Immunomodulatory drugs and their application to the management of canine immune-mediated disease

Journal of Small Animal Practice

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 70-85

  Whitley, N T ^a   Day, M J ^b  

^a DAVIES VETERINARY SPECIALISTS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; DOG; DOG DISEASE; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNITY; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS;

CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 79251486321     PISSN: 00224510     EISSN: 17485827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01024.x     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Abelson A. L., Shelton G. D., Whelan M. F., Cornejo L. & O'Toole T. E. (2009) Use of mycophenolate mofetil as a rescue agent in the treatment of severe generalized myasthenia gravis in three dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 19, 369-374
2. Affolter V. K. & Moore P. F. (2000) Canine cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis: reactive histiocytosis of dermal dendritic cells. American Journal of Dermatopathology 22, 40-48
3. Al-Ghazlat S. (2009) Immunosuppressive therapy for canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 31, 33-41
4. Allenspach K., Wieland B., Grone A. & Gascehn F. (2007) Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 21, 700-708
5. Allenspach K., Rufenacht S., Sauter S., Grone A., Steffan J., Strehlau G. & Gaschen F. (2006a) Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of cyclosporine treatment of dogs with steroid-refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20, 239-244
6. Allenspach K., Bergman P. J., Sauter S., Grone A., Doherr M. G. & Gaschen F. (2006b) P-glycoprotein expression in lamina propria lymphocytes of duodenal biopsy samples in dogs with chronic idiopathic enteropathies. Journal of Comparative Pathology 134, 1-7
7. Allyn M. E. & Troy G. C. (2007) Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia - a retrospective study - focus on treatment and mortality (1988-1996) (abstract). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 11, 131
8. Anthony R. M., Nimmerjahn F., Ashline D. J.Reinhold V. N., Paulson J. C. & Ravetch J. V. (2008) Recapitulation of IVIG anti-inflammatory activity with recombinant IgG Fc. Science 320, 373-376
9. Appel G. B., Radhakrishnan J. & Ginzler E. (2005) Use of mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune and renal diseases. Transplantation 80, S272-S274
10. Ashwell J. D., Lu F. W. & Vacchio M. S. (2000) Glucocorticoids in T cell development and function. Annual Review of Immunology 18, 309-345
11. Baptist A. P. & Reddy R. C. (2009) Inhaled corticosteroids for asthma: are they all the same? Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34, 1-12
12. Barker R. N., Gruffydd-Jones T. J., Stokes C. R. & Elson C. J. (1991) Identification of autoantigens in canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 85, 33-40
13. Battersby I., Whitley N., Littler R. M. & Elwood C. (2007) Budesonide therapy in dogs with inflammatory gastrointestinal disease. Proceedings of British Small Animal Veterinary Association. April 12 to 15, Birmingham UK. p 476
14. Bayry J., Kazatchkine M. D. & Kavari S. V. (2007) Shortage of human immunoglobulin - reasons and possible solutions. Nature Clinical Practice in Neurology 3, 120-121
15. Beale K. M. (1988) Azathioprine for treatment of immune-mediated diseases of dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 192, 1316-1318
16. Bettelli E., Korn T. & Kuchroo V. K. (2007) Th17: the third member of the effector T cell trilogy. Current Opinion in Immunology 19, 652-657
17. Bexfield N. H., Watson P. J. & Herrtage M. E. (2006) Management of myasthenia gravis using cyclosporine in 2 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20, 1487-1490
18. Bianco D., Armstrong P. J. & Washabau R. J. (2009) A prospective randominsed, double-blinded, placebo controlled study of human intravenous immunoglobulin for the acute management of presumptive immune mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23, 1071-1078
19. Bianco D., Armstrong P. J. & Washabau R. J. (2007) Treatment of severe immune mediated thrombocytopenia with human IV immunoglobulin in 5 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 21, 694-699
20. Bianco D. & Hardy R. M. (2009) Treatment of Evans' syndrome with human intravenous immunoglobulin and leflunomide in a diabetic dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 45, 147-150
21. Biller B. J., Elmslie R. E., Burnett R. C., Avery A. C. & Dow S. W. (2007) Use of FoxP3 expression to identify regulatory T cells in healthy dogs and dogs with cancer. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 116, 69-78
22. Blackwood L., German A. J., Stell A. J. O'Neill T. (2004) Multicentric lymphoma in a dog after ciclosporine therapy. Journal of Small Animal Practice 45, 259-262
23. Bloom J. C., Meunier L. D., Thiem P. A. & Sellers T. S. (1989) Use of danazol for treatment of corticosteroid resistant immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in a dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 194, 76-78
