Modeling neurodegenerative disease pathophysiology in thiamine deficiency: Consequences of impaired oxidative metabolism

Neurochemistry International

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 248-260

  Jhala, Shivraj S ^a   Hazell, Alan S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Astrocyte; Excitotoxicity; Glutamate; Inflammation; Neurodegeneration; Oxidative stress; Vitamin B1

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 2; OXOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE; PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE; THIAMINE; TRANSKETOLASE; TRICARBOXYLIC ACID;

ALCOHOLISM; ASTROCYTE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN METABOLISM; BRAIN NECROSIS; CELL DEATH; CEREBELLUM; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIENCEPHALON; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXCITOTOXICITY; GLIOSIS; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; METABOLIC DISORDER; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; THIAMINE DEFICIENCY; WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY; WHITE MATTER;

EID: 79951577180     PISSN: 01970186     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.019     Document Type: Short Survey

References (242)

1. H. Aikawa, I.S. Watanabe, T. Furuse, Y. Iwasaki, E. Satoyoshi, T. Sumi, and T. Moroji Low energy levels in thiamine-deficient encephalopathy J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 43 1984 276 287 (Pubitemid 14106304)
2. P.S. Aisen, and K.L. Davis Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: implications for therapy Am. J. Psychiatry 151 1994 1105 1113 (Pubitemid 24240950)
3. L. Alexander, M. Pijoan, and A. Myerson Beriberi and scurvy Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 64 1938 135 139
4. I.V. Allen, G. Glover, and R. Anderson Abnormalities in the macroscopically normal white matter in cases of mild or spinal multiple sclerosis (MS) Acta Neuropathol. Suppl. 7 1981 176 178
5. D.N. Allen, G. Goldstein, and B.E. Seaton Cognitive rehabilitation of chronic alcohol abusers Neuropsychol. Rev. 7 1997 21 39 (Pubitemid 27363898)
6. M. Armstrong-James, D.T. Ross, F. Chen, and F.F. Ebner The effect of thiamine deficiency on the structure and physiology of the rat forebrain Metab. Brain Dis. 3 1988 91 124
7. J.L. Arriza, S. Eliasof, M.P. Kavanaugh, and S.G. Amara Excitatory amino acid transporter 5, a retinal glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride conductance Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 4155 4160 (Pubitemid 27180515)
8. M. Arundine, and M. Tymianski Molecular mechanisms of calcium-dependent neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity Cell Calcium 34 2003 325 337 (Pubitemid 37021228)
9. N.A. Avdulov, S.V. Chochina, U. Igbavboa, E.O. O'Hare, F. Schroeder, J.P. Cleary, and W.G. Wood Amyloid β-peptides increase annular and bulk fluidity and induce lipid peroxidation in brain synaptic plasma membranes J. Neurochem. 68 1997 2086 2091 (Pubitemid 27176146)
10. M.F. Beal, K.J. Swartz, S.F. Finn, M.F. Mazurek, and N.W. Kowall Neurochemical characterization of excitotoxin lesions in the cerebral cortex J. Neurosci. 11 1991 147 158
11. E. Beauchesne, P. Desjardins, A.S. Hazell, and R.F. Butterworth Endothelial NOS mediates blood-brain barrier alterations in the thiamine-deficient mouse brain J. Neurochem. 111 2009 452 459
12. E. Beauchesne, P. Desjardins, A.S. Hazell, and R.F. Butterworth Altered expression of tight junction proteins and matrix metalloproteinases in thiamine-deficient mouse brain Neurochem. Int. 55 2009 275 281
13. E. Beauchesne, P. Desjardins, R.F. Butterworth, and A.S. Hazell Up-regulation of caveolin-1 and blood-brain barrier breakdown are attenuated by N-acetylcysteine in thiamine deficiency Neurochem. Int. 57 2010 830 837
14. P.F. Behrens, P. Franz, B. Woodman, K.S. Lindenberg, and G.B. Landwehrmeyer Impaired glutamate transport and glutamate-glutamine cycling: downstream effects of the Huntington mutation Brain 125 2002 1908 1922
15. J. Benavides, D. Fage, C. Carter, and B. Scatton Peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites are a sensitive index of neuronal damage Brain Res. 421 1987 167 172 (Pubitemid 18021625)
16. M. Bergui, G.B. Bradac, J.J. Zhong, P.A. Barbero, and L. Durelli Diffusion-weighted MR in reversible Wernicke encephalopathy Neuroradiology 43 2001 969 972 (Pubitemid 33085704)
17. L. Bettendorff Thiamine in excitable tissues: reflections on a non-cofactor role Metab. Brain Dis. 9 1994 183 209 (Pubitemid 24308119)
18. E.M. Blanc, M. Toborek, R.J. Mark, B. Hennig, and M.P. Mattson Amyloid β-peptide induces cell monolayer albumin permeability, impairs glucose transport, and induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells J. Neurochem. 68 1997 1870 1881 (Pubitemid 27176122)
19. S. Bojinov Encephalitis with acute Parkinsonian syndrome and bilateral inflammatory necrosis of the substantia nigra J. Neurol. Sci. 12 1971 383 415
20. A. Bondarenko, and M. Chesler Rapid astrocyte death induced by transient hypoxia, acidosis, and extracellular ion shifts Glia 34 2001 134 142 (Pubitemid 32480592)
21. K. Bowman, R. Goodhart, and N. Jolliffe Observations of role of vitamin B1 in the etiology and treatment of Korsakoff psychosis J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 90 1939 569 575
22. E. Brouillet, B.G. Jenkins, B.T. Hyman, R.J. Ferrante, N.W. Kowall, R. Srivastava, D.S. Roy, B.R. Rosen, and M.F. Beal Age-dependent vulnerability of the striatum to the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid J. Neurochem. 60 1993 356 359 (Pubitemid 23006739)
23. D.R. Brown Neurodegeneration and oxidative stress: prion disease results from loss of antioxidant defence Folia Neuropathol. 43 2005 229 243 (Pubitemid 43109282)
24. R.F. Butterworth Cerebral thiamine-dependent enzyme changes in experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy Metab. Brain Dis. 1 1986 165 175
25. R.F. Butterworth Pathophysiology of alcoholic brain damage: synergistic effects of ethanol, thiamine deficiency and alcoholic liver disease Metab. Brain Dis. 10 1995 1 8
