메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 79, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 161-170

Axonal damage and its significance for the concept of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis;Die Bedeutung axonaler Pathologie für das Konzept der Neurodegeneration bei der Multiplen Sklerose

Author keywords

axonal damage; demyelination; EAE; inflammation; MS

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AXONAL DAMAGE; INFLAMMATION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NERVE CELL LESION; NERVE DEGENERATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

EID: 79952318144     PISSN: 07204299     EISSN: 14393522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1246014     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (4)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 0032887020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. A historical note
    • Kornek B, Lassmann H. Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. A historical note. Brain Pathol 1999 9 651-656 (Pubitemid 29470958)
    • (1999) Brain Pathology , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 651-656
    • Kornek, B.1    Lassmann, H.2
  • 3
    • 0035321510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological abnormalities in the normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis
    • Allen I V., McQuaid S, Mirakhur M et al. Pathological abnormalities in the normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2001 22 141-144 (Pubitemid 33771280)
    • (2001) Neurological Sciences , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 141-144
    • Allen, I.V.1    McQuaid, S.2    Mirakhur, M.3    Nevin, G.4
  • 4
    • 0034026912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute axonal injury in multiple sclerosis. Correlation with demyelination and inflammation
    • Bitsch A, Schuchardt J, Bunkowski S et al. Acute axonal injury in multiple sclerosis. Correlation with demyelination and inflammation. Brain 2000 123 1174-1183 (Pubitemid 30312109)
    • (2000) Brain , vol.123 , Issue.6 , pp. 1174-1183
    • Bitsch, A.1    Schuchardt, J.2    Bunkowski, S.3    Kuhlmann, T.4    Bruck, W.5
  • 5
    • 0029851099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rodent models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis applied to the study of multiple sclerosis
    • Goverman J, Brabb T. Rodent models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis applied to the study of multiple sclerosis. Lab Anim Sci 1996 46 482-492
    • (1996) Lab Anim Sci , vol.46 , pp. 482-492
    • Goverman, J.1    Brabb, T.2
  • 6
    • 38649124013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing the CNS morphology and immunobiology of different EAE models in C 57BL/ 6 mice - A step towards understanding the complexity of multiple sclerosis
    • Kuerten S, Angelov D N. Comparing the CNS morphology and immunobiology of different EAE models in C 57BL/ 6 mice - a step towards understanding the complexity of multiple sclerosis. Ann Anat 2008 190 1-15
    • (2008) Ann Anat , vol.190 , pp. 1-15
    • Kuerten, S.1    Angelov, D.N.2
  • 7
    • 17644396349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunology of multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115707
    • Sospedra M, Martin R. Immunology of multiple sclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2005 23 683-747 (Pubitemid 40563183)
    • (2005) Annual Review of Immunology , vol.23 , pp. 683-747
    • Sospedra, M.1    Martin, R.2
  • 8
    • 0034773019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms for the induction of autoimmunity by infectious agents
    • DOI 10.1172/JCI200114235
    • Wucherpfennig K W. Mechanisms for the induction of autoimmunity by infectious agents. J Clin Invest 2001 108 1097-1104 (Pubitemid 32995366)
    • (2001) Journal of Clinical Investigation , vol.108 , Issue.8 , pp. 1097-1104
    • Wucherpfennig, K.W.1
  • 9
    • 0026664422 scopus 로고
    • Spreading of T-cell autoimmunity to cryptic determinants of an autoantigen
    • Lehmann P V., Forsthuber T, Miller A et al. Spreading of T-cell autoimmunity to cryptic determinants of an autoantigen. Nature 1992 358 155-157
    • (1992) Nature , vol.358 , pp. 155-157
    • Lehmann, P.V.1    Forsthuber, T.2    Miller, A.3
  • 10
    • 0035155254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic principles of immunological surveillance of the normal central nervous system
    • DOI 10.1002/glia.1101