24. Bommer N. X., Shaw D. J., Milne E. M. & Ridyard A. E. (2008) Platelet distribution width and mean platelet volume in the interpretation of thrombocytopenia in dogs. Journal of small animal practice 49, 518-524
25. Brattsand R. (1990) Overview of newer glucocorticosteroid preparations for inflammatory bowel disease. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 4, 407-414
26. Burgess K., Moore A., Rand W. & Cotter S. M. (2000) Treatment of immune mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs with cyclophosphamide. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14, 456-462
27. Buttgereit F. & Scheffold A. (2002) Rapid glucocorticoid effects on immune cells. Steroids 67, 529-534
28. Callan M. B., Preziosi D. & Mauldin E. (2005) Multiple papillomavirus associated epidermal hamartomas and squamous cell carcinoma in situ in a dog following chronic treatment with prednisolone and ciclosporine. Veterinary Dermatology 16, 338-345
29. Carr A. P., Panciera D. L. & Kidd L. (2002) Prognostic factors for mortality and thromboembolism in canine immune mediated haemolytic anaemia: a retrospective study of 72 Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16, 504-509
30. Center S. A., Smith C. A., Wilkinson E., Erb H. N. & Lewis R. M. (1987) Clinicopathologic, renal immunofluorescent, and light microscopic features of GN in the dog: 41 cases (1975-1985). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 190, 81-90
31. Chastain C. B. & Panciera D. (2002) Biochemical basis for the hypercoagulable state seen in Cushing syndrome. Small Animal Clinical Endocrinology 12, 11
32. Christian J. A., Rebar A. H., Boon G. D. & Low P. S. (1993) Senescence of canine biotinylated erythrocytes: increased autologous immunoglobulin binding occurs on erythrocytes aged in vivo for 104 to 110 days. Blood 82, 3469-3473
33. Cohn L. A., DeClue A. E. & Reinero C. R. (2008) Endocrine and immunologic effects of inhaled fluticasone propionate in healthy dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, 37-43
34. Colopy S. A., Baker T. A. & Muir P. (2010) Efficacy of leflunomide for treatment of immune-mediated polyarthritis in dogs: 14 cases (2006-2008). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 236, 312-318
35. Cook A. K., Bertoy E. H., Gregory C. R. & Stewart A. F. (1994) Effect of oral cyclosporine in dogs with refractory immune-mediated anaemia or thrombocytopenia (abstract). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 8, 170
36. Cook A. K. & Cowgill L. D. (1996) Clinical and pathological features of protein losing glomerular disease in the dog: a review of 137 cases (1985-1992). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32, 313-322
37. Craven M., Simpson J. W., Ridyard A. E. & Chandler M. L. (2004) Canine inflammatory bowel disease: retrospective analysis of diagnosis and outcome in 80 cases (1995-2002). Journal of Small Animal Practice 45, 336-342
38. Creed T. J., Norman M. R., Probert C. S., Harvey R. F., Shaw I. S., Smithson J., Anderson J., Moorghen M., Gupta J., Shepherd N. A., Dayan C. M. & Hearing S. D. (2003) Basiliximab (anti-CD25) in combination with steroids may be an effective new treatment for steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 18, 65-75
39. Creed T. J., Probert C. S., Norman M. N., Moorghen M., Shepherd N. A., Hearing S. D. & Dayan C. M. (2006) Basiliximab for the treatment of -steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis: further experience in moderate and severe -disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23, 1435-1442
40. Creed T. J., Lee R. W., Newcomb P. V., di Mambro A. J., Raju M. & Dayan C. M. (2009) The effects of cytokines on suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by dexamethasone. Journal of Immunology 183, 164-171
41. Danovitch G. (2005) Mycophenolate mofetil: a decade of clinical experience. Transplantation 80, S272-S273
42. Day M. J. (1999) Antigen specificity in canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 69, 215-224
43. Day M. J. (2005) Immunotherapy. In: Advances in Veterinary Dermatology. Volume 5. Eds A. Hillier A. P. Foster and K. W. Kwochka Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford. pp 107-122
44. Day M. J. (2008a) Corticosteroids and antihistamines. In: Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology. 2nd edn. Eds J. E. Maddison S. W. Page and D. B. Church Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia PA. pp 261-269
45. Day M. J. (2008b) Immunomodulatory therapy. In: Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology. 2nd edn. Eds J. E. Maddison S. W. Page and D. B. Church Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia PA. pp 270-286
46. Day M. J. & Mackin A. J. (2008) Immune-mediated haematological disease. In: Clinical Immunology of the Dog and Cat. 2nd edn. Ed M. J. Day Manson Publishing, London UK. pp 94-121