26. R.F. Butterworth, and M. Heroux Effect of pyrithiamine treatment and subsequent thiamine rehabilitation on regional cerebral amino acids and thiamine-dependent enzymes J. Neurochem. 52 1989 1079 1084 (Pubitemid 19085929)
27. R.F. Butterworth, and A.M. Besnard Thiamine-dependent enzyme changes in temporal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease Metab. Brain Dis. 5 1990 179 184
28. A. Cadete-Leite, M.C. Alves, and M.A. Tavares Lysosomal abnormalities in the pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex after chronic alcohol consumption and withdrawal J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 20 1988 115 122
29. A. Cagnin, D.J. Brooks, A.M. Kennedy, R.N. Gunn, R. Myers, F.E. Turkheimer, T. Jones, and R.B. Banati In-vivo measurement of activated microglia in dementia Lancet 358 2001 461 467 (Pubitemid 32769854)
30. N.Y. Calingasan, S.E. Gandy, H. Baker, K-F.R. Sheu, K-S. Kim, H.M. Wisniewski, and G.E. Gibson Accumulation of amyloid precursor protein-like immunoreactivity in rat brain in response to thiamine deficiency Brain Res. 677 1995 50 60
31. N.Y. Calingasan, H. Baker, K.F. Sheu, and G.E. Gibson Blood-brain barrier abnormalities in vulnerable brain regions during thiamine deficiency Exp. Neurol. 134 1995 64 72
32. N.Y. Calingasan, S.E. Gandy, H. Baker, K.F. Sheu, J.D. Smith, B.T. Lamb, J.D. Gearhart, J.D. Buxbaum, C. Harper, D.J. Selkoe, D.L. Price, S.S. Sisodia, and G.E. Gibson Novel neuritic clusters with accumulations of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 immunoreactivity in brain regions damaged by thiamine deficiency Am. J. Pathol. 149 1996 1063 1071 (Pubitemid 26334188)
33. N.Y. Calingasan, W.J. Chun, L.C. Park, K. Uchida, and G.E. Gibson Oxidative stress is associated with region-specific neuronal death during thiamine deficiency J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 58 1999 946 958 (Pubitemid 29441923)
34. N.Y. Calingasan, P.L. Huang, H.S. Chun, A. Fabian, and G.E. Gibson Vascular factors are critical in selective neuronal loss in an animal model of impaired oxidative metabolism J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 59 2000 207 217 (Pubitemid 30143879)
35. C.S. Casley, L. Canevari, J.M. Land, J.B. Clark, and M.A. Sharpe β-Amyloid inhibits integrated mitochondrial respiration and key enzyme activities J. Neurochem. 80 2002 91 100 (Pubitemid 34614581)
36. Y. Celik, and M. Kaya Brain SPECT findings in Wernicke's encephalopathy Neurol. Sci. 25 2004 23 26 (Pubitemid 38489144)
37. 13C NMR studies of metabolic compartmentation in the adult mammalian brain NMR Biomed. 12 1999 451 462 (Pubitemid 30017001)
38. K. Chadda, B. Raynard, S. Antoun, M. Thyrault, and G. Nitenberg Acute lactic acidosis with Wernicke's encephalopathy due to acute thiamine deficiency Intensive Care Med. 28 2002 1499
39. H. Chan, R.F. Butterworth, and A.S. Hazell Astrocytes respond to thiamine deficiency-induced swelling by downregulating aquaporin-4 levels Neurosci. Lett. 366 2004 231 234 (Pubitemid 39024271)
40. M.E. Charness Brain lesions in alcoholics Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 17 1993 2 11 (Pubitemid 23080961)
41. K. Chu, D.W. Kang, H.J. Kim, Y.S. Lee, and S.H. Park Diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities in Wernicke encephalopathy: reversible cytotoxic edema? Arch. Neurol. 59 2002 123 127 (Pubitemid 34052564)
42. G.H. Collins Glial cell changes in the brain stem of thiamine-deficient rats Am. J. Pathol. 50 1967 791 814
43. F. Colotta, N. Polentarutti, M. Sironi, and A. Mantovani Expression and involvement of c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes in programmed cell death induced by growth factor deprivation in lymphoid cell lines J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 18278 18283
44. C.C. Cook, P.M. Hallwood, and A.D. Thomson B Vitamin deficiency and neuropsychiatric syndromes in alcohol misuse Alcohol Alcohol. 33 1998 317 336 (Pubitemid 28380025)
45. J.R. Cooper, and J.H. Pincus The role of thiamine in nervous tissue Neurochem. Res. 4 1979 223 239 (Pubitemid 9244365)
46. J.R. Cooper, R.H. Roth, and M.M. Kini Biochemical and physiological function of thiamine in nervous tissue Nature 199 1963 609 610
47. K.M. Cullen, and G.M. Halliday Neuro fibrillary tangles in chronic alcoholics Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 21 1995 312 318
48. P.J. Cunha, and M.A. Novaes Neurocognitive assessment in alcohol abuse and dependence: implications for treatment Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 26 Suppl. 1 2004 S23 S27
49. M.C. Dalakas, J. Hatazawa, R.A. Brooks, and G. Di Chiro Lowered cerebral glucose utilization in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Ann. Neurol. 22 1987 580 586 (Pubitemid 17162899)
50. +]coupled l-glutamate transporter purified from rat brain is located in glial cell processes Neuroscience 51 1992 295 310
51. 18F]-FDG PET study Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 12 2006 155 164
52. H.E. De Wardener, and B. Lennox Cerebral beriberi (Wernicke's encephalopathy): review of 52 cases in a Singapore prisoner-of-war hospital Lancet 1 1947 11 17
53. D. Diorio, S.A. Welner, R.F. Butterworth, M.J. Meaney, and B.E. Suranyl-Cadotte Peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites in Alzheimer's disease frontal and temporal cortex Neurobiol. Aging 12 1991 255 258
54. P.R. Dodd, A.M. Beckmann, M.S. Davidson, and P.A. Wilce Glutamate-mediated transmission, alcohol, and alcoholism Neurochem. Int. 37 2000 509 533 (Pubitemid 30386988)
55. M. Dragunow, D. Young, P. Hughes, G. MacGibbon, P. Lawlor, K. Singleton, E. Sirimanne, E. Beilharz, and P. Gluckman Is c-jun involved in nerve cell death following status epilepticus and hypoxic-ischemic injury? Mol. Brain Res. 18 1993 347 352
56. P.M. Dreyfus The quantitative histochemical distribution of thiamine in normal rat brain J. Neurochem. 4 1959 183 190
57. S. Estus, W.J. Zaks, R.S. Freeman, M. Gruda, R. Bravo, and E.M. Johnson Jr. Altered gene expression in neurons during programmed cell death: identification of c-jun as necessary for neuronal apoptosis J. Cell Biol. 127 1994 1717 1727 (Pubitemid 24380908)