    • Hickey W F. Basic principles of immunological surveillance of the normal central nervous system. Glia 2001 36 118-124 (Pubitemid 33055900)
    • (2001) GLIA , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 118-124
    • Hickey, W.F.1
  • 11
    • 0036211141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal endothelial tight junctions in active lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis
    • Plumb J, McQuaid S, Mirakhur M et al. Abnormal endothelial tight junctions in active lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2002 12 154-169 (Pubitemid 34259917)
    • (2002) Brain Pathology , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 154-169
    • Plumb, J.1    McQuaid, S.2    Mirakhur, M.3    Kirk, J.4
  • 12
    • 0026506799 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against alpha 4 beta 1 integrin
    • Yednock T A., Cannon C, Fritz L C. et al. Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against alpha 4 beta 1 integrin. Nature 1992 356 63-66
    • (1992) Nature , vol.356 , pp. 63-66
    • Yednock, T.A.1    Cannon, C.2    Fritz, L.C.3
  • 13
    • 0028987311 scopus 로고
    • A monoclonal antibody to alpha 4 integrin suppresses and reverses active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
    • Kent S J., Karlik S J., Cannon C et al. A monoclonal antibody to alpha 4 integrin suppresses and reverses active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1995 58 1-10
    • (1995) J Neuroimmunol , vol.58 , pp. 1-10
    • Kent, S.J.1    Karlik, S.J.2    Cannon, C.3
  • 14
    • 33644608613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Rudick R A., Stuart W H., Calabresi P A. et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006 354 911-923
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 911-923
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Stuart, W.H.2    Calabresi, P.A.3
  • 15
    • 65249175159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE
    • Reboldi A, Coisne C, Baumjohann D et al. C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE. Nat Immunol 2009 10 514-523
    • (2009) Nat Immunol , vol.10 , pp. 514-523
    • Reboldi, A.1    Coisne, C.2    Baumjohann, D.3
  • 17
    • 8444239856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased frequencies of serum antibodies to neurofilament light in patients with primary chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1191/1352458504ms1100oa
    • Ehling R von, Lutterotti A, Wanschitz J et al. Increased frequencies of serum antibodies to neurofilament light in patients with primary chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004 10 601-606 (Pubitemid 39585235)
    • (2004) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 601-606
    • Ehling, R.1    Lutterotti, A.2    Wanschitz, J.3    Khalil, M.4    Gneiss, C.5    Deisenhammer, F.6    Reindl, M.7    Berger, T.8
  • 18
    • 0037076504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients with progressive multiple sclerosis have elevated antibodies to neurofilament subunit
    • Silber E, Semra Y K., Gregson N A. et al. Patients with progressive multiple sclerosis have elevated antibodies to neurofilament subunit. Neurology 2002 58 1372-1381 (Pubitemid 34507164)
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , Issue.9 , pp. 1372-1381
    • Silber, E.1    Semra, Y.K.2    Gregson, N.A.3    Sharief, M.K.4
  • 20
    • 0033999887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of T-cell responses by CNS antigen-presenting cells: Different roles for microglia and astrocytes
    • Aloisi F, Ria F, Adorini L. Regulation of T-cell responses by CNS antigen-presenting cells: different roles for microglia and astrocytes. Immunol Today 2000 21 141-147
    • (2000) Immunol Today , vol.21 , pp. 141-147
    • Aloisi, F.1    Ria, F.2    Adorini, L.3
  • 21
    • 0036602982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune and degenerative CNS diseases
    • DOI 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02154-9, PII S0166223602021549
    • Neumann H, Medana I M., Bauer J et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune and degenerative CNS diseases. Trends Neurosci 2002 25 313-319 (Pubitemid 34667013)
    • (2002) Trends in Neurosciences , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 313-319
    • Neumann, H.1    Medana, I.M.2    Bauer, J.3    Lassmann, H.4
  • 22
    • 0342906187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination
    • DOI 10.1002/1531-8249(200006)47:6<707::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-Q
