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Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 1001-1010

Heterogeneous versus homogeneous palladium catalysts for ligandless Mizoroki-Heck reactions: A comparison of batch/microwave and continuous-flow processing

Author keywords

Cross coupling; Flow chemistry; Heterogeneous catalysis; Microwave assisted reactions nanoparticles; Reaction mechanisms

Indexed keywords

BROMINE COMPOUNDS; CATALYSIS; CATALYSTS; COUPLINGS; ESTERS; FOURIER TRANSFORMS; LEACHING; MICROWAVES; NANOPARTICLES; SUGAR (SUCROSE); TRANSITION METALS;

EID: 58449122729     PISSN: 09476539     EISSN: 15213765     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802200     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (167)

References (122)
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    • In fact, each portion of the reaction mixture passing through the microchannels formed by the packed Pd/C catalyst inside the cylindrical cartridge is exposed to stoichiometric amounts of the catalyst. In flow format, the TON of the catalyst is therefore dependent on how much material is actually processed through the catalyst cartridge. For the Mizoroki-Heck reaction of la on a 0.65 mmol scale the formal TON is only 6
    • In fact, each portion of the reaction mixture passing through the microchannels formed by the packed Pd/C catalyst inside the cylindrical cartridge is exposed to stoichiometric amounts of the catalyst. In flow format, the TON of the "catalyst" is therefore dependent on how much material is actually processed through the catalyst cartridge. For the Mizoroki-Heck reaction of la on a 0.65 mmol scale the formal TON is only 6.
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    • The amount of Pd in a fresh sample of the commercially available (Aldrich 643181-10G) Degussa Pd/C catalyst (E 104 CA/W 5% Pd) was determined by ICP-MS analysis. The dry catalyst (20% determined water content) has a loading of 4.8% Pd. A 60×4 mm i.d. X-Cube catalyst cartridge filled with 310 mg of the (wet) catalyst therefore contains 12 mg of Pd.
    • The amount of Pd in a fresh sample of the commercially available (Aldrich 643181-10G) Degussa Pd/C catalyst (E 104 CA/W 5% Pd) was determined by ICP-MS analysis. The dry catalyst (20% determined water content) has a loading of 4.8% Pd. A 60×4 mm i.d. X-Cube catalyst cartridge filled with 310 mg of the (wet) catalyst therefore contains 12 mg of Pd.
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    • Leaching effects in continuous-flow Mizoroki-Heck reactions involving immobilized forms of Pd have been previously observed (ref, 34, In some cases the leached metal can be efficiently removed online by the use of scavenger resins (ref, 34a, In other instances the support itself (e.g. poly(vinylpyridine, has been demonstrated to be able to recapture the Pd metal to some extent ref, 34b
    • Leaching effects in continuous-flow Mizoroki-Heck reactions involving immobilized forms of Pd have been previously observed (ref. [34]). In some cases the leached metal can be efficiently removed online by the use of scavenger resins (ref. [34a]). In other instances the support itself (e.g. poly(vinylpyridine)) has been demonstrated to be able to recapture the Pd metal to some extent (ref. [34b]).
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    • If the leaching observed for the specific preparation of Pd/C in Mizoroki-Heck chemistry under flow conditions is a general phenomenon also valid for other immobilized Pd species and/or other transition-metal-catalyzed transformations will be the subject of further investigations.
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.