58. W.A. Fairman, R.J. Vandenberg, J.L. Arriza, M.P. Kavanaugh, and S.G. Amara An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel Nature 375 1995 599 603
59. G. Forloni, R. Chiesa, S. Smiroldo, L. Verga, M. Salmona, F. Tagliavini, and N. Angeretti Apoptosis mediated neurotoxicity induced by chronic application of B amyloid fragment 25-35 Neuroreport 4 1993 523 526 (Pubitemid 23153980)
60. J.M. Fox, and W. Duppel The action of thiamine and its di- and triphosphates on the slow exponential decline of the ionic currents in the node of Ranvier Brain Res. 89 1975 287 302
61. F. Francini-Pesenti, F. Brocadello, R. Manara, L. Santelli, A. Laroni, and L. Caregaro Wernicke's syndrome during parenteral feeding: not an unusual complication Nutrition 25 2009 142 146
62. G. Freund The effects of chronic alcohol and vitamin E consumption on aging pigments and learning performance in mice Life Sci. 24 1979 145 151 (Pubitemid 9117391)
63. D.N. Furness, Y. Dehnes, A.Q. Akhtar, D.J. Rossi, M. Hamann, N.J. Grutle, V. Gundersen, S. Holmseth, K.P. Lehre, K. Ullensvang, M. Wojewodzic, Y. Zhou, D. Attwell, and N.C. Danbolt A quantitative assessment of glutamate uptake into hippocampal synaptic terminals and astrocytes: new insights into a neuronal role for excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) Neuroscience 157 2008 80 94
64. M.D. Gaitonde, N.A. Fayein, and A.L. Johnson Decreased metabolism in vivo of glucose into amino acids of the brain of thiamine-deficient rats after treatment with pyrithiamine J. Neurochem. 24 1975 1215 1223
65. J.H. Garcia The neuropathology of stroke Hum. Pathol. 6 1975 583 598
66. S. Gaytan-Garcia, J.J. Gilbert, J.H. Deck, and J.C. Kaufmann Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease associated with Wernicke encephalopathy Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 15 1988 156 160
67. A. Gerhard, R.B. Banati, G.B. Goerres, A. Cagnin, R. Myers, R.N. Gunn, F. Turkheimer, C.D. Good, C.J. Mathias, N. Quinn, J. Schwarz, and D.J. Brooks [11C](R)-PK11195 PET imaging of microglial activation in multiple system atrophy Neurology 61 2003 686 689 (Pubitemid 37082607)
68. G.E. Gibson, and J.P. Blass Thiamine-dependent processes and treatment strategies in neurodegeneration Antioxid. Redox Signal. 9 2007 1605 1619 (Pubitemid 47462965)
69. G.E. Gibson, H. Ksiezak-Reding, K.F. Sheu, V. Mykytyn, and J.P. Blass Correlation of enzymatic, metabolic, and behavioral deficits in thiamin deficiency and its reversal Neurochem. Res. 9 1984 803 814 (Pubitemid 14030901)
70. G.E. Gibson, L.C. Park, K.F. Sheu, J.P. Blass, and N.Y. Calingasan The alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in neurodegeneration Neurochem. Int. 36 2000 97 112
71. G.E. Gibson, K.F. Sheu, J.P. Blass, A. Baker, K.C. Carlson, B. Harding, and P. Perrino Reduced activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes in the brains and peripheral tissues of patients with Alzheimer's disease Arch. Neurol. 45 1988 836 840
72. S. Gilman, K. Adams, R.A. Koeppe, S. Berent, K.J. Kluin, J.G. Modell, P. Kroll, and J.A. Brunberg Cerebellar and frontal hypometabolism in alcoholic cerebellar degeneration studied with positron emission tomography Ann. Neurol. 28 1990 775 785
73. C.J. Gubler, B.L. Adams, B. Hammond, E.G. Yuan, S.M. Guo, and M. Bennion Effect of thiamine deprivation and thiamine antagonists on the level of G-aminobutyric acid and on 2-oxoglutarate metabolism in rat brain J. Neurochem. 22 1974 831 836
74. W. Guenther, and I.S. Neu Investigation of the blood-brain barrier for IgG in inflammatory syndromes of the central nervous system Eur. Neurol. 23 1984 132 136 (Pubitemid 14174486)
75. H. Guo, L. Lai, M.E. Butchbach, M.P. Stockinger, X. Shan, G.A. Bishop, and C.L. Lin Increased expression of the glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 modulates excitotoxicity and delays the onset but not the outcome of ALS in mice Hum. Mol. Genet. 12 2003 2519 2532 (Pubitemid 37220416)
76. A.M. Hakim The induction and reversibility of cerebral acidosis in thiamine deficiency Ann. Neurol. 16 1984 673 679 (Pubitemid 15177671)
77. A.M. Hakim, and H.M. Pappius The effect of thiamine deficiency on local cerebral glucose utilization Ann. Neurol. 9 1981 334 339 (Pubitemid 11106549)
78. A.M. Hakim, and H.M. Pappius Sequence of metabolic, clinical, and histological events in experimental thiamine deficiency Ann. Neurol. 13 1983 365 375 (Pubitemid 13116641)
79. A.M. Hakim, S. Carpenter, and H.M. Pappius Metabolic and histological reversibility of thiamine deficiency J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 3 1983 468 477 (Pubitemid 14182291)
80. N. Harata, and Y. Iwasaki Evidence for early blood-brain barrier breakdown in experimental thiamine deficiency in the mouse Metab. Brain Dis. 10 1995 159 174
81. A.J. Harding, G.M. Halliday, J.L. Ng, C.G. Harper, and J.J. Kril Loss of vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons in alcoholics is dose-related and time-dependent Neuroscience 72 1996 699 708 (Pubitemid 26126010)
82. A. Harding, G. Halliday, D. Caine, and J. Kril Degeneration of anterior thalamic nuclei differentiates alcoholics with amnesia Brain 123 2000 141 154 (Pubitemid 30037976)
83. C. Harper, and J. Kril Patterns of neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex in chronic alcoholic patients J. Neurol. Sci. 92 1989 81 89 (Pubitemid 19217348)
84. C. Harper The neuropathology of alcohol-related brain damage Alcohol Alcohol. 44 2009 136 140
85. C.G. Harper, and P.C. Blumbergs Brain weights in alcoholics J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 45 1982 838 840 (Pubitemid 12058189)
86. C. Harper, and I. Matsumoto Ethanol and brain damage Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 5 2005 73 78 (Pubitemid 40124538)
87. C.G. Harper, M. Giles, and R. Finlay-Jones Clinical signs in the Wernicke-Korsakoff complex: a retrospective analysis of 131 cases diagnosed at necropsy J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 49 1986 341 345 (Pubitemid 16116131)
88. +-dependent glutamate uptake in rat hippocampal astrocyte cultures J. Neurochem. 67 1996 277 286 (Pubitemid 26185607)
89. A.S. Hazell Excitotoxic mechanisms in stroke: an update of concepts and treatment strategies Neurochem. Int. 50 2007 941 953 (Pubitemid 46962821)
