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Volumn 73, Issue 16, 2008, Pages 6321-6329

Investigating the existence of nonthermal/specific microwave effects using silicon carbide heating elements as power modulators

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING; CHEMICAL REACTIONS; ELECTRIC FIELDS; ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENTS; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ELECTROMAGNETISM; GRAFTING (CHEMICAL); HEATING; MAGNETIC FIELDS; MICROWAVE GENERATION; MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION; MICROWAVES; MIXTURES; NONMETALS; RATE CONSTANTS; REACTION RATES; SILICON; SILICON CARBIDE; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

EID: 50149112426     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo8009402     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (130)

References (58)
  • 1
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    • 2nd ed, Loupy, A, Ed, Wiley-VCH:Weinheim, Germany
    • (a) Microwaves in Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed.; Loupy, A., Ed.; Wiley-VCH:Weinheim, Germany, 2006.
    • (2006) Microwaves in Organic Synthesis
  • 3
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    • and references cited therein
    • (a) Kappe, C. O. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6250, and references cited therein,
    • (2004) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed , vol.43 , pp. 6250
    • Kappe, C.O.1
  • 10
    • 33846949921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed, Loupy, A, Ed, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, Chapter 4, pp
    • (b) Perreux, L.; Loupy, A. In Microwaves in Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed.; Loupy, A., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2006; Chapter 4, pp 134-218.
    • (2006) Microwaves in Organic Synthesis , pp. 134-218
    • Perreux, L.1    Loupy, A.2
  • 16
    • 50149101285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a more detailed definition and examples for thermal, specific, and nonthermal microwave effects, see: (a) Kappe, C. O.; Stadler, A. Microwaves in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2005; Chapter 2, pp 9-28. See also refs 2a and 3.
    • For a more detailed definition and examples for thermal, specific, and nonthermal microwave effects, see: (a) Kappe, C. O.; Stadler, A. Microwaves in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2005; Chapter 2, pp 9-28. See also refs 2a and 3.
  • 17
    • 50149085284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hayes, B. L.; Collins, M. J., Jr. World Patent 2004, WO 04002617.
    • (a) Hayes, B. L.; Collins, M. J., Jr. World Patent 2004, WO 04002617.
  • 34
    • 50149092837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ability of a specific solvent to convert microwave energy into heat at a given frequency and temperature is determined by the so-called loss tangent (tan δ, expressed as the quotient, tan δ, ε″/ ε′. A reaction medium with a high tan δ at the standard operating frequency of a microwave synthesis reactor (2.45 GHz) is required for good absorption and, consequently, for efficient heating. Solvents used for microwave synthesis can be classified as high (tan δ > 0.5, medium (tan δ 0.1-0.5, and low microwave absorbing tan δ < 0.1, See refs 1 and 2 for more details
    • The ability of a specific solvent to convert microwave energy into heat at a given frequency and temperature is determined by the so-called loss tangent (tan δ), expressed as the quotient, tan δ = ε″/ ε′. A reaction medium with a high tan δ at the standard operating frequency of a microwave synthesis reactor (2.45 GHz) is required for good absorption and, consequently, for efficient heating. Solvents used for microwave synthesis can be classified as high (tan δ > 0.5), medium (tan δ 0.1-0.5), and low microwave absorbing (tan δ < 0.1). See refs 1 and 2 for more details.
  • 36
    • 50149096148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is achieved by using the instrument setting very high absorbing or high absorbing on the Biotage Initiator 2.0 model. For other instruments, the microwave output power can be manually adjusted to the desired level. Using higher power settings in some cases led to temperature overshoots and to a deformation of the Teflon-coated stir bars at the SiC cylinder contact surface indicating temperatures >270°C at the SiC surface. SiC is known to be a very strong microwave absorbing material:(a) Meredith, R. Engineers' Handbook of Industrial Microwave Heating; The Institution of Electrical Engineers: Stevenege, U.K, 1998
    • This is achieved by using the instrument setting "very high absorbing" or "high absorbing" on the Biotage Initiator 2.0 model. For other instruments, the microwave output power can be manually adjusted to the desired level. Using higher power settings in some cases led to temperature overshoots and to a deformation of the Teflon-coated stir bars at the SiC cylinder contact surface indicating temperatures >270°C at the SiC surface. SiC is known to be a very strong microwave absorbing material:(a) Meredith, R. Engineers' Handbook of Industrial Microwave Heating; The Institution of Electrical Engineers: Stevenege, U.K., 1998.
  • 39
    • 3042682172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For microwave-assisted esterifications of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid, see: a
    • For microwave-assisted esterifications of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid, see: (a) Wilson, N. S.; Sarko, C. R.; Roth, G. P. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2004, 8, 535.
    • (2004) Org. Process Res. Dev , vol.8 , pp. 535
    • Wilson, N.S.1    Sarko, C.R.2    Roth, G.P.3
  • 47
    • 50149097729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The commonly used borosilicate microwave reaction vials used in single-mode reactors do absorb a significant amount of microwave energy (borosilicate: tan δ 10 × 10-4) as compared to quartz reaction vessels (quartz: tan δ 0.6 × 10-4, a) Bogdal, D, Prociak, A. Microwave-Enhanced Polymer Chemistry and Technology; Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK, 2007
    • -4). (a) Bogdal, D.; Prociak, A. Microwave-Enhanced Polymer Chemistry and Technology; Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK, 2007.
  • 48
    • 27944511332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and references cited therein
    • Desai, B.; Kappe, C. O. Top. Curr. Chem. 2004, 242, 177, and references cited therein.
    • (2004) Top. Curr. Chem , vol.242 , pp. 177
    • Desai, B.1    Kappe, C.O.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.