Methods in pharmacology: Measurement of cardiac output

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 71, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 316-330

  Geerts, Bart F ^a   Aarts, Leon P ^a   Jansen, Jos R ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Cardiac output; Measurement method; Methods

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; DYE; OXYGEN;

ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT; ARTERIAL PULSE CONTOUR ANALYSIS; ARTICLE; BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; CARBON DIOXIDE BREATHING; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM EXAMINATION; FICK METHOD; HEART OUTPUT MEASUREMENT; INDICATOR DILUTION; INTERMITTENT PULMONARY THERMODILUTION; INTERMITTENT TRANSPULMONARY THERMODILUTION; ORGAN BLOOD FLOW; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE WAVE; TECHNIQUE; THERMODILUTION; THORACIC ELECTRICAL BIOIMPEDANCE; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY;

BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARDIAC OUTPUT; HEART FUNCTION TESTS; HUMANS; INDICATOR DILUTION TECHNIQUES; MODELS, THEORETICAL; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; THERMODILUTION;

EID: 79251623619     PISSN: 03065251     EISSN: 13652125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03798.x     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Prys-Roberts C. The measurement of cardiac output. Br J Anaesth 1969; 41: 751-60.
2. 2. J Appl Physiol 1981; 50: 210-6.
3. Tachibana K, Imanaka H, Takeuchi M, Takauchi Y, Miyano H, Nishimura M. Noninvasive cardiac output measurement using partial carbon dioxide rebreathing is less accurate at settings of reduced minute ventilation and when spontaneous breathing is present. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 830-7.
4. Gueret G, Kiss G, Rossignol B, Bezon E, Wargnier JP, Miossec A, Corre O, Arvieux CC. Cardiac output measurements in off-pump coronary surgery: comparison between NICO and the Swan-Ganz catheter. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 23: 848-54.
5. Jansen JR. The thermodilution method for the clinical assessment of cardiac output. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21: 691-7.
6. Breukers RB, Jansen JR. Pulmonary artery thermodilution cardiac output vs. transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output in two patients with intrathoracic pathology. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48: 658-61.
7. Swan HJ, Ganz W, Forrester J, Marcus H, Diamond G, Chonette D. Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter. N Engl J Med 1970; 283: 447-51.
8. Jansen JR, Schreuder JJ, Settels JJ, Kornet L, Penn OC, Mulder PG, Versprille A, Wesseling KH. Single injection thermodilution. A flow-corrected method. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: 481-90.
9. Jansen JR, Schreuder JJ, Punt KD, van den Berg PC, Alfieri O. Mean cardiac output by thermodilution with a single controlled injection. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1868-73.
10. Jansen JR, Schreuder JJ, Bogaard JM, van Rooyen W, Versprille A. Thermodilution technique for measurement of cardiac output during artificial ventilation. J Appl Physiol 1981; 51: 584-91.
11. Jansen JR, Versprille A. Improvement of cardiac output estimation by the thermodilution method during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1986; 12: 71-9.
12. Jansen JR, Schreuder JJ, Settels JJ, Kloek JJ, Versprille A. An adequate strategy for the thermodilution technique in patients during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1990; 16: 422-5.
13. Yelderman M. Continuous measurement of cardiac output with the use of stochastic system identification techniques. J Clin Monit 1990; 6: 322-32.
14. Aranda M, Mihm FG, Garrett S, Mihm MN, Pearl RG. Continuous cardiac output catheters: delay in in vitro response time after controlled flow changes. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 1592-5.
15. Vincent JL, Pinsky MR, Sprung CL, Levy M, Marini JJ, Payen D, Rhodes A, Takala J. The pulmonary artery catheter: in medio virtus. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 3093-6.
16. Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M, Ashcroft J, Jones CM, Elbourne D, Brampton W, Williams D, Young D, Rowan K. Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 472-7.
17. Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, Knox L, Pineo GF, Doig CJ, Laporta DP, Viner S, Passerini L, Devitt H, Kirby A, Jacka M. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 5-14.
18. Richard C, Warszawski J, Anguel N, Deye N, Combes A, Barnoud D, Boulain T, Lefort Y, Fartoukh M, Baud F, Boyer A, Brochard L, Teboul JL. Early use of the pulmonary artery catheter and outcomes in patients with shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2713-20.