90. 2+-independent process in the thalamus of the thiamine deficient rat J. Neurochem. (Suppl.) 62 1994 S104
91. A.S. Hazell, R.F. Butterworth, and A.M. Hakim Cerebral vulnerability is associated with selective increase in extracellular glutamate concentration in experimental thiamine deficiency J. Neurochem. 61 1993 1155 1158 (Pubitemid 23241260)
92. A.S. Hazell, Y. Itzhak, H. Liu, and M.D. Norenberg 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2, 3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) decreases glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes J. Neurochem. 68 1997 2216 2219 (Pubitemid 27176161)
93. A.S. Hazell, K.G. Todd, and R.F. Butterworth Mechanisms of neuronal cell death in Wernicke's encephalopathy Metab. Brain Dis. 13 1998 97 122 (Pubitemid 28350746)
94. A.S. Hazell, A.M. Hakim, M.K. Senterman, and M.J. Hogan Regional activation of L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels in experimental thiamine deficiency J. Neurosci. Res. 52 1998 742 749 (Pubitemid 28300054)
95. A.S. Hazell, L. McGahan, W. Tetzlaff, A.M. Bedard, G.S. Robertson, Y. Nakabeppu, and A.M. Hakim Immediate-early gene expression in the brain of the thiamine-deficient rat J. Mol. Neurosci. 10 1998 1 15 (Pubitemid 28292945)
96. A.S. Hazell, K.V. Rao, N.C. Danbolt, D.V. Pow, and R.F. Butterworth Selective down-regulation of the astrocyte glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST within the medial thalamus in experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy J. Neurochem. 78 2001 560 568 (Pubitemid 32729984)
97. A.S. Hazell, P. Pannunzio, K.V. Rama Rao, D.V. Pow, and A. Rambaldi Thiamine deficiency results in downregulation of the GLAST glutamate transporter in cultured astrocytes Glia 43 2003 175 184 (Pubitemid 36897278)
98. A.S. Hazell, D. Sheedy, R. Oanea, M. Aghourian, S. Sun, J.Y. Jung, D. Wang, and C. Wang Loss of astrocytic glutamate transporters in Wernicke encephalopathy Glia 58 2010 148 156
99. J. He, and F.T. Crews Increased MCP-1 and microglia in various regions of the human alcoholic brain Exp. Neurol. 210 2008 349 358
100. M. Héroux, V.L. Raghavendra Rao, J. Lavoie, J.S. Richardson, and R.F. Butterworth Alterations of thiamine phosphorylation and of thiamine-dependent enzymes in Alzheimer's disease Metab. Brain Dis. 11 1996 81 88 (Pubitemid 26101014)
101. M.A. Herman, and C.E. Jahr Extracellular glutamate concentration in hippocampal slice J. Neurosci. 27 2007 9736 9741 (Pubitemid 47492175)
102. L. Hertz, and L. Peng Energy metabolism at the cellular level of the CNS Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 70 Suppl. 1992 S145 S157
103. J. Holowach, F. Kauffman, M.G. Ikossi, C. Thomas, and D.B. McDougal Jr. The effects of a thiamine antagonist, pyrithiamine, on levels of selected metabolic intermediates and on activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes in brain and liver J. Neurochem. 15 1968 621 631
104. Y. Itokawa Thiamine and nervous system function: an historical sketch Metab. Brain Dis. 11 1996 1 7 (Pubitemid 126707092)
105. Y. Itokawa, and J.R. Cooper Ion movements and thiamine. II. The release of the vitamin from membrane fragments Biochim. Biophys. Acta 196 1970 274 284
106. 18F]fluorodeoxyglucose differentiates normal pressure hydrocephalus from Alzheimer-type dementia J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 48 1985 1091 1096 (Pubitemid 16248143)
107. L.W. Jenkins, D.P. Becher, and T.H. Coburn A quantitative analysis of glial swelling and ischemic neuronal injury following complete cerebral ischemia T.G. Go, A. Baethmann, Recent Progress in the Study and Therapy of Brain Edema 1984 Plenum New York 523 537
108. E.M. Joyce Aetiology of alcoholic brain damage: alcoholic neurotoxicity or thiamine malnutrition? Br. Med. Bull. 50 1994 99 114 (Pubitemid 24097034)
109. H. Kalimo, S. Rehncrona, B. Söderfeldt, Y. Olsson, and B.K. Siesjö Brain lactic acidosis and ischemic cell damage: 2. Histopathology J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1 1981 313 327 (Pubitemid 12246554)
110. Y. Kanai, and M.A. Hediger Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter Nature 360 1992 467 471
111. S.S. Karuppagounder, Q. Shi, H. Xu, and G.E. Gibson Changes in inflammatory processes associated with selective vulnerability following mild impairment of oxidative metabolism Neurobiol. Dis. 26 2007 353 362 (Pubitemid 46561338)
112. Z.J. Ke, W.M. Bowen, and G.E. Gibson Peripheral inflammatory mechanisms modulate microglial activation in response to mild impairment of oxidative metabolism Neurochem. Int. 49 2006 548 556 (Pubitemid 44192598)
113. R.M. Kessler, C.M. Clark, E.S. Parker, P. Martin, L. Sokoloff, M.H. Ebert, and M. Mishkin Regional cerebral glucose use in patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome Clin. Nucl. Med. (Abstr.) 9 1984 65
114. + medium causes inhibition of glutamate and aspartate uptake and increases their release J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15 1995 409 416
115. H.W. Kinnersley, and R.A. Peters Brain localization of lactic acidosis in avitaminosis Bl and its relation to the origin of symptoms Biochem. J. 24 1930 711 722
116. B. Kis, M.A. Deli, H. Kobayashi, C.S. Abrahám, T. Yanagita, H. Kaiya, T. Isse, R. Nishi, S. Gotoh, K. Kangawa, A. Wada, J. Greenwood, M. Niwa, H. Yamashita, and Y. Ueta Adrenomedullin regulates blood-brain barrier functions in vitro Neuroreport 12 2001 4139 4142 (Pubitemid 33152467)
117. L.A. Knackstedt, R.I. Melendez, and P.W. Kalivas Ceftriaxone restores glutamate homeostasis and prevents relapse to cocaine seeking Biol. Psychiatry 67 2010 81 84
118. J.J. Kril Neuropathology of thiamine deficiency disorders Metab. Brain Dis. 11 1996 9 17 (Pubitemid 26101009)
119. J. Kril, G. Halliday, H. Cartwright, and M. Svoboda Neuronal changes in the cerebral cortex of chronic alcoholics Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 18 1994 35A
120. J.J. Kril, G.M. Halliday, M.D. Svoboda, and H. Cartwright The cerebral cortex is damaged in chronic alcoholics Neuroscience 79 1997 983 998 (Pubitemid 27293752)