47. Day M. J., Bilzer T., Mansell J., Wilcock B., Hall E. J., Jergens A., Minami T., Willard M. & Washabau R. J. (1998) Histopathological standards for diagnosis of gastrointestinal inflammation in endoscopic biopsy samples from the dog and cat: a report from the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Gastrointestinal Standardisation Group. Journal of Comparative Pathology 138(Suppl 1), S1-S43
48. Dewey C. W., Boothe D. M. & Wilkie W. S. (2001) Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral and intravenous mycophenolate mofetil administration in normal dogs (abstract). Journal of Veterinary InternalMedicine 15, 304
49. Dewey C. W., Coates J. R., Ducote J. M., Meeks J. C. & Fradkin J. M. (1999) Azathioprine therapy for acquired myasthenia gravis in five dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35, 396-402
50. Dewey C. W., Bailey C. S., Shelton G. D., Kass P. H. & Cardinet G. H. (1997) Clinical forms of acquired myaesthenia gravis in dogs: 25 cases (1988-1995). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 11, 50-57
51. Dewey C. W., Boothe D. M., Rinn K. L., Coates J. R. & Burkholder W. J. (2000) Treatment of a myasthenic dog with mycophenylate mofetil. The Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 10, 177-187
52. Dewey C. W., Harb-Houser M. F., Cerda-Gonzalez S., Levine J. M., Bagley B. L., Olby N. J., Kent M., Birnbaum N. & Shelton G. D. (2008) Mycophenylate mofetil therapy for acquired myaesthenia gravis in dogs: a comparative retrospective study (1999-2007) (abstract). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, 721
53. Dewey C. W., Cerda-Gonzalez S., Fletcher D. J., Harb-Hauser M. F., Levine J. M., Badgley B. L., Olby N. J. & Shelton G. D. (2010) Mycophenolate mofetil treatment in dogs with serologically diagnosed acquired myasthenia gravis: 27 cases (1999-2008). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 236, 664-668
54. Dewey C. W., Shelton D., Bailey C. S., Willard M. D., Podell M. & Colllins R. L. (1995) Neuromuscular dysfuction in five dogs with acquired myasthenia gravis and presumptive hypothyroidism. Progress in Veterinary Neurology 6, 117-123
55. Dircks B. H., Schuberth H. J. & Mischke R. (2009) Underlying diseases and clinicopathological variables of thrombocytopenic dogs with and without platelet bound antibodies detected by use of a flow cytometric assay: 83 cases (2004-2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 235, 960-966
56. Elwood C. & Polton G. (2008) Correspondence. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, 1075
57. Ercolini A. M. & Miller S. D. (2009) The role of infections in autoimmune disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 155, 1-15
58. Erem C., Nuhoglu I., Yilmaz M., Kocak M., Demirel A., Ucuncu O. & Onder Ersoz H. (2009) Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with Cushing's syndrome: increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and unchanged thrombin- activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor levels. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 32, 169-174
59. Fenty R. K., de Laforcade A. M., Shaw S. P. & O'Toole T. E. (2008) Identification of hypercoagulability in dogs with primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia utilizing thromboelastography (abstract). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 18, 411
60. Foster A. P., Knowles T. G., Hotston-Moore A., Cousins P. G. D., Day M. J. & Hall E. J. (2003) Serum IgE and IgG responses to food antigens in normal and atopic dogs, and dogs with gastrointestinal disease. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 92, 113-124
61. Galin F. S., Chrisman C. L., Cook J. R., Jr, Xu L., Jackson P. L., Noerager B. D., Weathington N. M. & Blalock J. E. (2007) Possible therapeutic vaccines for canine myasthenia gravis: implications for the human disease and associated fatigue. Brain, Behaviour and Immunity 21, 323-331
62. Galon J., Franchimont D., Hiroi N., Frey G., Boettner A., Ehrhart-Bornstein M., O'Shea J. J., Chrousos G. P. & Bornstein S. R. (2002) Gene profiling reveals unknown enhancing and suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on immune cells. FASEB J 1, 61-71
63. Garcia-Sancho M., Rodriguez-Franco F., Sainz A., Mancho C. & Rodriguez A. (2007) Evaluation of clinical, macroscopic and histopathologic response to treatment in nonhypoproteinemic dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 21, 11-17
64. Grau-Bassas E. R., Kociba G. J. & Couto G. C. (2000) Vincristine impairs platelet aggregation in dogs with lymphoma. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14, 81-85
65. Grauer G. S., Greco D. S., Getzy D. M., Cowgill L. D., Vaden S. L., Chew D. J., Polzin D. J. & Barsanti J. A. (2000) Effects of enalapril versus placebo as a treatment for canine idiopathic glomerulonephritis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14, 526
66. Grauer G. F. (2005) Canine glomerulonephritis: new thoughts on proteinuria and treatment. Journal of Small Animal Practice 46, 469-478
67. Greene C. E., Scoggin J., Thomas J. E. & Barsanti J. A. (1982) Vincristine in the treatment of thrombocytopenia in five dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 180, 140-143