    • Lucchinetti C, Brück W, Parisi J et al. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 2000 47 707-717 (Pubitemid 30390191)
    • (2000) Annals of Neurology , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 707-717
    • Lucchinetti, C.1    Bruck, W.2    Parisi, J.3    Scheithauer, B.4    Rodriguez, M.5    Lassmann, H.6
  • 23
    • 0037236381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aetiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
    • Niepel G G., Constantinescu C S. Aetiology and pathogenesis of Multiple sclerosis. Hosp Pharm 2003 10 13-16 (Pubitemid 36090930)
    • (2003) Hospital Pharmacist , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-16
    • Niepel, G.G.1
  • 24
    • 0035096330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: Implications for diagnosis and therapy
    • DOI 10.1016/S1471-4914(00)01909-2, PII S1471491400019092
    • Lassmann H, Brück W, Lucchinetti C. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Trends Mol Med 2001 7 115-121 (Pubitemid 32201673)
    • (2001) Trends in Molecular Medicine , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 115-121
    • Lassmann, H.1    Bruck, W.2    Lucchinetti, C.3
  • 25
    • 0036774951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axon pathology in neurological disease: A neglected therapeutic target
    • DOI 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02255-5, PII S0166223602022555
    • Coleman M P., Perry V H. Axon pathology in neurological disease: a neglected therapeutic target. Trends Neurosci 2002 25 532-537 (Pubitemid 35246324)
    • (2002) Trends in Neurosciences , vol.25 , Issue.10 , pp. 532-537
    • Coleman, M.P.1    Perry V.Hugh2
  • 27
    • 0031852514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/121.8.1469
    • De Stefano N, Matthews P M., Fu L et al. Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain 1998 121 1469-1477 (Pubitemid 28349900)
    • (1998) Brain , vol.121 , Issue.8 , pp. 1469-1477
    • De Stefano, N.1    Matthews, P.M.2    Fu, L.3    Narayanan, S.4    Stanley, J.5    Francis, G.S.6    Antel, J.P.7    Arnold, D.L.8
  • 28
    • 0031002545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/120.3.393
    • Ferguson B, Matyszak M K., Esiri M M. et al. Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 1997 120 393-399 (Pubitemid 27153632)
    • (1997) Brain , vol.120 , Issue.3 , pp. 393-399
    • Ferguson, B.1    Matyszak, M.K.2    Esiri, M.M.3    Perry, V.H.4
  • 29
    • 77955844059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging concepts in autoimmune encephalomyelitis beyond the CD 4 /T(H)1 paradigm
    • Batoulis H, Addicks K, Kuerten S. Emerging concepts in autoimmune encephalomyelitis beyond the CD 4 /T(H)1 paradigm. Ann Anat 2010 192 179-193
    • (2010) Ann Anat , vol.192 , pp. 179-193
    • Batoulis, H.1    Addicks, K.2    Kuerten, S.3
  • 30
    • 0345432117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of neurological deficits following extensive demyelination in a class I-deficient murine model of multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1038/nm0298-187
    • Rivera-Quiñones C, McGavern D, Schmelzer J D. et al. Absence of neurological deficits following extensive demyelination in a class I-deficient murine model of multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 1998 4 187-193 (Pubitemid 28137373)
    • (1998) Nature Medicine , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-193
    • Rivera-Quinones, C.1    McGavern, D.2    Schmelzer, J.D.3    Hunter, S.F.4    Low, P.A.5    Rodriguez, M.6
  • 31
    • 33846327273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of perforin expression confers axonal protection despite demyelination
    • DOI 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.10.001, PII S0969996106002531
    • Howe C L., Adelson J D., Rodriguez M. Absence of perforin expression confers axonal protection despite demyelination. Neurobiol Dis 2007 25 354-359 (Pubitemid 46124015)
    • (2007) Neurobiology of Disease , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 354-359
    • Howe, C.L.1    Adelson, J.D.2    Rodriguez, M.3
  • 32
    • 0034842960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transection of major histocompatibility complex class I-induced neurites by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
    • Medana I, Martinic M A., Wekerle H et al. Transection of major histocompatibility complex class I-induced neurites by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Am J Pathol 2001 159 809-815 (Pubitemid 32847171)
