, 481:286-297.
221. Yamamoto T., Nagai T., Shimura T., Yasoshima Y. Roles of chemical mediators in the taste system. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 76:325-348.
222. Yamamoto T., Sako N., Maeda S. Effects of taste stimulation on β-endorphin levels in rat cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Physiol. Behav. 2000, 69:345-350.
223. Yamamoto T., Shimura T., Sakai N., Ozaki N. Representation of hedonics and quality of taste stimuli in the parabrachial nucleus of the rat. Physiol. Behav. 1994, 56:1197-1202.
224. Yamamoto T., Shimura T., Sako N., Yasoshima Y., Sakai N. Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 1994, 65:123-137.
225. Yamamoto T., Yuyama N., Kato T., Kawamura Y. Gustatory responses of cortical neurons in rats. II. Information processing of taste quality. J. Neurophysiol. 1985, 53:1356-1369.
226. Yamamoto T., Yuyama N., Kato T., Kawamura Y. Gustatory responses of cortical neurons in rats. III. Neural and behavioral measures compared. J. Neurophysiol. 1985, 53:1370-1386.
227. Yasoshima Y., Yamamoto T. Short-term and long-term excitability changes of the insular cortical neurons after the acquisition of taste aversion learning in behaving rats. Neuroscience 1998, 284:1-5.
228. Yasoshima Y., Scott T.R., Yamamoto T. Memory-dependent c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens and extended amygdala following the expression of a conditioned taste aversive in the rat. Neuroscience 2006, 141:35-45.
229. Yoshimura H., Sugai T., Segami N., Onoda N. Chemotopic arrangement for taste quality discrimination in the cortical taste area. Chem. Senses 2005, 30:i164-i165.
230. Zald D.H., Pardo J.V. Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:4119-4124.
231. Zald D.H., Hagen M.C., Pardo J.V. Neural correlates of tasting concentrated quinine and sugar solutions. J. Neurophysiol. 2002, 87:1068-1075.
232. Zald D.H., Lee J.T., Fluegel K.W., Pardo J.V. Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans. Brain 1998, 121:1143-1154.
233. Zhang M., Kelley A.E. Opiate agonists microinjected into the nucleus accumbens enhance sucrose drinking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1997, 132:350-360.
234. Zhang M., Kelley A.E. Enhanced intake of high-fat food following striatal mu-opioid stimulation: microinjection mapping and fos expression. Neuroscience 2000, 99:267-277.
235. Zhang M., Kelley A.E. Intake of saccharin, salt, and ethanol solutions is increased by infusion of a mu opioid agonist into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2002, 159:415-423.
236. Zhang M., Gosnell B.A., Kelley A.E. Intake of high-fat food is selectively enhanced by mu opioid receptor stimulation within the nucleus accumbens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 285:908-914.
237. Ikuno H., Sakaguchi T. Gastric vagal functional distribution in the secretion of gastric acid produced by sweet taste. Brain Res. Bull. 1990, 25:429-431.
238. Yamamoto T. A Neural Model for Taste Aversion Learning. Olfaction and Taste XI 1994, 471-474. Springer. K. Kurihara, N. Suzuki, H. Ogawa (Eds.).
239. - A. L. Riley and K. B. Freeman. Conditioned Taste Aversion: An Annotated Bibliography. http://www.ctalearning.com.