68. Gregory C. R., Silva H. T., Patz J. D. & Morris R. E. (1998a) Comparative effects of malanonitrotolamide analogs of leflunomide on whole blood lymphocyte stimulation in humans, rhesus macaques, cats, dogs and rats. Transplantation Proceedings 30, 1047-1048
69. Gregory C. R., Stewart A., Sturges T., DeManvelle T., Cannon A., Ortega M., Harb M. & Morris R. E. (1998b) Leflunomide effectively treats naturally occurring immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases of dogs that are unresponsive to conventional therapy. Transplantation Proceedings 30, 4143-4148
70. Griffiths L. G., Sullivan M. & Borland W. W. (1999) Cyclosporin as the sole treatment for anal furunculosis: preliminary results. Journal of small animal practice 40, 569-572
71. Grundy S. A. & Barton C. (2001) Influence of drug treatment on survival of dogs with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia: 88 cases (1989-1999). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218, 543-546
72. Guilford W. G., Jones W. G., Markwell P. J., Arthur D. G., Collett M. G. & Harte J. G. (2001) Food sensitivity in cats with chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal problems. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 15, 7-13
73. Hardie R. J., Gregory S. P., Tomlin J., Sturgeon C., Lipscomb V. & Ladlow J. (2005) Cyclosporine treatment of anal furunculosis in 26 dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice 46, 3-9
74. Hearing S. D., Norman M., Probert C. S., Haslam N. & Dayan C. M. (1999) Predicting therapeutic outcome in severe ulcerative colitis by measuring in vitro steroid sensitivity of proliferating peripheral blood lymphocytes. Gut 45, 382-388
75. Horiuchi Y., Nakajima Y., Nariai Y., Asanuma H., Kuwabara M. & Yukawa M. (2007) Th1/Th2 balance in canine peripheral blood lymphocytes - a flow cytometric study. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 118, 179-185
76. Houston D. M. & Taylor J. A. (1991) Acute pancreatitis and bone marrow suppression in a dog given azathioprine. Canadian Veterinary Journal 32, 496-497
77. Husbands B., Polzin D., Armstrong P. J., Cohn L. & Patterson N. E. (2004) Prednisone and cyclosporine vs prednisone alone for treatment of canine immune mediated hemolytic anemia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18, 389
78. Jackson M. L. & Kruth S. A. (1985) Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in the dog: a retrospective study of 55 cases diagnosed from 1969 through 1983 at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine. Canadian Veterinary Journal 26, 245-250
79. Jacob F., Polzin D. J., Osborne C. A., Neaton D. J., Kirk C. A., Allen C. A. & Swanson L. L. (2005) Evaluation of the association between initial proteinuria and morbidity or death in dogs with naturally occurring chronic renal failure. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226, 393
80. Jans H. E., Armstrong J. & Price G. S. (1990) Therapy of immune mediated thrombocytopenia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 4, 4-7
81. Jergens A. E., Schreiner C. A., Dagmar E. F., Niyo Y., Ahrens F. E., Eckersall P. D., Benson T. J. & Evans R. (2003) A scoring index for disease activity in canine inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17, 291-297
82. Jergens A. E., Crandell J., Morrison J. A., Deitz K., Pressel M., Ackermann M., Suchodolski J. S., Steiner J. M. & Evans R. (2010) Comparison of oral prednisone and prednisone combined with metronidazole for induction therapy of canine inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized-controlled trial. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24, 269-277
83. Juel V. C. & Massey J. M. (2005) Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: recommendations for treatment and immunologic modulation. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 7, 3-14
84. Kaneko Y., Nimmerjahn F. & Ravectch J. V. (2006) Anti-inflammatory activity of immunoglobulin G resulting from Fc sialylation. Science 313, 670-673
85. Kellerman D. L. & Bruyette D. S. (1997) Intravenous human immunoglobulin for the treatment of immune mediated haemolytic anaemia in 13 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 11, 327-332
86. Kennedy L. J., Barnes A., Ollier W. E. R. & Day M. J. (2006a) Association of a common DLA class II haplotype with canine primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Tissue Antigens 68, 502-506
87. Kennedy L. J., Quarmby S., Happ G. M., Barnes A., Ramsey I. K., Dixon R. M., Catchpole B., Rusbridge C., Graham P. A., Hillbertz N. S., Roethel C., Dodds W. J., Carmichael N. G. & Ollier W. E. (2006b) Association of canine hypothyroidism with a common major histocompatibility complex DLA class II allele. Tissue Antigens 68, 82-86
88. Kidd L. B., Salavaggione O. E., Szumlanski C. L., Miller J. L., Weinshilboum R. M. & Trepanier L. (2004) Thiopurine methyltransferase activity in red blood cells of dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18, 214-218