    • (2001) American Journal of Pathology , vol.159 , Issue.3 , pp. 809-815
    • Medana, I.1    Martinic, M.A.2    Wekerle, H.3    Neumann, H.4
  • 34
    • 0028297676 scopus 로고
    • Involvement of the cystine transport system xc- in the macrophage-induced glutamate-dependent cytotoxicity to neurons
    • Piani D, Fontana A. Involvement of the cystine transport system xc- in the macrophage-induced glutamate-dependent cytotoxicity to neurons. J Immunol 1994 152 3578-3585
    • (1994) J Immunol , vol.152 , pp. 3578-3585
    • Piani, D.1    Fontana, A.2
  • 35
    • 0033958462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1038/71555
    • Pitt D, Werner P, Raine C S. Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 2000 6 67-70 (Pubitemid 30048528)
    • (2000) Nature Medicine , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-70
    • Pitt, D.1    Werner, P.2    Raine, C.S.3
  • 37
    • 0031439343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide donors reversibly block axonal conduction: Demyelinated axons are especially susceptible
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/120.12.2149
    • Redford E J., Kapoor R, Smith K J. Nitric oxide donors reversibly block axonal conduction: demyelinated axons are especially susceptible. Brain 1997 120 2149-2157 (Pubitemid 28014591)
    • (1997) Brain , vol.120 , Issue.12 , pp. 2149-2157
    • Redford, E.J.1    Kapoor, R.2    Smith, K.J.3
  • 38
    • 0036135588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The membrane attack complex of complement causes severe demyelination associated with acute axonal injury
    • Mead R J., Singhrao S K., Neal J W. et al. The membrane attack complex of complement causes severe demyelination associated with acute axonal injury. J Immunol 2002 168 458-465 (Pubitemid 34014149)
    • (2002) Journal of Immunology , vol.168 , Issue.1 , pp. 458-465
    • Mead, R.J.1    Singhrao, S.K.2    Neal, J.W.3    Lassmann, H.4    Morgan, B.P.5
  • 39
    • 0034495294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous classical pathway activation and deficiency of membrane regulators render human neurons susceptible to complement lysis
    • Singhrao S K., Neal J W., Rushmere N K. et al. Spontaneous classical pathway activation and deficiency of membrane regulators render human neurons susceptible to complement lysis. Am J Pathol 2000 157 905-918 (Pubitemid 32109383)
    • (2000) American Journal of Pathology , vol.157 , Issue.3 , pp. 905-918
    • Singhrao, S.K.1    Neal, J.W.2    Rushmere, N.K.3    Morgan, B.P.4    Gasque, P.5
  • 40
    • 71849083196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is multiple sclerosis a mitochondrial disease
    • Mao P, Reddy P H. Is multiple sclerosis a mitochondrial disease? Biochim Biophys Acta 2010 1802 66-79
    • (2010) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1802 , pp. 66-79
    • Mao, P.1    Reddy, P.H.2
  • 41
    • 0037314215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal degeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction
    • DOI 10.1172/JCI200317741
    • Schon E A., Manfredi G. Neuronal degeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2003 111 303-312 (Pubitemid 36182203)
    • (2003) Journal of Clinical Investigation , vol.111 , Issue.3 , pp. 303-312
    • Schon, E.A.1    Manfredi, G.2
  • 43
    • 0031891884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, contrast- enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and quantitative lesion volumetry in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1002/ana.410430112
    • Narayana P A., Doyle T J., Lai D et al. Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative lesion volumetry in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1998 43 56-71 (Pubitemid 28124649)
    • (1998) Annals of Neurology , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 56-71
    • Narayana, P.A.1    Doyle, T.J.2    Lai, D.3    Wolinsky, J.S.4
  • 44
    • 0036791753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffuse axonal and tissue injury in patients with multiple sclerosis with low cerebral lesion load and no disability
    • De Stefano N, Narayanan S, Francis S J. et al. Diffuse axonal and tissue injury in patients with multiple sclerosis with low cerebral lesion load and no disability. Arch Neurol 2002 59 1565-1571
    • (2002) Arch Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 1565-1571
    • De Stefano, N.1    Narayanan, S.2    Francis, S.J.3
  • 46