121. J.-Y. Koh, L.L. Yang, and C.W. Cotman β-Amyloid protein increases the vulnerability of cultured cortical neurons to excitotoxic damage Brain Res. 533 1990 315 320 (Pubitemid 20377714)
122. M. Kruse, D. Navarro, P. Desjardins, and R.F. Butterworth Increased brain endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in thiamine deficiency: relationship to selective vulnerability Neurochem. Int. 45 2004 49 56 (Pubitemid 38479563)
123. P.J. Langlais, G. Anderson, S.X. Guo, and S.C. Bondy Increased cerebral free radical production during thiamine deficiency Metab. Brain Dis. 12 1997 137 143 (Pubitemid 27264265)
124. P.J. Langlais, and T. Hall Thiamine deficiency-induced disruptions in the diurnal rhythm and regulation of body temperature in the rat Metab. Brain Dis. 13 1998 225 239 (Pubitemid 28493684)
125. P.J. Langlais, and R.G. Mair Protective effects of the glutamate antagonist MK-801 on pyrithiamine-induced lesions and amino acid changes in rat brain J. Neurosci. 10 1990 1664 1674
126. P.J. Langlais, R.J. Mandel, and R.G. Mair Diencephalic lesions, learning impairments, and intact retrograde memory following acute thiamine deficiency in the rat Behav. Brain Res. 48 1992 177 185
127. P.J. Langlais, and S.X. Zhang Extracellular glutamate is increased in thalamus during thiamine deficiency-induced lesions and is blocked by MK-801 J. Neurochem. 61 1993 2175 2182 (Pubitemid 23354076)
128. P.J. Langlais, and S.X. Zhang Cortical and subcortical white matter damage without Wernicke's encephalopathy after recovery from thiamine deficiency in the rat Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 21 1997 434 443 (Pubitemid 27217187)
129. P.J. Langlais, S.X. Zhang, and L.M. Savage Neuropathology of thiamine deficiency: an update on the comparative analysis of human disorders and experimental models Metab. Brain Dis. 11 1996 19 37 (Pubitemid 26101010)
130. C.M. Lauderback, J.M. Hackett, F.F. Huang, J.N. Keller, L.I. Szweda, W.R. Markesbery, and D.A. Butterfield The glial glutamate transporter, GLT-1, is oxidatively modified by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the Alzheimer's disease brain: the role of Aβ1-42 J. Neurochem. 78 2001 413 416 (Pubitemid 32664423)
131. 2+-dependent release of glutamate from rat hippocampal slices Metab. Brain Dis. 6 1991 125 132
132. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: elucidation of the dominant pathway for neurotransmitter glutamate repletion and measurement of astrocytic oxidative metabolism J. Neurosci. 22 2002 1523 1531 (Pubitemid 35386271)
133. M. Ledig, J.R. M'Paria, and P. Mandel Superoxide dismutase activity in rat brain during acute and chronic alcohol intoxication Neurochem. Res. 6 1981 385 390 (Pubitemid 11127762)
134. K.P. Lehre, L.M. Levy, O.P. Ottersen, J. Storm-Mathisen, and N.C. Danbolt Differential expression of two glial glutamate transporters in the rat brain: quantitative and immunocytochemical observations J. Neurosci. 15 1995 1835 1853
135. 3H]PK11195 in vulnerable regions of the rat brain in thiamine deficiency encephalopathy J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14 1994 100 105
136. S. Li, M. Mallory, M. Alford, S. Tanaka, and E. Masliah Glutamate transporter alterations in Alzheimer disease are possibly associated with abnormal APP expression J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56 1997 901 911 (Pubitemid 27329111)
137. M.T. Lin, and M.F. Beal Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases Nature 443 2006 787 795 (Pubitemid 44622683)
138. C.L. Lin, L.A. Bristol, L. Jin, M. Dykes-Hoberg, T. Crawford, L. Clawson, and J.D. Rothstein Aberrant RNA processing in a neurodegenerative disease: the cause for absent EAAT2, a glutamate transporter, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neuron 20 1998 589 602 (Pubitemid 28153087)
139. J. Long, C. Liu, L. Sun, H. Gao, and J. Liu Neuronal mitochondrial toxicity of malondialdehyde: inhibitory effects on respiratory function and enzyme activities in rat brain mitochondria Neurochem. Res. 34 2009 786 794
140. D.T. Loo, A. Copani, C.J. Pike, E.R. Whittemore, A.J. Walencewicz, and C.W. Cotman Apoptosis is induced by beta-amyloid in cultured central nervous system neurons Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 1993 7951 7955 (Pubitemid 23260832)
141. D. Lovatt, U. Sonnewald, H.S. Waagepetersen, A. Schousboe, W. He, J.H. Lin, X. Han, T. Takano, S. Wang, F.J. Sim, S.A. Goldman, and M. Nedergaard The transcriptome and metabolic gene signature of protoplasmic astrocytes in the adult murine cortex J. Neurosci. 27 2007 12255 12266 (Pubitemid 350085462)
142. S.A. Luse, F.A. Mettler, and W. Blank An ultrastructural study of lesions induced by sodium azide in the primate brain Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 95 1970 57 58
143. K. Mann, K. Ackermann, B. Croissant, G. Mundle, H. Nakovics, and A. Diehl Neuroimaging of gender differences in alcohol dependence: are women more vulnerable? Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 29 2005 896 901 (Pubitemid 40686561)
144. H.J. Manz, and D.M. Robertson Vascular permeability to horseradish peroxidase in brainstem lesions of thiamine-deficient rats Am. J. Pathol. 66 1972 565 576
145. M. Maschke, J. Weber, U. Bonnet, A. Dimitrova, J. Bohrenkämper, S. Sturm, B.W. Müller, M. Gastpar, H.C. Diener, M. Forsting, and D. Timmann Vermal atrophy of alcoholics correlate with serum thiamine levels but not with dentate iron concentrations as estimated by MRI J. Neurol. 252 2005 704 711 (Pubitemid 40864045)
146. E. Masliah, M. Alford, R. DeTeresa, M. Mallory, and L. Hansen Deficient glutamate transport is associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease Ann. Neurol. 40 1996 759 766 (Pubitemid 26415188)
147. F. Mastrogiacoma, J.G. Lindsay, L. Bettendorff, J. Rice, and S.J. Kish Brain protein and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity in Alzheimer's disease Ann. Neurol. 39 1996 592 598 (Pubitemid 26143597)
148. P. Mathew, D.I. Graham, R. Bullock, W. Maxwell, J. McCulloch, and G. Teasdale Focal brain injury: histological evidence of delayed inflammatory response in a new rodent model of focal cortical injury Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien) 60 1994 428 430