89. Klein M. K., Dow S. W. & Rosychuk R. A. W. (1989) Pulmonary thromboembolism associated with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia in dogs: ten cases (1982-1987). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 195, 246-250
90. Klag A. R., Giger U. & Shofer F. S. (1993) Idiopathic immune mediated haemolytic anaemia in dogs: 42 cases (1986-1990). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 202, 783-788
91. Korn T., Magnus T., Toyka K. & Jung S. (2004) Modulation of effector cell functions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by leflunomide - mechanisms independent of pyrimidine depletion. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 76, 950-960
92. Kyewski B. & Taubert R. (2008) How promiscuity promotes tolerance: the case of myasthenia gravis. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1132, 157-162
93. Kyles A. E., Gregory C. R., Griffey S. M., Bernsteen L., Jackson J. & Morris R. E. (2001) Leflunomide analog, MNA-715, plus cyclosporine reduces renal allograft rejection in mismatched dogs. Transplantation Proceedings 33, 368-369
94. Kyles A. E., Gregory C. R., Griffey S. M., Bernsteen L., Pierce J., Lilja H. S. & Morris R. E. (2003) Immunosuppression with a combination of the leflunomide analog, FK778, and microemulsified cyclosporine for renal transplantation in mongrel dogs. Transplantation 75, 1128-1133
95. Langman L. J., Shapiro A. M., Lakey J. R., LeGatt D. F., Kneteman N. M. & Yatscoff R. W. (1996) Pharmacodynamic assessment of mycophenolic acid-induced immunosuppression by measurement of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase activity in a canine model. Transplantation 61, 87-92
96. Larche M. & Wraith D. C. (2005) Peptide-based therapeutic vaccines for allergic and autoimmune diseases. Nature Medicine 11, S69-S76
97. Lewis D. C. & Meyers K. M. (1996) Canine idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 10, 207-218
98. Lindstrom J. M., Shelton D. & Fujii Y. (1988) Myasthenia gravis. Advances in Immunology 42, 233-284
99. Lirtzman R. A., Gregory C. R., Levitski R. E., Griffey S. M., Yeh L. S., Patz J. D. & Morris R. E. (1996) Combined immunosuppression with leflunomide and cyclosporine prevents MLR-mismatched renal allograft rejection in a mongrel canine model. Transplantation Proceedings 28, 945-947
100. Lunn K. F. (2009) Innovative therapies for immune-mediated hemolysis in dogs. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine forum June 3-6, Montreal, Canada. pp 549-551
101. Mackin A. J., Allen D. G. & Johnstone I. B. (1995) Effects of vincristine and prednisone on platelet numbers and function in clinically normal dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, 100-108
102. MacMillan H. F., Lee T. & Issekutz A. C. (2009) Intravenous immunoglobulin G-mediated inhibition of T-cell proliferation reflects and endogenous mechanism by which IgG modulates T-cell activation. Clinical Immunology 132, 222-233
103. Maddison J. E., Waelchli-Suter C. M. & Johnson R. P. (1984) Clinical remission after corticosteroid therapy of acquired myasthenia gravis in three dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 184, 845-848
104. Mason N., Duval D., Shofer F. & Giger U. (2003) Cyclophosphamide exerts no beneficial effect over prednisolone alone in the treatment of acute immune-medated haemolytic anaemia in dogs: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17, 206-212
105. Mathes M., Jordan M. & Dow S. (2006) Evaluation of liposomal clodronate in experimental spontaneous autoimmune hemolytic anemia in dogs. Experimental Hematology 34, 1393-1402
106. Mathews K. A. & Sukhiani H. R. (1997) Randomized controlled trial of cyclosporine for treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211, 1249-1253
107. McChesney L. P., Xiao F., Sankary H. N., Foster P. F., Sharma S., Haklin M. & Williams J. W. (1994) An evaluation of leflunomide in the canine renal transplantation model. Transplantation 57, 1717-1722
108. McManus P. & Craig L. (2001) Correlation between leucocytosis and necropsy findings in dogs with immune mediated haemolytic anaemia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218, 1308-1313
109. Medzhitov R. (2009) Approaching the asymptote: 20 years later. Immunity 30, 766-775
110. Mehling A., Grabbe S., Voskort M., Schwarz T., Luger T. A. & Beissert S. (2000) Mycophenolate mofetil impairs the maturation and function of murine dendritic cells. Journal of Immunology 165, 2374-2381
111. Mellanby R. J., Mee A. P., Berry J. L. & Herrtage M. E. (2005) Hypercalcaemia in two dogs caused by excessive dietary supplementation of vitamin D. Journal of Small Animal Practice 46, 334-338
112. Miller E. (1992) Immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of immune mediated disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 6, 206-213
113. Miller E. (1997) Danazol therapy for the treatment of immune mediated haemolytic anaemia in dogs (abstract). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 11, 130
114. Miller M. D. & Lunn K. F. (2007) Diagnostic use of cytologic examination of bone marrow from dogs with thrombocytopenia: 58 cases (1994-2004). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231, 1540-1544
115. Misseghers B. S., Binnington A. G. & Mathews K. A. (2000) Clinical observations of the treatment of canine perianal fistulas in the dog. Australian Veterinary Journal 80, 207-211
116. Mitchell K. D., Kruth S. A., Wood R. D. & Jefferson B. (2009) Serum acute phase protein concentrations in dogs with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23, 585-591
117. Miyauchi Y., Nakayama H., Uchida K., Uetsuka K., Hasegawa A. & Goto N. (1992) Glomerulopathy with IgA deposition in the dog. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 54, 969-975
118. Mossman T. R., Cherwinski H., Bond M. W., Giedlin M. A. & Coffman R. L. (1986) Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. Journal of Immunology 136, 2348
119. Mouatt J. G. (2002) Cyclosporin and ketoconazole interaction for treatment of perianal fistulas in the dog. Australian Veterinary Journal 80, 207-211
120. Nichols R. (1994) Concurrent illness and complications associated with canine hyperadrenocorticism. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small Animal) 9, 132-136
121. Nielsen L., Niessen S., Ramsay M. & Ramsay I. K. (2005) The use of mycophenolate mofetil in eight dogs with idiopathic immune mediated haemolytic anaemia. Proceeding of 15th ECVIM-CA Congress, September 1-3, Glasgow, Scotland. p 219
122. Nuttall T. J. & Malham T. (2004) Successful intravenous human immunoglobulin treatment of drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome in a dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice 45, 357-361
123. O'Garra A. & Vieira P. (2004) Regulatory T cells and mechanisms of immune system control. Nature Medicine 10, 801-805
124. Ogilvie G. K., Felsburg P, J. & Harris C. W. (1988) Short-term effect of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine on selected aspects of the canine blastogenic response. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 18, 119-127
125. Olivry T. & Mueller R. S. (2003) Evidence based veterinary dermatology: a systematic review of the pharmacotherapy of canine atopic dermatitis. Veterinary Dermatology 14, 121-146
126. Olivry T., Foster A. P., Mueller R. S., McEwan N. A., Chesney C. & Williams H. C. (2010) Interventions for atopic dermatitis in dogs: a systemic review of randomised controlled trials. Veterinary Dermatology 21, 4-22
127. Patrassi G. M., Sartori M. T., Livi U., Casonato A., Danesin C., Vettore S. & Girolami A. (1997) Impairment of fibrinolytic potential in long-term steroid treatment after heart transplantation. Transplantation 64, 1610-1614
128. Patricelli A. J., Hardie R. J. & McAnulty J. F. (2002) Cyclosporine and ketoconazole for the treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220, 1009-1016
129. Piek C. J., Junius G., Dekker E., Schrauwen E., Slappendal R. J. & Teske E. (2008) Idiopathic immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia: treatment, outcome and prognostic factors in 149 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, 366-373
130. Platz K. P., Sollinger H. W., Hullett D. A., Eckhoff D. E., Eugui E. M. & Allison A. C. (1991) RS-61443 - a new potential immunosuppressive agent. Transplantation 51, 27-31
131. Rahilly L. J., Keating J. H. & O'Toole T. E. (2006) The use of intravenous human immunoglobulin in treatment of severe pemphigus foliaceus in a dog. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20, 1483-1486
132. Reagan W. J., Scott-Moncrieff C., Christian J., Snyder P., Kelly K. & Glickman L. (1998) Effects of human intravenous immunoglobulin on canine monocytes and lymphocytes. American Journal of Veterinary Research 59, 1568-1574
133. Reimer M. E., Troy G. C. & Warnick L. D. (1999) Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia: 70 cases (1988-1996). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35, 384-391
134. Rinkardt N. E. & Kruth S. A. (1996) Azathioprine-induced bone marrow toxicity in four dogs. Canadian Veterinary Journal 37, 612-613
135. Rinkardt N. E., Kruth S. A. & Kaushik A. (1999) The effects of prednisone and azathioprine on circulating immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte subpopulations in normal dogs. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 63, 18-24
136. Robson D. (2003) Review of the pharmacokinetics, interactions and adverse reaction of ciclosporine in people, dogs and cats. Veterinary Record 152, 739-748
137. Rose L., Bedard C. & Dunn M. (2008) Effect of prednisone administration of thromboelastography parameters in healthy beagles (abstract). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, 738-739
138. Rose L., Dunn M. & Bedard C. (2009) Effect of canine hyperadrenocorticism of thromboelastography parameters (abstract). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23, 692
139. Roseler B. J. & Mason K. V. (1994) Use of danazol and corticosteroids for the treatment of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in a dog. Australian Veterinary Practice 24, 126-130