    • 0033636136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal transport of amyloid precursor protein is mediated by direct binding to the kinesin light chain subunit of kinesin-I
    • Kamal A, Stokin G B., Yang Z et al. Axonal transport of amyloid precursor protein is mediated by direct binding to the kinesin light chain subunit of kinesin-I. Neuron 2000 28 449-459
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.28 , pp. 449-459
    • Kamal, A.1    Stokin, G.B.2    Yang, Z.3
  • 47
    • 0035818998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinesin-mediated axonal transport of a membrane compartment containing β-secretase and presenilin-1 requires APP
    • DOI 10.1038/414643a
    • Kamal A, Almenar-Queralt A, LeBlanc J F. et al. Kinesin-mediated axonal transport of a membrane compartment containing beta-secretase and presenilin-1 requires APP. Nature 2001 414 643-648 (Pubitemid 33151260)
    • (2001) Nature , vol.414 , Issue.6864 , pp. 643-648
    • Kamal, A.1    Almenar-Queralt, A.2    LeBlanc, J.F.3    Roberts, E.A.4    Goldstein, L.S.B.5
  • 48
    • 0036219610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APP on the move
    • DOI 10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02320-1, PII S1471491402023201
    • Müller U, Kins S. APP on the move. Trends Mol Med 2002 8 152-155 (Pubitemid 34297084)
    • (2002) Trends in Molecular Medicine , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 152-155
    • Muller, U.1    Kins, S.2
  • 49
    • 0036209175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies alter neurofilament spacing
    • Lunn M P., Crawford T O., Hughes R A. et al. Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies alter neurofilament spacing. Brain 2002 125 904-911 (Pubitemid 34279784)
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , Issue.4 , pp. 904-911
    • Lunn, M.P.T.1    Crawford, T.O.2    Hughes, R.A.C.3    Griffin, J.W.4    Sheikh, K.A.5
  • 50
    • 71249109336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early ultrastructural defects of axons and axon-glia junctions in mice lacking expression of Cnp1
    • Edgar J M., McLaughlin M, Werner H B. et al. Early ultrastructural defects of axons and axon-glia junctions in mice lacking expression of Cnp1. Glia 2009 57 1815-1824
    • (2009) Glia , vol.57 , pp. 1815-1824
    • Edgar, J.M.1    McLaughlin, M.2    Werner, H.B.3
  • 52
    • 70350455072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal transport defects in neurodegenerative diseases
    • 776-12 786
    • Morfini G A., Burns M, Binder L I. et al. Axonal transport defects in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci 2009 29 12 776-12 786
    • (2009) J Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 12
    • Morfini, G.A.1    Burns, M.2    Binder, L.I.3
  • 53
    • 0038452761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligodendrocytes promote neuronal survival and axonal length by distinct intracellular mechanisms: A novel role for oligodendrocyte-derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
    • Wilkins A, Majed H, Layfield R et al. Oligodendrocytes promote neuronal survival and axonal length by distinct intracellular mechanisms: a novel role for oligodendrocyte-derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurosci 2003 23 4967-4974 (Pubitemid 36793223)
    • (2003) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.23 , Issue.12 , pp. 4967-4974
    • Wilkins, A.1    Majed, H.2    Layfield, R.3    Compston, A.4    Chandran, S.5
  • 55
    • 0037122960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa010994
    • Chang A, Tourtellotte W W., Rudick R et al. Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2002 346 165-173 (Pubitemid 34438882)
    • (2002) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.346 , Issue.3 , pp. 165-173
    • Chang, A.1    Tourtellotte, W.W.2    Rudick, R.3    Trapp, B.D.4
  • 61
    • 1842845857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of the neuroprotective agent riluzole on MRI parameters in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A pilot study
    • DOI 10.1191/1352458502ms849xx
    • Kalkers N F., Barkhof F, Bergers E et al. The effect of the neuroprotective agent riluzole on MRI parameters in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Mult Scler 2002 8 532-533 (Pubitemid 35396406)
    • (2002) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp. 532-533
    • Kalkers, N.F.1    Barkhof, F.2    Bergers, E.3    Van Schijndel, R.4    Polman, C.H.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.