Genomic insights into early-onset obesity

Genome Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2010, Pages

  Choquet, Hélène ^a   Meyre, David ^a  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR DE LILLE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR; DNA; JANUS KINASE 2; LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PHOSPHOTRIESTERASE; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR C MAF; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX6; TRANSCRIPTOME;

ALSTROM SYNDROME; ANIRIDIA; BARDET BIEDL SYNDROME; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; BONE DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUCASIAN; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; CHROMOSOME 10; CHROMOSOME 11; CHROMOSOME 15; CHROMOSOME 16; CHROMOSOME 17; CHROMOSOME 22; CHROMOSOME 3; CHROMOSOME 6; CHROMOSOME 8; CHROMOSOME DELETION; COMORBIDITY; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIET; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DNA MICROARRAY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIGENETICS; EUROPE; EXERCISE; EYE DISEASE; FAST FOOD; FRANCE; GASTRECTOMY; GENE CLUSTER; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GERMANY; HEREDITY; HUMAN; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MARKETING; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MICROBIOME; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MORBID OBESITY; NEPHROBLASTOMA; NIEMANN PICK DISEASE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OVERNUTRITION; POPULATION; PRADER WILLI SYNDROME; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDER; REVIEW; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STEIN LEVENTHAL SYNDROME; UNITED STATES; UROGENITAL TRACT DISEASE; WEIGHT REDUCTION; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 78751696689     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1756994X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/gm157     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Chinn S. Definitions of childhood obesity: current practice. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006, 60:1189-1194. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602436, 16639415.
2. Poskitt EM. Defining childhood obesity: the relative body mass index (BMI). European Childhood Obesity group. Acta Paediatr 1995, 84:961-963. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13806.x, 7488831.
3. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000, 320:1240-1243. 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240, 27365, 10797032.
4. Daniels SR, Jacobson MS, McCrindle BW, Eckel RH, Sanner BM. American Heart Association Childhood Obesity Research Summit: executive summary. Circulation 2009, 119:2114-2123. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192215, 19332459.
5. Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:869-873. 10.1056/NEJM199709253371301, 9302300.
6. Bhargava SK, Sachdev HS, Fall CH, Osmond C, Lakshmy R, Barker DJ, Biswas SK, Ramji S, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS. Relation of serial changes in childhood body-mass index to impaired glucose tolerance in young adulthood. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:865-875. 10.1056/NEJMoa035698, 14985484.
7. De Bruyne RM, Fitzpatrick E, Dhawan A. Fatty liver disease in children: eat now pay later. Hepatol Int 2010, 4:375-385. 10.1007/s12072-009-9160-z, 2836438, 20305757.
8. Baker JL, Olsen LW, Sorensen TI. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:2329-2337. 10.1056/NEJMoa072515, 18057335.
9. Eknoyan G. Obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Curr Diab Rep 2007, 7:449-453. 10.1007/s11892-007-0076-5, 18255009.
10. Arens R, Muzumdar H. Childhood obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Appl Physiol 108:436-444. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00689.2009, 19875714.
11. Zeller MH, Modi AC. Predictors of health-related quality of life in obese youth. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006, 14:122-130. 10.1038/oby.2006.15, 16493130.
12. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, Layden J, Carnes BA, Brody J, Hayflick L, Butler RN, Allison DB, Ludwig DS. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1138-1145. 10.1056/NEJMsr043743, 15784668.
13. Cummings S, Parham ES, Strain GW. Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management. J Am Diet Assoc 2002, 102:1145-1155.
14. Miller WC. How effective are traditional dietary and exercise interventions for weight loss?. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999, 31:1129-1134. 10.1097/00005768-199908000-00008, 10449014.
15. Bessesen DH. Update on obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:2027-2034. 10.1210/jc.2008-0520, 18539769.
16. Inge TH, Xanthakos SA, Zeller MH. Bariatric surgery for pediatric extreme obesity: now or later?. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007, 31:1-14. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803525, 17173060.
17. Dan D, Harnanan D, Seetahal S, Naraynsingh V, Teelucksingh S. Bariatric surgery in the management of childhood obesity: should there be an age limit?. Obes Surg 2010, 20:114-117. 10.1007/s11695-009-9996-2, 19844765.
18. Krebs NF, Jacobson MS. Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity. Pediatrics 2003, 112:424-430. 10.1542/peds.112.2.424, 12897303.
19. Birch LL, Ventura AK. Preventing childhood obesity: what works?. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009, 33(Suppl 1):S74-S81. 10.1038/ijo.2009.22, 19363514.
20. Bell CG, Walley AJ, Froguel P. The genetics of human obesity. Nat Rev Genet 2005, 6:221-234. 10.1038/nrg1556, 15703762.
21. McAllister EJ, Dhurandhar NV, Keith SW, Aronne LJ, Barger J, Baskin M, Benca RM, Biggio J, Boggiano MM, Eisenmann JC, Elobeid M, Fontaine KR, Gluckman P, Hanlon EC, Katzmarzyk P, Pietrobelli A, Redden DT, Ruden DM, Wang C, Waterland RA, Wright SM, Allison DB. Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009, 49:868-913. 10.1080/10408390903372599, 2932668, 19960394.
22. Wardle J, Carnell S, Haworth CM, Plomin R. Evidence for a strong genetic influence on childhood adiposity despite the force of the obesogenic environment. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87:398-404.
23. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I, Steer C, Sherriff A. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ 2005, 330:1357. 10.1136/bmj.38470.670903.E0, 558282, 15908441.
24. Pietilainen KH, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Winter T, Rimpela A, Viken RJ, Rose RJ. Distribution and heritability of BMI in Finnish adolescents aged 16 y and 17 y: a study of 4884 twins and 2509 singletons. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999, 23:107-115. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800767, 10078843.
25. Cai G, Cole SA, Butte NF, Smith CW, Mehta NR, Voruganti VS, Proffitt JM, Comuzzie AG. A genetic contribution to circulating cytokines and obesity in children. Cytokine 2008, 44:242-247. 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.08.006, 2644283, 18848781.
26. Haworth CM, Carnell S, Meaburn EL, Davis OS, Plomin R, Wardle J. Increasing heritability of BMI and stronger associations with the FTO gene over childhood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16:2663-2668. 10.1038/oby.2008.434, 18846049.
27. Lajunen HR, Kaprio J, Keski-Rahkonen A, Rose RJ, Pulkkinen L, Rissanen A, Silventoinen K. Genetic and environmental effects on body mass index during adolescence: a prospective study among Finnish twins. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009, 33:559-567. 10.1038/ijo.2009.51, 2704063, 19337205.
28. Martin LJ, Woo JG, Morrison JA. Evidence of shared genetic effects between pre- and postobesity epidemic BMI levels. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, doi:10.1038/oby.2009.394.
29. Salsberry PJ, Reagan PB. Effects of heritability, shared environment, and nonshared intrauterine conditions on child and adolescent BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010, doi:10.1038/oby.2009.485.
30. Mustelin L, Silventoinen K, Pietilainen K, Rissanen A, Kaprio J. Physical activity reduces the influence of genetic effects on BMI and waist circumference: a study in young adult twins. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009, 33:29-36. 10.1038/ijo.2008.258, 19048013.
31. Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S. Mutations in ligands and receptors of the leptin-melanocortin pathway that lead to obesity. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008, 4:569-577. 10.1038/ncpendmet0966, 18779842.
32. Holder JL, Butte NF, Zinn AR. Profound obesity associated with a balanced translocation that disrupts the SIM1 gene. Hum Mol Genet 2000, 9:101-108. 10.1093/hmg/9.1.101, 10587584.
33. Ahituv N, Kavaslar N, Schackwitz W, Ustaszewska A, Martin J, Hebert S, Doelle H, Ersoy B, Kryukov G, Schmidt S, Yosef N, Ruppin E, Sharan R, Vaisse C, Sunyaev S, Dent R, Cohen J, McPherson R, Pennacchio LA. Medical sequencing at the extremes of human body mass. Am J Hum Genet 2007, 80:779-791. 10.1086/513471, 1852707, 17357083.
34. Christodoulides C, Scarda A, Granzotto M, Milan G, Dalla Nora E, Keogh J, De Pergola G, Stirling H, Pannacciulli N, Sethi JK, Federspil G, Vidal-Puig A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, Vettor R. WNT10B mutations in human obesity. Diabetologia 2006, 49:678-684. 10.1007/s00125-006-0144-4, 16477437.
35. Yeo GS, Connie Hung CC, Rochford J, Keogh J, Gray J, Sivaramakrishnan S, O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay. Nat Neurosci 2004, 7:1187-1189. 10.1038/nn1336, 15494731.
36. Gray J, Yeo GS, Cox JJ, Morton J, Adlam AL, Keogh JM, Yanovski JA, El Gharbawy A, Han JC, Tung YC, Hodges JR, Raymond FL, O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Hyperphagia, severe obesity, impaired cognitive function, and hyperactivity associated with functional loss of one copy of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. Diabetes 2006, 55:3366-3371. 10.2337/db06-0550, 2413291, 17130481.
37. Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G, Lawrence E, Cheetham CH, Prentice AM, Hughes IA, McCamish MA, O'Rahilly S. Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:879-884. 10.1056/NEJM199909163411204, 10486419.
38. Han JC, Liu QR, Jones M, Levinn RL, Menzie CM, Jefferson-George KS, Adler-Wailes DC, Sanford EL, Lacbawan FL, Uhl GR, Rennert OM, Yanovski JA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and obesity in the WAGR syndrome. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:918-927. 10.1056/NEJMoa0801119, 2553704, 18753648.
39. Gunay-Aygun M, Schwartz S, Heeger S, O'Riordan MA, Cassidy SB. The changing purpose of Prader-Willi syndrome clinical diagnostic criteria and proposed revised criteria. Pediatrics 2001, 108:E92. 10.1542/peds.108.5.e92, 11694676.
40. Muller J, Stoetzel C, Vincent MC, Leitch CC, Laurier V, Danse JM, Helle S, Marion V, Bennouna-Greene V, Vicaire S, Megarbane A, Kaplan J, Drouin-Garraud V, Hamdani M, Sigaudy S, Francannet C, Roume J, Bitoun P, Goldenberg A, Philip N, Odent S, Green J, Cossée M, Davis EE, Katsanis N, Bonneau D, Verloes A, Poch O, Mandel JL, Dollfus H. Identification of 28 novel mutations in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome genes: the burden of private mutations in an extensively heterogeneous disease. Hum Genet 127:583-593. 10.1007/s00439-010-0804-9, 20177705.
41. Marshall JD, Bronson RT, Collin GB, Nordstrom AD, Maffei P, Paisey RB, Carey C, Macdermott S, Russell-Eggitt I, Shea SE, Davis J, Beck S, Shatirishvili G, Mihai CM, Hoeltzenbein M, Pozzan GB, Hopkinson I, Sicolo N, Naggert JK, Nishina PM. New Alstrom syndrome phenotypes based on the evaluation of 182 cases. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:675-683. 10.1001/archinte.165.6.675, 15795345.
42. Seifert W, Holder-Espinasse M, Spranger S, Hoeltzenbein M, Rossier E, Dollfus H, Lacombe D, Verloes A, Chrzanowska KH, Maegawa GH, Chitayat D, Kotzot D, Huhle D, Meinecke P, Albrecht B, Mathijssen I, Leheup B, Raile K, Hennies HC, Horn D. Mutational spectrum of COH1 and clinical heterogeneity in Cohen syndrome. J Med Genet 2006, 43:e22. 10.1136/jmg.2005.039867, 2564527, 16648375.
43. Sahoo T, del Gaudio D, German JR, Shinawi M, Peters SU, Person RE, Garnica A, Cheung SW, Beaudet AL. Prader-Willi phenotype caused by paternal deficiency for the HBII-85 C/D box small nucleolar RNA cluster. Nat Genet 2008, 40:719-721. 10.1038/ng.158, 2705197, 18500341.
44. de Smith AJ, Purmann C, Walters RG, Ellis RJ, Holder SE, Van Haelst MM, Brady AF, Fairbrother UL, Dattani M, Keogh JM, Henning E, Yeo GS, O'Rahilly S, Froguel P, Farooqi IS, Blakemore AI. A deletion of the HBII-85 class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) is associated with hyperphagia, obesity and hypogonadism. Hum Mol Genet 2009, 18:3257-3265. 10.1093/hmg/ddp263, 2722987, 19498035.
45. Ansley SJ, Badano JL, Blacque OE, Hill J, Hoskins BE, Leitch CC, Kim JC, Ross AJ, Eichers ER, Teslovich TM, Mah AK, Johnsen RC, Cavender JC, Lewis RA, Leroux MR, Beales PL, Katsanis N. Basal body dysfunction is a likely cause of pleiotropic Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Nature 2003, 425:628-633. 10.1038/nature02030, 14520415.
46. Botstein D, Risch N. Discovering genotypes underlying human phenotypes: past successes for mendelian disease, future approaches for complex disease. Nat Genet 2003, 33(Suppl):228-237. 10.1038/ng1090, 12610532.
47. Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Perusse L, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006, 14:529-644. 10.1038/oby.2006.71, 16741264.
48. Saar K, Geller F, Ruschendorf F, Reis A, Friedel S, Schauble N, Nurnberg P, Siegfried W, Goldschmidt HP, Schafer H, Ziegler A, Remschmidt H, Hinney A, Hebebrand J. Genome scan for childhood and adolescent obesity in German families. Pediatrics 2003, 111:321-327. 10.1542/peds.111.2.321, 12563058.
49. Meyre D, Lecoeur C, Delplanque J, Francke S, Vatin V, Durand E, Weill J, Dina C, Froguel P. A genome-wide scan for childhood obesity-associated traits in French families shows significant linkage on chromosome 6q22.31-q23.2. Diabetes 2004, 53:803-811. 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.803, 14988267.
50. Chen W, Li S, Cook NR, Rosner BA, Srinivasan SR, Boerwinkle E, Berenson GS. An autosomal genome scan for loci influencing longitudinal burden of body mass index from childhood to young adulthood in white sibships: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004, 28:462-469. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802610, 14993914.
51. Meyre D, Bouatia-Naji N, Tounian A, Samson C, Lecoeur C, Vatin V, Ghoussaini M, Wachter C, Hercberg S, Charpentier G, Patsch W, Pattou F, Charles MA, Tounian P, Clément K, Jouret B, Weill J, Maddux BA, Goldfine ID, Walley A, Boutin P, Dina C, Froguel P. Variants of ENPP1 are associated with childhood and adult obesity and increase the risk of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2005, 37:863-867. 10.1038/ng1604, 2000804, 16025115.
52. Maddux BA, Goldfine ID. Membrane glycoprotein PC-1 inhibition of insulin receptor function occurs via direct interaction with the receptor alpha-subunit. Diabetes 2000, 49:13-19. 10.2337/diabetes.49.1.13, 10615944.
53. Dong H, Maddux BA, Altomonte J, Meseck M, Accili D, Terkeltaub R, Johnson K, Youngren JF, Goldfine ID. Increased hepatic levels of the insulin receptor inhibitor, PC-1/NPP1, induce insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Diabetes 2005, 54:367-372. 10.2337/diabetes.54.2.367, 15677494.
54. Zhou HH, Chin CN, Wu M, Ni W, Quan S, Liu F, Dallas-Yang Q, Ellsworth K, Ho T, Zhang A, Natasha T, Li J, Chapman K, Strohl W, Li C, Wang IM, Berger J, An Z, Zhang BB, Jiang G. Suppression of PC-1/ENPP-1 expression improves insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2009, 616:346-352. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.057, 19577557.
55. Odeleye OE, de Courten M, Pettitt DJ, Ravussin E. Fasting hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of increased body weight gain and obesity in Pima Indian children. Diabetes 1997, 46:1341-1345. 10.2337/diabetes.46.8.1341, 9231660.
56. Morrison JA, Glueck CJ, Horn PS, Schreiber GB, Wang P. Pre-teen insulin resistance predicts weight gain, impaired fasting glucose, and type 2 diabetes at age 18-19 y: a 10-y prospective study of black and white girls. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88:778-788.
57. Bottcher Y, Korner A, Reinehr T, Enigk B, Kiess W, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P. ENPP1 variants and haplotypes predispose to early onset obesity and impaired glucose and insulin metabolism in German obese children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:4948-4952. 10.1210/jc.2006-0540, 16968801.
58. Morandi A, Pinelli L, Petrone A, Vatin V, Buzzetti R, Froguel P, Meyre D. The Q121 variant of ENPP1 may protect from childhood overweight/obesity in the Italian population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, 17:202-206. 10.1038/oby.2008.470, 18948963.
59. Altmuller J, Palmer LJ, Fischer G, Scherb H, Wjst M. Genomewide scans of complex human diseases: true linkage is hard to find. Am J Hum Genet 2001, 69:936-950. 10.1086/324069, 1274370, 11565063.
60. Stutzmann F, Vatin V, Cauchi S, Morandi A, Jouret B, Landt O, Tounian P, Levy-Marchal C, Buzzetti R, Pinelli L, Balkau B, Horber F, Bougnères P, Froguel P, Meyre D. Non-synonymous polymorphisms in melanocortin-4 receptor protect against obesity: the two facets of a Janus obesity gene. Hum Mol Genet 2007, 16:1837-1844. 10.1093/hmg/ddm132, 17519222.
61. Wang D, Ma J, Zhang S, Hinney A, Hebebrand J, Wang Y, Wang HJ. Association of the MC4R V103I polymorphism with obesity: a Chinese case-control study and meta-analysis in 55,195 individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010, 18:573-579. 10.1038/oby.2009.268, 19696756.
62. Benzinou M, Creemers JW, Choquet H, Lobbens S, Dina C, Durand E, Guerardel A, Boutin P, Jouret B, Heude B, Balkau B, Tichet J, Marre M, Potoczna N, Horber F, Le Stunff C, Czernichow S, Sandbaek A, Lauritzen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Andersen G, Kiess W, Körner A, Kovacs P, Jacobson P, Carlsson LM, Walley AJ, Jørgensen T, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Meyre D, Froguel P. Common nonsynonymous variants in PCSK1 confer risk of obesity. Nat Genet 2008, 40:943-945. 10.1038/ng.177, 18604207.
63. Kilpelainen TO, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Loos RJ. Association of variants in the PCSK1 gene with obesity in the EPIC-Norfolk study. Hum Mol Genet 2009, 18:3496-3501. 10.1093/hmg/ddp280, 2729665, 19528091.
64. Willer CJ, Speliotes EK, Loos RJ, Li S, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Berndt SI, Elliott AL, Jackson AU, Lamina C, Lettre G, Lim N, Lyon HN, McCarroll SA, Papadakis K, Qi L, Randall JC, Roccasecca RM, Sanna S, Scheet P, Weedon MN, Wheeler E, Zhao JH, Jacobs LC, Prokopenko I, Soranzo N, Tanaka T, Timpson NJ, Almgren P, Bennett A, et al. Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation. Nat Genet 2009, 41:25-34. 10.1038/ng.287, 2695662, 19079261.
65. Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Ohagi S, Raffin-Sanson ML, Sanders L, Montague CT, Hutton JC, O'Rahilly S. Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene. Nat Genet 1997, 16:303-306. 10.1038/ng0797-303, 9207799.
66. Vaisse C, Clement K, Guy-Grand B, Froguel P. A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity. Nat Genet 1998, 20:113-114. 10.1038/2407, 9771699.
67. Yeo GS, Farooqi IS, Aminian S, Halsall DJ, Stanhope RG, O'Rahilly S. A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity. Nat Genet 1998, 20:111-112. 10.1038/2404, 9771698.
68. Benzinou M, Chevre JC, Ward KJ, Lecoeur C, Dina C, Lobbens S, Durand E, Delplanque J, Horber FF, Heude B, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K, Jørgensen T, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Meyre D, Froguel P. Endocannabinoid receptor 1 gene variations increase risk for obesity and modulate body mass index in European populations. Hum Mol Genet 2008, 17:1916-1921. 10.1093/hmg/ddn089, 18375449.
69. Gazzerro P, Caruso MG, Notarnicola M, Misciagna G, Guerra V, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Association between cannabinoid type-1 receptor polymorphism and body mass index in a southern Italian population. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007, 31:908-912. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803510, 17160086.
70. Russo P, Strazzullo P, Cappuccio FP, Tregouet DA, Lauria F, Loguercio M, Barba G, Versiero M, Siani A. Genetic variations at the endocannabinoid type 1 receptor gene (CNR1) are associated with obesity phenotypes in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:2382-2386. 10.1210/jc.2006-2523, 17405839.
71. Peeters A, Beckers S, Mertens I, Van Hul W, Van Gaal L. The G1422A variant of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) is associated with abdominal adiposity in obese men. Endocrine 2007, 31:138-141. 10.1007/s12020-007-0022-y, 17873324.
72. Jaeger JP, Mattevi VS, Callegari-Jacques SM, Hutz MH. Cannabinoid type-1 receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with central obesity in a Southern Brazilian population. Dis Markers 2008, 25:67-74.
73. Aberle J, Flitsch J, Beck NA, Mann O, Busch P, Peitsmeier P, Beil FU. Genetic variation may influence obesity only under conditions of diet: analysis of three candidate genes. Mol Genet Metab 2008, 95:188-191. 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.07.008, 18815063.
74. Frazer KA, Ballinger DG, Cox DR, Hinds DA, Stuve LL, Gibbs RA, Belmont JW, Boudreau A, Hardenbol P, Leal SM, Pasternak S, Wheeler DA, Willis TD, Yu F, Yang H, Zeng C, Gao Y, Hu H, Hu W, Li C, Lin W, Liu S, Pan H, Tang X, Wang J, Wang W, Yu J, Zhang B, Zhang Q, Zhao H, et al. A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 2007, 449:851-861. 10.1038/nature06258, 2689609, 17943122.
75. Hao K, Schadt EE, Storey JD. Calibrating the performance of SNP arrays for whole-genome association studies. PLoS Genet 2008, 4:e1000109. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000109, 2432039, 18584036.
76. Hirschhorn JN. Genomewide association studies - illuminating biologic pathways. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:1699-1701. 10.1056/NEJMp0808934, 19369661.
77. Hofker M, Wijmenga C. A supersized list of obesity genes. Nat Genet 2009, 41:139-140. 10.1038/ng0209-139, 19174833.
78. Hinney A, Nguyen TT, Scherag A, Friedel S, Bronner G, Muller TD, Grallert H, Illig T, Wichmann HE, Rief W, Schäfer H, Hebebrand J. Genome wide association (GWA) study for early onset extreme obesity supports the role of fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) variants. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e1361. 10.1371/journal.pone.0001361, 2137937, 18159244.
79. Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, Zeggini E, Freathy RM, Lindgren CM, Perry JR, Elliott KS, Lango H, Rayner NW, Shields B, Harries LW, Barrett JC, Ellard S, Groves CJ, Knight B, Patch AM, Ness AR, Ebrahim S, Lawlor DA, Ring SM, Ben-Shlomo Y, Jarvelin MR, Sovio U, Bennett AJ, Melzer D, Ferrucci L, Loos RJ, Barroso I, Wareham NJ, et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science 2007, 316:889-894. 10.1126/science.1141634, 2646098, 17434869.
80. Scuteri A, Sanna S, Chen WM, Uda M, Albai G, Strait J, Najjar S, Nagaraja R, Orru M, Usala G, Dei M, Lai S, Maschio A, Busonero F, Mulas A, Ehret GB, Fink AA, Weder AB, Cooper RS, Galan P, Chakravarti A, Schlessinger D, Cao A, Lakatta E, Abecasis GR. Genome-wide association scan shows genetic variants in the FTO gene are associated with obesity-related traits. PLoS Genet 2007, 3:e115. 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030115, 1934391,1934391, 17658951.
81. Dina C, Meyre D, Gallina S, Durand E, Korner A, Jacobson P, Carlsson LM, Kiess W, Vatin V, Lecoeur C, Delplanque J, Vaillant E, Pattou F, Ruiz J, Weill J, Levy-Marchal C, Horber F, Potoczna N, Hercberg S, Le Stunff C, Bougnères P, Kovacs P, Marre M, Balkau B, Cauchi S, Chèvre JC, Froguel P. Variation in FTO contributes to childhood obesity and severe adult obesity. Nat Genet 2007, 39:724-726. 10.1038/ng2048, 17496892.
82. Meyre D, Delplanque J, Chevre JC, Lecoeur C, Lobbens S, Gallina S, Durand E, Vatin V, Degraeve F, Proenca C, Gaget S, Körner A, Kovacs P, Kiess W, Tichet J, Marre M, Hartikainen AL, Horber F, Potoczna N, Hercberg S, Levy-Marchal C, Pattou F, Heude B, Tauber M, McCarthy MI, Blakemore AI, Montpetit A, Polychronakos C, Weill J, Coin LJ, et al. Genome-wide association study for early-onset and morbid adult obesity identifies three new risk loci in European populations. Nat Genet 2009, 41:157-159. 10.1038/ng.301, 19151714.
83. Loos RJ, Lindgren CM, Li S, Wheeler E, Zhao JH, Prokopenko I, Inouye M, Freathy RM, Attwood AP, Beckmann JS, Berndt SI, , Jacobs KB, Chanock SJ, Hayes RB, Bergmann S, Bennett AJ, Bingham SA, Bochud M, Brown M, Cauchi S, Connell JM, Cooper C, Smith GD, Day I, Dina C, De S, Dermitzakis ET, Doney AS, Elliott KS, et al. Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity. Nat Genet 2008, 40:768-775. 10.1038/ng.140, 2669167, 18454148, Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.
84. Chambers JC, Elliott P, Zabaneh D, Zhang W, Li Y, Froguel P, Balding D, Scott J, Kooner JS. Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with waist circumference and insulin resistance. Nat Genet 2008, 40:716-718. 10.1038/ng.156, 18454146.
85. Scherag A, Dina C, Hinney A, Vatin V, Scherag S, Vogel CI, Muller TD, Grallert H, Wichmann HE, Balkau B, Heude B, Jarvelin MR, Hartikainen AL, Levy-Marchal C, Weill J, Delplanque J, Körner A, Kiess W, Kovacs P, Rayner NW, Prokopenko I, McCarthy MI, Schäfer H, Jarick I, Boeing H, Fisher E, Reinehr T, Heinrich J, Rzehak P, Berdel D, et al. Two new loci for body-weight regulation identified in a joint analysis of genome-wide association studies for early-onset extreme obesity in French and German study groups. PLoS Genet 2010, 6:e1000916. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000916, 2858696, 20421936.
86. Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Randall JC, Lamina C, Steinthorsdottir V, Qi L, Speliotes EK, Thorleifsson G, Willer CJ, Herrera BM, Jackson AU, Lim N, Scheet P, Soranzo N, Amin N, Aulchenko YS, Chambers JC, Drong A, Luan J, Lyon HN, Rivadeneira F, Sanna S, Timpson NJ, Zillikens MC, Zhao JH, Almgren P, Bandinelli S, Bennett AJ, Bergman RN, Bonnycastle LL, et al. Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution. PLoS Genet 2009, 5:e1000508. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000508, 2695778, 19557161.
87. Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Gudbjartsson DF, Steinthorsdottir V, Sulem P, Helgadottir A, Styrkarsdottir U, Gretarsdottir S, Thorlacius S, Jonsdottir I, Jonsdottir T, Olafsdottir EJ, Olafsdottir GH, Jonsson T, Jonsson F, Borch-Johnsen K, Hansen T, Andersen G, Jorgensen T, Lauritzen T, Aben KK, Verbeek AL, Roeleveld N, Kampman E, Yanek LR, Becker LC, Tryggvadottir L, Rafnar T, Becker DM, Gulcher J, et al. Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity. Nat Genet 2009, 41:18-24. 10.1038/ng.274, 19079260.
88. Zhao J, Bradfield JP, Li M, Wang K, Zhang H, Kim CE, Annaiah K, Glessner JT, Thomas K, Garris M, Frackelton EC, Otieno FG, Shaner JL, Smith RM, Chiavacci RM, Berkowitz RI, Hakonarson H, Grant SF. The role of obesity-associated loci identified in genome-wide association studies in the determination of pediatric BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, 17:2254-2257. 10.1038/oby.2009.159, 2860782, 19478790.
89. Conrad DF, Pinto D, Redon R, Feuk L, Gokcumen O, Zhang Y, Aerts J, Andrews TD, Barnes C, Campbell P, Fitzgerald T, Hu M, Ihm CH, Kristiansson K, Macarthur DG, Macdonald JR, Onyiah I, Pang AW, Robson S, Stirrups K, Valsesia A, Walter K, Wei J, , Tyler-Smith C, Carter NP, Lee C, Scherer SW, Hurles ME. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Origins and functional impact of copy number variation in the human genome. Nature 464:704-712. 10.1038/nature08516, 19812545, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium.
90. Bochukova EG, Huang N, Keogh J, Henning E, Purmann C, Blaszczyk K, Saeed S, Hamilton-Shield J, Clayton-Smith J, O'Rahilly S, Hurles ME, Farooqi IS. Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early-onset obesity. Nature 463:666-670. 10.1038/nature08689, 19966786.
91. Walters RG, Jacquemont S, Valsesia A, de Smith AJ, Martinet D, Andersson J, Falchi M, Chen F, Andrieux J, Lobbens S, Delobel B, Stutzmann F, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Chèvre JC, Lecoeur C, Vatin V, Bouquillon S, Buxton JL, Boute O, Holder-Espinasse M, Cuisset JM, Lemaitre MP, Ambresin AE, Brioschi A, Gaillard M, Giusti V, Fellmann F, Ferrarini A, Hadjikhani N, Campion D, et al. A new highly penetrant form of obesity due to deletions on chromosome 16p11.2. Nature 2010, 463:671-675. 10.1038/nature08727, 2880448, 20130649.
92. Weiss LA, Shen Y, Korn JM, Arking DE, Miller DT, Fossdal R, Saemundsen E, Stefansson H, Ferreira MA, Green T, Platt OS, Ruderfer DM, Walsh CA, Altshuler D, Chakravarti A, Tanzi RE, Stefansson K, Santangelo SL, Gusella JF, Sklar P, Wu BL, Daly MJ, Autism C. Association between microdeletion and microduplication at 16p11.2 and autism. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:667-675. 10.1056/NEJMoa075974, 18184952.
93. Marshall CR, Noor A, Vincent JB, Lionel AC, Feuk L, Skaug J, Shago M, Moessner R, Pinto D, Ren Y, Thiruvahindrapduram B, Fiebig A, Schreiber S, Friedman J, Ketelaars CE, Vos YJ, Ficicioglu C, Kirkpatrick S, Nicolson R, Sloman L, Summers A, Gibbons CA, Teebi A, Chitayat D, Weksberg R, Thompson A, Vardy C, Crosbie V, Luscombe S, Baatjes R, et al. Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2008, 82:477-488. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.009, 2426913, 18252227.
94. McCarthy SE, Makarov V, Kirov G, Addington AM, McClellan J, Yoon S, Perkins DO, Dickel DE, Kusenda M, Krastoshevsky O, Krause V, Kumar RA, Grozeva D, Malhotra D, Walsh T, Zackai EH, Kaplan P, Ganesh J, Krantz ID, Spinner NB, Roccanova P, Bhandari A, Pavon K, Lakshmi B, Leotta A, Kendall J, Lee YH, Vacic V, Gary S, Iakoucheva LM, et al. Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia. Nat Genet 2009, 41:1223-1227. 10.1038/ng.474, 2951180, 19855392.
95. Bijlsma EK, Gijsbers AC, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JH, van Haeringen A, Fransen van de Putte DE, Anderlid BM, Lundin J, Lapunzina P, Perez Jurado LA, Delle Chiaie B, Loeys B, Menten B, Oostra A, Verhelst H, Amor DJ, Bruno DL, van Essen AJ, Hordijk R, Sikkema-Raddatz B, Verbruggen KT, Jongmans MC, Pfundt R, Reeser HM, Breuning MH, Ruivenkamp CA. Extending the phenotype of recurrent rearrangements of 16p11.2: deletions in mentally retarded patients without autism and in normal individuals. Eur J Med Genet 2009, 52:77-87. 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.03.006, 19306953.
96. Fernandez BA, Roberts W, Chung B, Weksberg R, Meyn S, Szatmari P, Joseph-George AM, Mackay S, Whitten K, Noble B, Vardy C, Crosbie V, Luscombe S, Tucker E, Turner L, Marshall CR, Scherer SW. Phenotypic spectrum associated with de novo and inherited deletions and duplications at 16p11.2 in individuals ascertained for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. J Med Genet 47:195-203. 10.1136/jmg.2009.069369, 19755429.
97. Ren D, Li M, Duan C, Rui L. Identification of SH2-B as a key regulator of leptin sensitivity, energy balance, and body weight in mice. Cell Metab 2005, 2:95-104. 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.07.004, 16098827.
98. Ren D, Zhou Y, Morris D, Li M, Li Z, Rui L. Neuronal SH2B1 is essential for controlling energy and glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:397-406. 10.1172/JCI29417, 1765516, 17235396.
99. Sonestedt E, Roos C, Gullberg B, Ericson U, Wirfalt E, Orho-Melander M. Fat and carbohydrate intake modify the association between genetic variation in the FTO genotype and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 90:1418-1425. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27958, 19726594.
100. Corella D, Peloso G, Arnett DK, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Tucker K, Lai CQ, Parnell LD, Coltell O, Lee YC, Ordovas JM. APOA2, dietary fat, and body mass index: replication of a gene-diet interaction in 3 independent populations. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:1897-1906. 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.343, 2874956, 19901143.
101. Andreasen CH, Stender-Petersen KL, Mogensen MS, Torekov SS, Wegner L, Andersen G, Nielsen AL, Albrechtsen A, Borch-Johnsen K, Rasmussen SS, Clausen JO, Sandbaek A, Lauritzen T, Hansen L, Jørgensen T, Pedersen O, Hansen T. Low physical activity accentuates the effect of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on body fat accumulation. Diabetes 2008, 57:95-101. 10.2337/db07-0910, 17942823.
102. Rampersaud E, Mitchell BD, Pollin TI, Fu M, Shen H, O'Connell JR, Ducharme JL, Hines S, Sack P, Naglieri R, Shuldiner AR, Snitker S. Physical activity and the association of common FTO gene variants with body mass index and obesity. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168:1791-1797. 10.1001/archinte.168.16.1791, 18779467.
103. Cauchi S, Stutzmann F, Cavalcanti-Proenca C, Durand E, Pouta A, Hartikainen AL, Marre M, Vol S, Tammelin T, Laitinen J, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Blakemore AI, Elliott P, Meyre D, Balkau B, Järvelin MR, Froguel P. Combined effects of MC4R and FTO common genetic variants on obesity in European general populations. J Mol Med 2009, 87:537-546. 10.1007/s00109-009-0451-6, 19255736.
104. Vimaleswaran KS, Li S, Zhao JH, Luan J, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Ekelund U, Wareham NJ, Loos RJ. Physical activity attenuates the body mass index-increasing influence of genetic variation in the FTO gene. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 90:425-428. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27652, 19553294.
105. Karasawa S, Daimon M, Sasaki S, Toriyama S, Oizumi T, Susa S, Kameda W, Wada K, Muramatsu M, Fukao A, Kubota I, Kawata S, Kayama T, Kato T. Association of the common fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene polymorphism with obesity in a Japanese population. Endocr J 2010, 57:293-301. 10.1507/endocrj.K09E-305, 20051647.
106. Ruiz JR, Labayen I, Ortega FB, Legry V, Moreno LA, Dallongeville J, Martinez-Gomez D, Bokor S, Manios Y, Ciarapica D, Gottrand F, De Henauw S, Molnár D, Sjöström M, Meirhaeghe A, . HELENA Study Group Attenuation of the effect of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on total and central body fat by physical activity in adolescents: the HELENA study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010, 164:328-333. HELENA Study Group.
107. Jacobsson JA, Riserus U, Axelsson T, Lannfelt L, Schioth HB, Fredriksson R. The common FTO variant rs9939609 is not associated with BMI in a longitudinal study on a cohort of Swedish men born 1920-1924. BMC Med Genet 2009, 10:131. 10.1186/1471-2350-10-131, 2797506, 20003232.
108. Mitchell JA, Church TS, Rankinen T, Earnest CP, Sui X, Blair SN. FTO genotype and the weight loss benefits of moderate intensity exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010, 18:641-643. 10.1038/oby.2009.311, 2828508, 19798072.
109. Luan J, Kerner B, Zhao JH, Loos RJ, Sharp SJ, Muthen BO, Wareham NJ. A multilevel linear mixed model of the association between candidate genes and weight and body mass index using the Framingham longitudinal family data. BMC Proc 2009, 3(Suppl 7):S115. 10.1186/1753-6561-3-s7-s115, 2795887, 20017980.
110. Stutzmann F, Tan K, Vatin V, Dina C, Jouret B, Tichet J, Balkau B, Potoczna N, Horber F, O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS, Froguel P, Meyre D. Prevalence of melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency in Europeans and their age-dependent penetrance in multigenerational pedigrees. Diabetes 2008, 57:2511-2518. 10.2337/db08-0153, 2518504, 18559663.
111. Stone S, Abkevich V, Russell DL, Riley R, Timms K, Tran T, Trem D, Frank D, Jammulapati S, Neff CD, Iliev D, Gress R, He G, Frech GC, Adams TD, Skolnick MH, Lanchbury JS, Gutin A, Hunt SC, Shattuck D. TBC1D1 is a candidate for a severe obesity gene and evidence for a gene/gene interaction in obesity predisposition. Hum Mol Genet 2006, 15:2709-2720. 10.1093/hmg/ddl204, 16893906.
112. Meyre D, Farge M, Lecoeur C, Proenca C, Durand E, Allegaert F, Tichet J, Marre M, Balkau B, Weill J, Delplanque J, Froguel P. R125W coding variant in TBC1D1 confers risk for familial obesity and contributes to linkage on chromosome 4p14 in the French population. Hum Mol Genet 2008, 17:1798-1802. 10.1093/hmg/ddn070, 18325908.
113. Dempfle A, Hinney A, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Raab M, Geller F, Gudermann T, Schafer H, Hebebrand J. Large quantitative effect of melanocortin-4 receptor gene mutations on body mass index. J Med Genet 2004, 41:795-800. 10.1136/jmg.2004.018614, 1735595, 15466016.
114. Traurig M, Mack J, Hanson RL, Ghoussaini M, Meyre D, Knowler WC, Kobes S, Froguel P, Bogardus C, Baier LJ. Common variation in SIM1 is reproducibly associated with BMI in Pima Indians. Diabetes 2009, 58:1682-1689. 10.2337/db09-0028, 2699863, 19401419.
115. Ghoussaini M, Stutzmann F, Couturier C, Vatin V, Durand E, Lecoeur C, Degraeve F, Heude B, Tauber M, Hercberg S, Levy-Marchal C, Tounian P, Weill J, Traurig M, Bogardus C, Baier LJ, Michaud JL, Froguel P, Meyre D. Analysis of the SIM1 Contribution to Polygenic Obesity in the French Population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010, doi:10.1038/oby.2009.468, 2953787, 20075856.
116. Gomez-Ambrosi J, Catalan V, Diez-Caballero A, Martinez-Cruz LA, Gil MJ, Garcia-Foncillas J, Cienfuegos JA, Salvador J, Mato JM, Fruhbeck G. Gene expression profile of omental adipose tissue in human obesity. FASEB J 2004, 18:215-217.
117. Clement K, Viguerie N, Poitou C, Carette C, Pelloux V, Curat CA, Sicard A, Rome S, Benis A, Zucker JD, Vidal H, Laville M, Barsh GS, Basdevant A, Stich V, Cancello R, Langin D. Weight loss regulates inflammation-related genes in white adipose tissue of obese subjects. FASEB J 2004, 18:1657-1669. 10.1096/fj.04-2204com, 15522911.
118. Shea J, French CR, Bishop J, Martin G, Roebothan B, Pace D, Fitzpatrick D, Sun G. Changes in the transcriptome of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to short-term overfeeding in lean and obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89:407-415. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.25970, 19056584.
119. Leonardson AS, Zhu J, Chen Y, Wang K, Lamb JR, Reitman M, Emilsson V, Schadt EE. The effect of food intake on gene expression in human peripheral blood. Hum Mol Genet 19:159-169. 10.1093/hmg/ddp476, 2792154, 19837700.
120. De Giorgio MR, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Feeding induced changes in the hypothalamic transcriptome. Clin Chim Acta 2009, 406:103-107. 10.1016/j.cca.2009.06.004, 19523461.
121. Mutch DM, Temanni MR, Henegar C, Combes F, Pelloux V, Holst C, Sorensen TI, Astrup A, Martinez JA, Saris WH, Viguerie N, Langin D, Zucker JD, Clément K. Adipose gene expression prior to weight loss can differentiate and weakly predict dietary responders. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e1344. 10.1371/journal.pone.0001344, 2147074, 18094752.
122. Sieberts SK, Schadt EE. Moving toward a system genetics view of disease. Mamm Genome 2007, 18:389-401. 10.1007/s00335-007-9040-6, 1998874, 17653589.
123. Schadt EE, Lamb J, Yang X, Zhu J, Edwards S, Guhathakurta D, Sieberts SK, Monks S, Reitman M, Zhang C, Lum PY, Leonardson A, Thieringer R, Metzger JM, Yang L, Castle J, Zhu H, Kash SF, Drake TA, Sachs A, Lusis AJ. An integrative genomics approach to infer causal associations between gene expression and disease. Nat Genet 2005, 37:710-717. 10.1038/ng1589, 2841396, 15965475.
124. Mehrabian M, Allayee H, Stockton J, Lum PY, Drake TA, Castellani LW, Suh M, Armour C, Edwards S, Lamb J, Lusis AJ, Schadt EE. Integrating genotypic and expression data in a segregating mouse population to identify 5-lipoxygenase as a susceptibility gene for obesity and bone traits. Nat Genet 2005, 37:1224-1233. 10.1038/ng1619, 16200066.
125. Yang X, Deignan JL, Qi H, Zhu J, Qian S, Zhong J, Torosyan G, Majid S, Falkard B, Kleinhanz RR, Karlsson J, Castellani LW, Mumick S, Wang K, Xie T, Coon M, Zhang C, Estrada-Smith D, Farber CR, Wang SS, van Nas A, Ghazalpour A, Zhang B, Macneil DJ, Lamb JR, Dipple KM, Reitman ML, Mehrabian M, Lum PY, Schadt EE, et al. Validation of candidate causal genes for obesity that affect shared metabolic pathways and networks. Nat Genet 2009, 41:415-423. 10.1038/ng.325, 2837947, 19270708.
126. Chen Y, Zhu J, Lum PY, Yang X, Pinto S, MacNeil DJ, Zhang C, Lamb J, Edwards S, Sieberts SK, Leonardson A, Castellini LW, Wang S, Champy MF, Zhang B, Emilsson V, Doss S, Ghazalpour A, Horvath S, Drake TA, Lusis AJ, Schadt EE. Variations in DNA elucidate molecular networks that cause disease. Nature 2008, 452:429-435. 10.1038/nature06757, 2841398, 18344982.
127. Emilsson V, Thorleifsson G, Zhang B, Leonardson AS, Zink F, Zhu J, Carlson S, Helgason A, Walters GB, Gunnarsdottir S, Mouy M, Steinthorsdottir V, Eiriksdottir GH, Bjornsdottir G, Reynisdottir I, Gudbjartsson D, Helgadottir A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Styrkarsdottir U, Gretarsdottir S, Magnusson KP, Stefansson H, Fossdal R, Kristjansson K, Gislason HG, Stefansson T, Leifsson BG, Thorsteinsdottir U, Lamb JR, et al. Genetics of gene expression and its effect on disease. Nature 2008, 452:423-428. 10.1038/nature06758, 18344981.
128. Backhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:15718-15723. 10.1073/pnas.0407076101, 524219, 15505215.
129. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006, 444:1027-1031. 10.1038/nature05414, 17183312.
130. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 2006, 444:1022-1023. 10.1038/4441022a, 17183309.
131. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, Sogin ML, Jones WJ, Roe BA, Affourtit JP, Egholm M, Henrissat B, Heath AC, Knight R, Gordon JI. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009, 457:480-484. 10.1038/nature07540, 2677729, 19043404.
132. Balamurugan R, George G, Kabeerdoss J, Hepsiba J, Chandragunasekaran AM, Ramakrishna BS. Quantitative differences in intestinal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in obese Indian children. Br J Nutr 2010, 103:335-338. 10.1017/S0007114509992182, 19849869.
133. Kalliomaki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87:534-538.
134. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, Mende DR, Li J, Xu J, Li S, Li D, Cao J, Wang B, Liang H, Zheng H, Xie Y, Tap J, Lepage P, Bertalan M, Batto JM, Hansen T, Le Paslier D, Linneberg A, Nielsen HB, Pelletier E, Renault P, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 2010, 464:59-65. 10.1038/nature08821, 20203603.
135. Wray NR, Goddard ME, Visscher PM. Prediction of individual genetic risk of complex disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008, 18:257-263. 10.1016/j.gde.2008.07.006, 18682292.
136. Li S, Zhao JH, Luan J, Luben RN, Rodwell SA, