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For a recent discussion on the scalability of microwave chemistry and the existence of microwave effects, see: C. R. Strauss Org. Process Res. Dev. 2009 13 915 and references cited therein.
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In addition to the 12 principles of green chemistry, there are also 12 principles of green engineering: P. T. Anastas J. B. Zimmerman Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003 37 94A. The discussion of these parameters in the context of microwave chemistry is outside the scope of this Perspective.
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It must be strongly emphasized that just because an ionic liquid or water is used as a solvent, the overall process is not automatically green. For critical commentaries on this issue, see
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It must be strongly emphasized that just because an ionic liquid or water is used as a solvent, the overall process is not automatically green. For critical commentaries on this issue, see: M. Deetlefs K. R. Seddon Green Chem. 2010 12 17.
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General, the ability of a specific solvent to convert microwave energy into heat at a given frequency and temperature is determined by the so-called loss tangent (tan δ), expressed as the quotient, tan δ = ε″/ε′. A reaction medium with a high tan δ at the standard operating frequency of a microwave synthesis reactor (2450 MHz) is required for good absorption and, consequently, for efficient heating. Solvents used for microwave synthesis can be classified as high (tan δ > 0.5), medium (tan δ 0.1–0.5) and low microwave absorbing (tan δ < 0.1). See ref. 10 for more details
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In general, the ability of a specific solvent to convert microwave energy into heat at a given frequency and temperature is determined by the so-called loss tangent (tan δ), expressed as the quotient, tan δ = ε″/ε′. A reaction medium with a high tan δ at the standard operating frequency of a microwave synthesis reactor (2450 MHz) is required for good absorption and, consequently, for efficient heating. Solvents used for microwave synthesis can be classified as high (tan δ > 0.5), medium (tan δ 0.1–0.5) and low microwave absorbing (tan δ < 0.1). See ref. 10 for more details.
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An exception could be the use of metals as reagents, which under certain conditions show arcing phenomena when placed in a microwave field. For a recent example, see
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An exception is the Biotage Advancer kilobatch multimode instrument, possessing a flash cooling option, whereby the contents of the pressurized 350 mL reaction vessel are ejected into a holding tank (expansion cooling). See ref. 45d for details. See also ref. 46 for a similar feature incorporated into the reactor from Accelbeam
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An exception is the Biotage Advancer kilobatch multimode instrument, possessing a flash cooling option, whereby the contents of the pressurized 350 mL reaction vessel are ejected into a holding tank (expansion cooling). See ref. 45d for details. See also ref. 46 for a similar feature incorporated into the reactor from Accelbeam.
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It should be emphasized that when using small reaction channels (microreactor technology), conventionally heated flow reactors have also been shown to mimic the results achievable in microwave batch reactors, and references cited therein
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It should be emphasized that when using small reaction channels (microreactor technology), conventionally heated flow reactors have also been shown to mimic the results achievable in microwave batch reactors: T. Razzaq C. O. Kappe Chem.–Asian J. 2010 5 1274 and references cited therein.
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For details, see: www.accelbeamsynthesis.com.
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For details, see
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For details, see: www.cambrex.com.
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For details, see
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For details, see: www.sairem.com.
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