19. Squara P, Bennett D, Perret C. Pulmonary artery catheter: does the problem lie in the users? Chest 2002; 121: 2009-15.
20. Fowler RA, Cook DJ. The arc of the pulmonary artery catheter. JAMA 2003; 290: 2732-4.
21. Tibby SM, Hatherill M, Marsh MJ, Morrison G, Anderson D, Murdoch IA. Clinical validation of cardiac output measurements using femoral artery thermodilution with direct Fick in ventilated children and infants. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23: 987-91.
22. Sakka SG, Bredle DL, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A. Comparison between intrathoracic blood volume and cardiac filling pressures in the early phase of hemodynamic instability of patients with sepsis or septic shock. J Crit Care 1999; 14: 78-83.
23. Pauli C, Fakler U, Genz T, Hennig M, Lorenz HP, Hess J. Cardiac output determination in children: equivalence of the transpulmonary thermodilution method to the direct Fick principle. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 947-52.
24. Band DM, Linton RA, O'Brien TK, Jonas MM, Linton NW. The shape of indicator dilution curves used for cardiac output measurement in man. J Physiol 1997; 498: 225-9.
25. Jonas MM, Lint RAF, O'Brein TK, Band DM, Linton NW, Kelly F, Burden TJ, Chevalier SFA, Thompson RPH, Birch NJ, Powell JJ. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous lithium chloride in patients and normal volunteers. J Trace Microprobe Techn 2001; 19: 313-20.
26. Cecconi M, Fawcett J, Grounds RM, Rhodes A. A prospective study to evaluate the accuracy of pulse power analysis to monitor cardiac output in critically ill patients. BMC Anesthesiol 2008; 8: 3.
27. Frank O. Die Gründform des arterielen Pulses erste Abhandlung: mathematische Analyse. Z Biol 1899; 483-526.
28. Jansen JR, Wesseling KH, Settels JJ, Schreuder JJ. Continuous cardiac output monitoring by pulse contour during cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 1990; 11 (Suppl. I): 26-32.
29. Wesseling KH, Jansen JR, Settels JJ, Schreuder JJ. Computation of aortic flow from pressure in humans using a nonlinear, three-element model. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 2566-73.
30. Halvorsen PS, Sokolov A, Cvancarova M, Hol PK, Lundblad R, Tonnessen TI. Continuous cardiac output during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: pulse-contour analyses vs pulmonary artery thermodilution. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 484-92.
31. Johansson A, Chew M. Reliability of continuous pulse contour cardiac output measurement during hemodynamic instability. J Clin Monit Comput 2007; 21: 237-42.
32. Hamzaoui O, Monnet X, Richard C, Osman D, Chemla D, Teboul JL. Effects of changes in vascular tone on the agreement between pulse contour and transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output measurements within an up to 6-hour calibration-free period. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 434-40.
33. de Wilde RB, Breukers RB, van den Berg PC, Jansen JR. Monitoring cardiac output using the femoral and radial arterial pressure waveform. Anaesthesia 2006; 61: 743-6.
34. Romano SM, Pistolesi M. Assessment of cardiac output from systemic arterial pressure in humans. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1834-41.
35. Langewouters GJ, Wesseling KH, Goedhard WJ. The static elastic properties of 45 human thoracic and 20 abdominal aortas in vitro and the parameters of a new model. J Biomech 1984; 17: 425-35.
36. Remington JW, Noback CR. Volume elasticity characteristics of the human aorta and prediction of the stroke volume from the pressure pulse. Am J Physiol 1948; 153: 298-308.
37. Cecconi M, Dawson D, Grounds RM, Rhodes A. Lithium dilution cardiac output measurement in the critically ill patient: determination of precision of the technique. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 498-504.
38. Jansen JR, Schreuder JJ, Mulier JP, Smith NT, Settels JJ, Wesseling KH. A comparison of cardiac output derived from the arterial pressure wave against thermodilution in cardiac surgery patients. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 212-22.
39. de Vaal JB, de Wilde RB, van den Berg PC, Schreuder JJ, Jansen JR. Less invasive determination of cardiac output from the arterial pressure by aortic diameter-calibrated pulse contour. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 326-31.
40. Turner MA. Doppler-based hemodynamic monitoring: a minimally invasive alternative. AACN Clin Issues 2003; 14: 220-31.
41. Cholley BP, Singer M. Esophageal Doppler: noninvasive cardiac output monitor. Echocardiography 2003; 20: 763-9.
42. Spahn DR, Schmid ER, Tornic M, Jenni R, von Segesser L, Turina M, Baetscher A. Noninvasive versus invasive assessment of cardiac output after cardiac surgery: clinical validation. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1990; 4: 46-59.
43. Dark PM, Singer M. The validity of trans-esophageal Doppler ultrasonography as a measure of cardiac output in critically ill adults. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 2060-6.
44. de Waal EE, Konings MK, Kalkman CJ, Buhre WF. Assessment of stroke volume index with three different bioimpedance algorithms: lack of agreement compared to thermodilution. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 735-9.
45. Raaijmakers E, Faes TJ, Scholten RJ, Goovaerts HG, Heethaar RM. A meta-analysis of three decades of validating thoracic impedance cardiography. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1203-13.
46. Raval NY, Squara P, Cleman M, Yalamanchili K, Winklmaier M, Burkhoff D. Multicenter evaluation of noninvasive cardiac output measurement by bioreactance technique. J Clin Monit Comput 2008; 22: 113-9.
47. Bland JM, Altman DG. Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations: part 2 - correlation between subjects. BMJ 1995; 310: 633.
48. Bland JM, Altman DG. Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations: part 1 - correlation within subjects. BMJ 1995; 310: 446.
49. Critchley LA, Critchley JA. A meta-analysis of studies using bias and precision statistics to compare cardiac output measurement techniques. J Clin Monit Comput 1999; 15: 85-91.
50. Cecconi M, Rhodes A. Validation of continuous cardiac output technologies: consensus still awaited. Crit Care 2009; 13: 159.
51. Schmid ER, Schmidlin D, Tornic M, Seifert B. Continuous thermodilution cardiac output: clinical validation against a reference technique of known accuracy. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 166-72.
52. Jakobsen CJ, Melsen NC, Andresen EB. Continuous cardiac output measurements in the perioperative period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39: 485-8.
53. Haller M, Zollner C, Briegel J, Forst H. Evaluation of a new continuous thermodilution cardiac output monitor in critically ill patients: a prospective criterion standard study. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 860-6.
54. Boldt J, Menges T, Wollbruck M, Hammermann H, Hempelmann G. Is continuous cardiac output measurement using thermodilution reliable in the critically ill patient? Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1913-8.
55. Rauch H, Muller M, Fleischer F, Bauer H, Martin E, Bottiger BW. Pulse contour analysis versus thermodilution in cardiac surgery patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46: 424-9.
56. Bottiger BW, Soder M, Rauch H, Bohrer H, Motsch J, Bauer H, Martin E. Semi-continuous versus injectate cardiac output measurement in intensive care patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: 312-8.
57. Bottiger BW, Rauch H, Bohrer H, Motsch J, Soder M, Fleischer F, Martin E. Continuous versus intermittent cardiac output measurement in cardiac surgical patients undergoing hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995; 9: 405-11.
58. Bottiger BW, Sinner B, Motsch J, Bach A, Bauer H, Martin E. Continuous versus intermittent thermodilution cardiac output measurement during orthotopic liver transplantation. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 207-14.
59. Hogue CW, Jr, Rosenbloom M, McCawley C, Lappas DG. Comparison of cardiac output measurement by continuous thermodilution with electromagnetometry in adult cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1994; 8: 631-5.
60. Singh A, Juneja R, Mehta Y, Trehan N. Comparison of continuous, stat, and intermittent cardiac output measurements in patients undergoing minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2002; 16: 186-90.
61. Della Rocca RG, Costa MG, Coccia C, Pompei L, Di Marco P, Vilardi V, Pietropaoli P. Cardiac output monitoring: aortic transpulmonary thermodilution and pulse contour analysis agree with standard thermodilution methods in patients undergoing lung transplantation. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50: 707-11.
62. Della Rocca G, Costa MG, Pompei L, Coccia C, Pietropaoli P. Continuous and intermittent cardiac output measurement: pulmonary artery catheter versus aortic transpulmonary technique. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88: 350-6.
63. Holm C, Melcer B, Horbrand F, Henckel von Donnersmarck G, Muhlbauer W. Arterial thermodilution: an alternative to pulmonary artery catheter for cardiac output assessment in burn patients. Burns 2001; 27: 161-6.
64. Felbinger TW, Reuter DA, Eltzschig HK, Bayerlein J, Goetz AE. Cardiac index measurements during rapid preload changes: a comparison of pulmonary artery thermodilution with arterial pulse contour analysis. J Clin Anesth 2005; 17: 241-8.
65. Friesecke S, Heinrich A, Abel P, Felix SB. Comparison of pulmonary artery and aortic transpulmonary thermodilution for monitoring of cardiac output in patients with severe heart failure: validation of a novel method. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 119-23.
66. Wiesenack C, Prasser C, Keyl C, Rodig G. Assessment of intrathoracic blood volume as an indicator of cardiac preload: single transpulmonary thermodilution technique versus assessment of pressure preload parameters derived from a pulmonary artery catheter. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2001; 15: 584-8.
67. Linton RA, Jonas MM, Tibby SM, Murdoch IA, O'Brien TK, Linton NW, Band DM. Cardiac output measured by lithium dilution and transpulmonary thermodilution in patients in a paediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 1507-11.
68. Linton RA, Band DM, Haire KM. A new method of measuring cardiac output in man using lithium dilution. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71: 262-6.
69. Costa MG, Della Rocca G, Chiarandini P, Mattelig S, Pompei L, Barriga MS, Reynolds T, Cecconi M, Pietropaoli P. Continuous and intermittent cardiac output measurement in hyperdynamic conditions: pulmonary artery catheter vs. lithium dilution technique. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 257-63.
70. Garcia-Rodriguez C, Pittman J, Cassell CH, Sum-Ping J, El Moalem H, Young C, Mark JB. Lithium dilution cardiac output measurement: a clinical assessment of central venous and peripheral venous indicator injection. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 2199-204.
71. Nilsson LB, Eldrup N, Berthelsen PG. Lack of agreement between thermodilution and carbon dioxide-rebreathing cardiac output. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 45: 680-5.
72. 2 rebreathing cardiac output and continuous thermodilution cardiac output in patients undergoing aortic reconstruction surgery. Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 283-8.
73. 2 rebreathing technique for cardiac output monitoring in critically ill patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46: 152-9.
74. 2 rebreathing techniques for cardiac output assessment in critically ill patients during assisted ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 82-7.
75. Tachibana K, Imanaka H, Takeuchi M, Nishida T, Takauchi Y, Nishimura M. Effects of reduced rebreathing time, in spontaneously breathing patients, on respiratory effort and accuracy in cardiac output measurement when using a partial carbon dioxide rebreathing technique: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 2005; 9: R569-R574.
76. de Wilde RB, Schreuder JJ, van den Berg PC, Jansen JR. An evaluation of cardiac output by five arterial pulse contour techniques during cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 760-8.
77. Jellema WT, Wesseling KH, Groeneveld AB, Stoutenbeek CP, Thijs LG, van Lieshout JJ. Continuous cardiac output in septic shock by simulating a model of the aortic input impedance: a comparison with bolus injection thermodilution. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 1317-28.
78. Harms MP, Wesseling KH, Pott F, Jenstrup M, Van Goudoever J, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ. Continuous stroke volume monitoring by modelling flow from non-invasive measurement of arterial pressure in humans under orthostatic stress. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999; 97: 291-301.
79. de Wilde RB, Geerts BF, Cui J, van den Berg PC, Jansen JR. Performance of three minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring systems. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 762-9.
80. Hirschl MM, Binder M, Gwechenberger M, Herkner H, Bur A, Kittler H, Laggner AN. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac output in critically ill patients by analysis of the finger blood pressure waveform. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1909-14.
81. Mielck F, Buhre W, Hanekop G, Tirilomis T, Hilgers R, Sonntag H. Comparison of continuous cardiac output measurements in patients after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003; 17: 211-6.
82. Godje O, Hoke K, Goetz AE, Felbinger TW, Reuter DA, Reichart B, Friedl R, Hannekum A, Pfeiffer UJ. Reliability of a new algorithm for continuous cardiac output determination by pulse-contour analysis during hemodynamic instability. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 52-8.
83. Felbinger TW, Reuter DA, Eltzschig HK, Moerstedt K, Goedje O, Goetz AE. Comparison of pulmonary arterial thermodilution and arterial pulse contour analysis: evaluation of a new algorithm. J Clin Anesth 2002; 14: 296-301.
84. Della Rocca G, Costa MG, Chiarandini P, Bertossi G, Lugano M, Pompei L, Coccia C, Sainz-Barriga M, Pietropaoli P. Arterial pulse cardiac output agreement with thermodilution in patients in hyperdynamic conditions. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 22: 681-7.
85. Jonas MM, Tanser SJ. Lithium dilution measurement of cardiac output and arterial pulse waveform analysis: an indicator dilution calibrated beat-by-beat system for continuous estimation of cardiac output. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8: 257-61.
86. Hamilton TT, Huber LM, Jessen ME. PulseCO: a less-invasive method to monitor cardiac output from arterial pressure after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 74: S1408-S1412.
87. Linton R, Band D, O'Brien T, Jonas M, Leach R. Lithium dilution cardiac output measurement: a comparison with thermodilution. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1796-800.
88. Zangrillo A, Maj G, Monaco F, Scandroglio AM, Nuzzi M, Plumari V, Virzo I, Bignami E, Casiraghi G, Landoni G. Cardiac index validation using the pressure recording analytic method in unstable patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010; 24: 265-9.
89. Romagnoli S, Romano SM, Bevilacqua S, Ciappi F, Lazzeri C, Peris A, Dini D, Gelsomino S. Cardiac output by arterial pulse contour: reliability under hemodynamic derangements. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009; 8: 642-6.
90. Button D, Weibel L, Reuthebuch O, Genoni M, Zollinger A, Hofer CK. Clinical evaluation of the FloTrac/Vigileo system and two established continuous cardiac output monitoring devices in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 329-36.
91. McGee WT, Horswell JL, Calderon J, Janvier G, Van Severen T, Van BG, Kozikowski L. Validation of a continuous, arterial pressure-based cardiac output measurement: a multicenter, prospective clinical trial. Crit Care 2007; 11: R105.
92. Mayer J, Boldt J, Beschmann R, Stephan A, Suttner S. Uncalibrated arterial pressure waveform analysis for less-invasive cardiac output determination in obese patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 185-90.
93. Mayer J, Boldt J, Wolf MW, Lang J, Suttner S. Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform analysis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: validity of a second generation device. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 867-72.
94. Breukers RM, Sepehrkhouy S, Spiegelenberg SR, Groeneveld AB. Cardiac output measured by a new arterial pressure waveform analysis method without calibration compared with thermodilution after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2007; 21: 632-5.
95. Prasser C, Bele S, Keyl C, Schweiger S, Trabold B, Amann M, Welnhofer J, Wiesenack C. Evaluation of a new arterial pressure-based cardiac output device requiring no external calibration. BMC Anesthesiol 2007; 7: 9.
96. Mehta Y, Chand RK, Sawhney R, Bhise M, Singh A, Trehan N. Cardiac output monitoring: comparison of a new arterial pressure waveform analysis to the bolus thermodilution technique in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 22: 394-9.
97. Moxon D, Pinder M, van Heerden PV, Parsons RW. Clinical evaluation of the HemoSonic monitor in cardiac surgical patients in the ICU. Anaesth Intensive Care 2003; 31: 408-11.
98. Lafanechere A, Albaladejo P, Raux M, Geeraerts T, Bocquet R, Wernet A, Castier Y, Marty J. Cardiac output measurement during infrarenal aortic surgery: echo-esophageal Doppler versus thermodilution catheter. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006; 20: 26-30.
99. Jaeggi P, Hofer CK, Klaghofer R, Fodor P, Genoni M, Zollinger A. Measurement of cardiac output after cardiac surgery by a new transesophageal Doppler device. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003; 17: 217-20.