149. K. Matsushima, J.P. MacManus, and A.M. Hakim Apoptosis is restricted to the thalamus in thiamine-deficient rats Neuroreport 8 1997 867 870 (Pubitemid 27152136)
150. M.P. Mattson, B. Cheng, D. Davis, K. Bryant, I. Lieberburg, and R.E. Rydel β-Amyloid peptide destabilized calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity J. Neurosci. 12 1992 376 389
151. D.W. McCandless Energy metabolism in the lateral vestibular nucleus in pyrithiamin-induced thiamin deficiency Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 378 1982 355 364 (Pubitemid 12079916)
152. D.W. McCandless, and S. Schenker Encephalopathy of thiamine deficiency: studies of intracerebral mechanisms J. Clin. Invest. 47 1968 2268 2280
153. J.R. McDowell, and H.J. LeBlanc Computed tomographic findings in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Arch. Neurol. 41 1984 453 454 (Pubitemid 14167825)
154. J.W. Mensing, P.H. Hoogland, and J.L. Slooff Computed tomography in the diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy: a radiological-neuropathological correlation Ann. Neurol. 16 1984 363 365 (Pubitemid 14041775)
155. T. Meyer, A. Fromm, C. Munch, B. Schwalenstöcker, A.E. Fray, P.G. Ince, S. Stamm, G. Grön, A.C. Ludolph, and P.J. Shaw The RNA of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 is variably spliced in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and normal individuals J. Neurol. Sci. 170 1999 45 50 (Pubitemid 29502534)
156. M.Y. Morgan Nutritional aspects of liver and biliary disease J. Bircher, J.P. Benhamou, N. McIntyre, M. Rizzetto, J. Rode's, Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology 1999 Oxford Medical Publication Oxford 1923 1981
157. J.I. Morgan, and T. Curran Role of ion flux in the control of c-fos expression Nature 322 1986 552 555 (Pubitemid 16049206)
158. T. Morishima, M. Aoyama, Y. Iida, N. Yamamoto, H. Hirate, H. Arima, Y. Fujita, H. Sasano, T. Tsuda, H. Katsuya, K. Asai, and K. Sobue Lactic acid increases aquaporin 4 expression on the cell membrane of cultured rat astrocytes Neurosci. Res. 61 2008 18 26
159. P.J. Mulholland Susceptibility of the cerebellum to thiamine deficiency Cerebellum 5 2006 55 63
160. P. Munujos, M. Vendrell, and I. Ferrer Proto-oncogene c-fos induction in thiamine-deficient encephalopathy. Protective effects of nicardipine on pyrithiamine-induced lesions J. Neurol. Sci. 118 1993 175 180 (Pubitemid 23268388)
161. T.H. Murphy, P.P. Worley, and J.M. Baraban L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels mediate synaptic activation of immediate-early genes Neuron 7 1991 625 635
162. R.E. Myers Lactic acid accumulation as cause of brain edema and cerebral necrosis resulting from oxygen deprivation R. Korobkin, G. Guilleminault, Advances in Perinatal Neurology 1979 Spectrum New York 85 114
163. 3H-PK11195 binding in rat cerebral cortex following a local ischaemic lesion J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11 1991 314 322
164. M. Nagai, K. Abe, K. Okamoto, and Y. Itoyama Identification of alternative splicing forms of GLT-1 mRNA in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients Neurosci. Lett. 244 1998 165 168 (Pubitemid 28226317)
165. T. Nagashima, M. Okawa, T. Kitamoto, H. Takahashi, Y. Ishihara, Y. Ozaki, and K. Nagashima Wernicke encephalopathy-like symptoms as an early manifestation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a chronic alcoholic J. Neurol. Sci. 163 1999 192 198 (Pubitemid 29234246)
166. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy J. Neurosci. Res. 79 2005 33 41 (Pubitemid 40116415)
167. M. Netravathi, S. Sinha, A.B. Taly, P.S. Bindu, and R.D. Bharath Hyperemesis gravidarum induced Wernicke's encephalopathy: serial clinical, electrophysiological and MR imaging observations J. Neurol. Sci. 284 2009 214 216
168. P.F. Nixon, L. Jordan, C. Zimitat, S.E. Rose, and F. Zelaya Choroid plexus dysfunction: the initial event in the pathogenesis of Wernicke's encephalopathy and ethanol intoxication Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 32 2008 1513 1523
169. M. Oka, S. Terae, R. Kobayashi, K. Kudoh, B.C. Chu, K. Kaneko, M. Yoshida, M. Kaneda, Y. Suzuki, and K. Miyasaka Diffusion-weighted MR findings in a reversible case of acute Wernicke encephalopathy Acta Neurol. Scand. 104 2001 178 181 (Pubitemid 32831782)
170. J.W. Olney Glutamate-induced neuronal necrosis in the infant mouse hypothalamus. An electron microscopic study J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 30 1971 75 90
171. M. Oscar-Berman Neuropsychological vulnerabilities in chronic alcoholism Review of NIAAA's Neuroscience and Behavioral Research Portfolio, NIAAA 34 2000 pp. 437-471
172. Y. Ouchi, S. Yagi, M. Yokokura, and M. Sakamoto Neuroinflammation in the living brain of Parkinson's disease Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 15 Suppl. 3 2009 S200 S204
173. 3H-flunitrazepam binding in kainate-lesioned rat striatum and in temporal cortex of brains from patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type Brain Res. 278 1983 373 375 (Pubitemid 14206178)
174. V. Papadopoulos Peripheral-type benzodiazepine diazepam binding inhibitor receptor: biological role in steroidogenic cell function Endocr. Rev. 14 1993 222 240 (Pubitemid 23118419)
175. L. Pellerin, A.K. Bouzier-Sore, A. Aubert, S. Serres, M. Merle, R. Costalat, and P.J. Magistretti Activity-dependent regulation of energy metabolism by astrocytes: an update Glia 55 2007 1251 1262 (Pubitemid 47235366)
176. A. Pentschew, and F. Garro Lead encephalo-myelopathy of the suckling rat and its implications on the porphyrinopathic nervous diseases. With special reference to the permeability disorders of the nervous system's capillaries Acta Neuropathol. 6 1966 266 278
177. R.A. Peters The biochemical lesion in vitamin Bl deficiency Lancet 1 1936 1161 1165
178. S.C. Phillips, C.G. Harper, and J. Kril A quantitative histological study of the cerebellar vermis in alcoholic patients Brain 110 1987 301 314 (Pubitemid 17055814)
179. S.C. Phillips, C.G. Harper, and J.J. Kril The contribution of Wernicke's encephalopathy to alcohol-related cerebellar damage Drug Alcohol Rev. 9 1990 53 60
180. G. Pines, N.C. Danbolt, M. Bjoras, Y. Zhang, A. Bendahan, L. Eide, H. Koepsell, J. Storm-Mathisen, E. Seeberg, and B.I. Kanner Cloning and expression of a rat brain l-glutamate transporter Nature 360 1992 464 467
181. C.B. Pocernich, and D.A. Butterfield Acrolein inhibits NADH-linked mitochondrial enzyme activity: implications for Alzheimer's disease Neurotox. Res. 5 2003 515 520
182. L. Qin, J. He, R.N. Hanes, O. Pluzarev, J.S. Hong, and F.T. Crews Increased systemic and brain cytokine production and neuroinflammation by endotoxin following ethanol treatment J. Neuroinflammation 5 2008 10
183. D.M. Robertson, S.M. Wasan, and D.B. Skinner Ultrastructural features of early brain stem lesions of thiamine-deficient rats Am. J. Pathol. 52 1968 1081 1097
184. D.M. Robertson, H.J. Manz, R.A. Haas, and N. Meyers Glucose uptake in the brainstem of thiamine-deficient rats Am. J. Pathol. 79 1975 107 118
185. J.D. Rothstein, G. Tsai, R.W. Kuncl, L. Clawson, D.R. Cornblath, D.B. Drachman, A. Pestronk, B.L. Stauch, and J.T. Coyle Abnormal excitatory amino acid metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Ann. Neurol. 28 1990 18 25 (Pubitemid 20222147)
186. J.D. Rothstein, L.J. Martin, and R.W. Kuncl Decreased glutamate transport by the brain and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis N. Engl. J. Med. 326 1992 1464 1468
187. J.D. Rothstein, L. Martin, A.I. Levey, M. Dykes-Hoberg, L. Jin, D. Wu, N. Nash, and R.W. Kuncl Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters Neuron 13 1994 713 725 (Pubitemid 24300175)
188. J.D. Rothstein, M. Van Kammen, A.I. Levey, L.J. Martin, and R.W. Kuncl Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Ann. Neurol. 38 1995 73 84
189. J.D. Rothstein, S. Patel, M.R. Regan, C. Haenggeli, Y.H. Huang, D.E. Bergles, L. Jin, M. Dykes Hoberg, S. Vidensky, D.S. Chung, S.V. Toan, L.I. Bruijn, Z.Z. Su, P. Gupta, and P.B. Fisher Beta-lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression Nature 433 2005 73 77 (Pubitemid 40101145)
190. F.A. Schanne, A.B. Kane, E.E. Young, and J.L. Farber Calcium dependence of toxic cell death: a final common pathway Science 206 1979 700 702 (Pubitemid 10203221)
191. 3H-Ro5-4864 benzodiazepine binding in the kainate lesioned striatum and Huntington's diseased basal ganglia Brain Res. 248 1982 396 401 (Pubitemid 12024439)
192. R. Schoental, and J.B. Cavanagh Mechanisms involved in the 'dying-back' process - an hypothesis implicating coenzymes Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 3 1977 145 157 (Pubitemid 8115580)
193. W. Scholz Histologische und topische Veränderungen und Vulnerabilitätsverhältnisse im menschlichen Gehirn bei Sauerstoffmangel, Ödem und plasmatischen Infiltration. I. Problemstellung und feingewebliche Situation Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 181 1949 621 665
194. G. Schroth, W. Grodd, L. Guhl, M. Grauer, U. Klose, and H.-P. Niendorf Magnetic resonance imaging in small lesions of the central nervous system. Improvement by gadolinium-DTPA Acta Radiol. 28 1987 667 672 (Pubitemid 18041769)
195. G. Schroth, W. Wichmann, and A. Valavanis Blood-brain-barrier disruption in acute Wernicke encephalopathy: MR findings J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15 1991 1059 1061
196. S. Serres, G. Raffard, J.M. Franconi, and M. Merle Close coupling between astrocytic and neuronal metabolisms to fulfill anaplerotic and energy needs in the rat brain J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 28 2008 712 724 (Pubitemid 351432784)
197. S. Sharma, and M. Ebadi SPECT neuroimaging in translational research of CNS disorders Neurochem. Int. 52 2008 352 362
198. A.Y. Shih, H. Erb, X. Sun, S. Toda, P.W. Kalivas, and T.H. Murphy Cystine/glutamate exchange modulates glutathione supply for neuroprotection from oxidative stress and cell proliferation J. Neurosci. 26 2006 10514 10523 (Pubitemid 44564602)
199. A.P. Shimamura, T.L. Jernigan, and L.R. Squire Korsakoff's syndrome: radiological (CT) findings and neuropsychological correlates J. Neurosci. 8 1988 4400 4410 (Pubitemid 19017420)
200. E. Solá, C. Morillas, S. Garzón, J.M. Ferrer, J. Martín, and A. Hernández-Mijares Rapid onset of Wernicke's encephalopathy following gastric restrictive surgery Obes. Surg. 13 2003 661 662 (Pubitemid 36951753)
201. T. Storck, S. Schulte, K. Hofmann, and W. Stoffel Structure, expression, and functional analysis of a Na(+)-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter from rat brain Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 1992 10955 10959
202. E.V. Sullivan, and A. Pfefferbaum Neuroimaging of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Alcohol Alcohol. 44 2009 155 165
203. R.L. Swank Avian thiamin deficiency. A correlation of pathology and clinical behaviour J. Exp. Med. 71 1940 683 702
204. A.J. Swenson, and E.K. St Louis Computed tomography findings in thiamine deficiency-induced coma Neurocrit. Care 5 2006 45 48 (Pubitemid 44379152)
205. - co-transport activity in cultured human astrocytes Neurosci. Lett. 70 1986 369 373 (Pubitemid 16024883)
206. A.D. Thomson, H. Baker, and C.M. Leevy Patterns of 35S-thiamine hydrochloride absorption in the malnourished alcoholic patient J. Lab. Clin. Med. 76 1970 34 45
207. A.D. Thomson, M.D. Jeyasingham, O.E. Pratt, and G.K. Shaw Nutrition and alcoholic encephalopathies Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 717 1987 55 65 (Pubitemid 17123744)
208. K.G. Todd, and R.F. Butterworth Immunohistochemical evidence that superoxide dismutase is increased in experimental thiamine deficiency Soc. Neurosci. Abs. 23 1997 324
209. K.G. Todd, and R.F. Butterworth Evaluation of the role of NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity in the selective neuronal loss in experimental Wernicke encephalopathy Exp. Neurol. 149 1998 130 138 (Pubitemid 28091022)
210. K.G. Todd, and R.F. Butterworth Early microglial response in experimental thiamine deficiency: an immunohistochemical analysis Glia 25 1999 190 198 (Pubitemid 29032774)
211. A. Torvik Two types of brain lesions in Wernicke's encephalopathy Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 11 1985 179 190 (Pubitemid 15059496)
212. A. Torvik Topographic distribution and severity of brain lesions in Wernicke's encephalopathy Clin. Neuropathol. 6 1987 25 29 (Pubitemid 17019417)
213. N.D. Tran, J. Correale, S.S. Schreiber, and M. Fisher Transforming growth factor-beta mediates astrocyte-specific regulation of brain endothelial anticoagulant factors Stroke 30 1999 1671 1678 (Pubitemid 29379622)
214. L. Tretter, and V. Adam-Vizi Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: a target and generator of oxidative stress Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 360 2005 2335 2345 (Pubitemid 46682153)
215. J.C. Troncoso, M.V. Johnston, K.M. Hess, J.W. Griffin, and D.L. Price Model of Wernicke's encephalopathy Arch. Neurol. 38 1981 350 354 (Pubitemid 11070204)
216. D. Trotti, D. Rossi, O. Gjesdal, L.M. Levy, G. Racagni, N.C. Danbolt, and A. Volterra Peroxynitrite inhibits glutamate transporter subtypes J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 5976 5979 (Pubitemid 26095396)
217. C.F. Valenzuela Alcohol and neurotransmitter interactions Alcohol Health Res. World 21 1997 144 148
218. M. Valko, D. Leibfritz, J. Moncol, M.T. Cronin, M. Mazur, and J. Telser Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 39 2007 44 84 (Pubitemid 44566469)
219. M.M. Vasconcelos, K.P. Silva, G. Vidal, A.F. Silva, R.C. Domingues, and C.R. Berditchevsky Early diagnosis of pediatric Wernicke's encephalopathy Pediatr. Neurol. 20 1999 289 294 (Pubitemid 29203440)
220. B. Vastenhouw, and F. Beekman Submillimeter total-body murine imaging with U-SPECT-I J. Nucl. Med. 48 2007 487 493 (Pubitemid 47604935)
221. R. Vemuganti, H. Kalluri, J-H. Yi, K.K. Bowen, and A.S. Hazell Gene expression changes in thalamus and inferior colliculus associated with inflammation, cellular stress, metabolism, and structural damage in thiamine deficiency Eur. J. Neurosci. 23 2006 1172 1188
222. M. Victor, R. Adams, and G. Collins The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Related Neurologic Disorders due to Alcoholism and Malnutrition 1989 F.A. Davies Philadelphia
223. A. Volterra, D. Trotti, C. Tromba, S. Floridi, and G. Racagni Glutamate uptake inhibition by oxygen free radicals in rat cortical astrocytes J. Neurosci. 14 1994 2924 2932 (Pubitemid 24140915)
224. A.O. Vortmeyer, and H.J. Colmant Differentiation between brain lesions in experimental thiamine deficiency Virchows Arch. A: Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 414 1988 61 67 (Pubitemid 19010649)
225. D.W. Walker, D.E. Barnes, S.F. Zornetzer, B.E. Hunter, and P. Kubanis Neuronal loss in hippocampus induced by prolonged ethanol consumption in rats Science 209 1980 711 713 (Pubitemid 10054106)
226. W. Walz, and L. Hertz Intense furosemide-sensitive potassium accumulation in astrocytes in the presence of pathologically high extracellular potassium levels J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 4 1984 301 304 (Pubitemid 14080162)
227. L.G. Warnock, and V.J. Burkhalter Evidence of malfunctioning blood-brain barrier in experimental thiamine deficiency in rats J. Nutr. 94 1968 256 260
228. I. Watanabe, and S. Kanabe Early edematous lesion of pyrithiamine induced acute thiamine deficient encephalopathy in the mouse J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 37 1978 401 413 (Pubitemid 8394945)
229. I. Watanabe, T. Tomita, K.S. Hung, and Y. Iwasaki Edematous necrosis in thiamine-deficient encephalopathy of the mouse J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 40 1981 454 471 (Pubitemid 12251827)
230. U. Wendel, I. Lombeck, and H.J. Bremer Maple-syrup-urine disease N. Engl. J. Med. 308 1983 1100 1101
231. C. Wernicke Lehrbuch der Gehirnkrankheiten fur Aerzte und Studirende vol. 2 1881 Theodor Fischer Kassel pp. 229-242
232. J.M. Wilson, I. Khabazian, D.V. Pow, U.K. Craig, and C.A. Shaw Decrease in glial glutamate transporter variants and excitatory amino acid receptor down-regulation in a murine model of ALS-PDC Neuromolec. Med. 3 2003 105 117 (Pubitemid 37012496)
233. E.D. Witt Neuroanatomical consequences of thiamine deficiency: a comparative analysis Alcohol Alcohol. 20 1985 201 221 (Pubitemid 15013237)
234. M. Yamashita, and T. Yamamoto Wernicke encephalopathy with symmetric pericentral involvement: MR findings J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 19 1995 306 308
235. B.A. Yankner, L.K. Duffy, and D.A. Kirschner Neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid β protein: reversal by tachykinin neuropeptides Science 250 1990 279 282
236. J-H. Yi, and A.S. Hazell Excitotoxic mechanisms and the role of astrocytic glutamate transporters in traumatic brain injury Neurochem. Int. 48 2006 394 403 (Pubitemid 43327279)
237. K. Yokote, K. Miyagi, S. Kuzuhara, H. Yamanouchi, and H. Yamada Wernicke encephalopathy: follow-up study by CT and MR J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15 1991 835 838
238. Q. Zhang, G. Yang, W. Li, Z. Fan, A. Sun, J. Luo, and Z.J. Ke Thiamine deficiency increases beta-secretase activity and accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides Neurobiol. Aging 32 2011 42 53
239. S.X. Zhang, G.S. Weilersbacher, S.W. Henderson, T. Corso, J.W. Olney, and P.J. Langlais Excitotoxic cytopathology, progression, and reversibility of thiamine deficiency-induced diencephalic lesions J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54 1995 255 267
240. Zhao, J., Sun, X., Yu, Z., Pan, X., Gu, F., Chen, J., Dong, W., Zhao, L., Zhong, C., 2010. Exposure to pyrithiamine increases beta-amyloid accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity in the brain. Neurotox. Res., doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9204-0
241. G. Zuccoli, and N. Pipitone Neuroimaging findings in acute Wernicke's encephalopathy: review of the literature AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 192 2009 501 508
242. G. Zuccoli, D. Santa Cruz, M. Bertolini, A. Rovira, M. Gallucci, C. Carollo, and N. Pipitone MR imaging findings in 56 patients with Wernicke encephalopathy: nonalcoholics may differ from alcoholics AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 30 2009 171 176