140. Rozanski E. A., Callan M. B., Hughes D., Sanders N. & Giger U. (2002) Comparison of platelet count recovery with the use of vincristiine and prednisolone or prednisone alone for treatment for severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220, 477-481
141. Salavaggione O. E., Kidd L., Prondzinski J. L., Szumlanski C. L., Pankratz V. S., Wang L., Trepanier L. & Weinshilboum R. M. (2002) Canine red blood cell thiopurine S-methyltransferase: companion animal pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenetics 12, 713-724
142. Saridomichelakis M. N. (2009) Advances in the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniosis: epidemiologic and diagnostic implications. Veterinary Dermatology 20, 471-489
143. Sartori M. T., Patrassi G. M., Rigotti P., Marchini F., Fioretti M., Spiezia L. & Girolami A. (2000) Improved fibrinolytic capacity after withdrawal of steroid immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 69, 2116-2121
144. Scott-Moncrieff J. C., Treadwell N. G., McCullough S. M. & Brooks M. B. (2001) Effect of a single plasma transfusion on thromboembolism in 13 dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 37, 220-227
145. Schreiner N. M. S., Gaschen F., Grone A., Sauter S. N. & Allenspach K. (2008) Clinical signs, histology and CD-3 positive cells before and after treatment of dogs with chronic enteropathies. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, 1079-1083
146. Shelton D. (1998a) Myasthenia gravis: laboratory diagnosis and predictive factors. Proceedings of 16th Annual Veterinary Medical Forum ACVIM, May 22-25, San Diego USA. pp 309-310
147. Shelton D. (1998b) Myasthenia gravis: lessons from the past 10 years. Journal of Small Animal Practice 39, 368-372
148. Shelton G. D. & Lindstrom J. M. (2001) Spontaneous remission in canine myasthenia gravis: implications for assessing human MG therapies. Neurology 57, 2139-2141
149. Shelton G. D. (2002) Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 32, 189-206
150. Sinnott V. B. & Otto C. M. (2009) Use of thromboelastography in dogs with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia: 39 cases (2000-2008). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 19, 484-488
151. Smith C. S. & Pell J. P. (2003) Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma related to gravitational challenge: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal 327, 1459-1461
152. Smith S. A. (2007) Hemostatic complications of canine IMHA. Proceedings of the 25th ACVIM Forum, Seattle, WA
153. Soroosh P. & Taylor A. (2009) Th9 and allergic disease. Immunology 127, 450-458
154. Stanley B. J. & Hauptman J. G. (2009) Long term prospective evaluation of topically applied 0.1% tacrolimus ointment for treatment of perianal sinuses in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 235, 397-404
155. Steffan J., Favrot C. & Mueller R. (2006) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of cyclosporin for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Veterinary Dermatology 17, 3-16
156. Stone M. S., Johnstone I. B., Brooks M., Bollinger T. K. & Cotter S. M. (1994) Lupus-type "anticoagulant" in a dog with haemolysis and thrombosis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 8, 57-61
157. Strobel P., Chuang W. Y., Chuvpilo S., Zettl A., Katzenberger T., Kalbacher H., Rieckmann P., Nix W., Schalke B., Gold R., Muller-Hermelink H. K., Peterson P. & Marx A. (2008) Common cellular and diverse genetic basis of thymoma-associated myaesthenia gravis. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1132, 143-156
158. Su Y. C., Rolph M. S., Cooley M. A. & Sewell W. A. (2006) Cyclophosphamide augments inflammation by reducing immunosuppression in a mouse model of allergic airway disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 117, 635-641
159. Tecles F., Spiranelli E., Bonfanti U., Ceron J. J. & Paltrineieri S. (2005) Preliminary studies of serum acute-phase protein concentrations in hematologic and neoplastic diseases of the dog. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 19, 865-870
160. Tha-In T., Bayry J., Metselaar H. J., Kaveri S. V. & Kwekkeboom J. (2008) Modulation of the cellular immune system by intravenous immunoglobulin. Trends in Immunology 29, 608-615
161. Thomason J. M., Lunsford A., Mackin A., Pinchuk L., Pruett S. & Langston C. (2009) Effects of cyclosporine on canine platelet procoagulant activity (abstract). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23, 692
162. Thomson M. F., Scott-Moncrieff J. C. & Brooks M. B. (2004) Effect of a single plasma transfusion on thromboembolism in 13 dogs with primary immune mediated hemolytic anaemia. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 40, 446-454
163. Trotman T. K., Phillips H., Fordyce H., King L. G., Morris D. O. & Giger U. (2006) Treatment of severe adverse cutaneous drug reactions with human intravenous immunoglobulin in two dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 42, 312-320
164. Tsuchiya R., Akutsu Y., Ikegami A., Scott M. A., Neo S., Ishikawa T., Hisasue M. & Yamada T. (2009) Prothrombotic and inflammatory effects of intravenous administration of human immunoglobulin G in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23, 1164-1169
165. Tumulty J. W., Broussard J. D., Steiner J. M., Peterson M. E. & Williams D. A. (2004) Clinical effects of short-term oral budesonide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 40, 120-123
166. Ulutas B., Voyvoda H., Pasa S. & Alingan M. K. (2006) Clodronate treatment of vitamin D-induced hypercalcemia in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 16, 141-145
167. Vaden S. L., Breitschwerdt E. B., Armstrong J., Correa M. T., Brown C., Polzin, D. J., Brace J. J., DiBartola S. P., Barsanti J. A., Crowell W., Jans H., Dimski D. S. & Bartges J. (1995) The effects of cyclosporine versus standard care in dogs with naturally occurring glomerulonephritis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 9, 259-266
168. Van Heerden J. & Van Schouwenburg S. J. (1983) The use of corticosteroids in a dog with myasthenia gravis. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 54, 135-137
169. Viard I., Wehru P., Bullani R., Schneider P., Holler N., Salomon D., Hunzikner T., Saurat J. H., Tschopp J. & French L. E. (1998) Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin. Science 282, 490-493
170. Warman S. M., Murray J. K., Ridyard A., Eastwood J., Silva S. & Day M. J. (2008) Pattern of Coombs test reactivity has diagnostic significance in dogs with immune mediated haemolytic anaemia. Journal of Small Animal Practice 49, 525-530
171. Washabau R. J., Day M. J., Willard M. D., Hall E. J., Jergens A. E., Mansell J., Minami T. & Bilzer T. W. (2010) Endoscopic, biopsy and histopathologic guidelines for the evaluation of gastrointestinal inflammation in companion animals. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24, 10-26
172. Weigmann B., Jarman E. R., Sudowe S., Bros M., Knop J. & Reske-Kunz A. B. (2006) Induction of regulatory T cells by leflunomide in a murine model of contact allergen sensitivity. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 126, 1524-1533
173. Weinkle T. K., Center S. A., Randolph J. F., Warner K. L., Barr S. C. & Erb H. N. (2005) Evaluation of prognostic factors, survival rates, and treatment protocols for immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia in dogs: 151 cases (1993-2002). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226, 1869-1880
174. Weiss D. J. & Brazell J. L. (2006) Detection of activated platelets in dogs with primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20, 682-686
175. Wells R., Guth A., Lappin M. & Dow S. (2009) Anti-endothelial antibodies in dogs with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and other diseaseas associated with a high risk of pulmonary thromboembolism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23, 295-300
176. Whelan M. F., O'Toole T. E., Chan D. L., Rozanski E. A., de Laforcade A. M., Crawford S. L. & Cotter S. M. (2009) Use of human immunoglobulin in addition to glucocorticoids for the initial treatment of dogs with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 19, 158-164
177. Wilbe M., Jokinen P., Truve K., Seppala E. H., Karlsson E. K., Biagi B., Hughes A., Bannasch D., Andersson G., Hansson-Hamlin H., Lohi H. & Lindblad-Toh K. (2010) Genome-wide association mapping identified multiple loci for a canine SLE-related disease complex. Nature Genetics 42, 250-255
178. Wilkerson M. J., Shuman W., Swist S., Harkin K., Meinkoth J. & Konan A. A. (2001) Platelet size, platelet-surface associated IgG, and reticulated platelets in dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 30, 141-149
179. Williams D. A. & Maggio-Price L. (1984) Canine idiopathic thrombocytopenia: clinical observations and long-term follow up in 54 cases. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 185, 660-663
180. Wohl J. S. & Moore A. S. (1996) Use of single agent cyclosporine A in dogs with severe immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (abstract). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 10, 173
181. Yasukawa K., Saito S., Kubo T.Shibasaki Y., Yamaoka K., Hachimura H., Kuyama T., Amimoto A, Kumata T., Kitahara Y., Takenaka M., Matsumura H., Uno T., Uchino T., Takehara K., Nishida K., Kadoya M., Sato M., Kato K., Matsumoto K., Saito S. & Shimoda T. (2010) Low-dose recombinant canine interferon-γ for treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: an open randomized comparative trial of two doses. Veterinary Dermatology 21, 42-49
182. Yin H., He X., Bao X., Liu X. & Yang G. (2005) Impedance effects of interleukin-6 on cyclophosphamide-induced hematopoietic damnification in dogs (in Chinese). Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 22, 798-801
183. Yuki M., Sugimoto N., Otsuka H., Tanahashi S., Katoh M.Hirano T., Nishii N. & Suzuki K. Recovery of a dog from aplastic anaemia after treatment with mycophenolate mofetil. Australian Veterinary Journal 85, 495-497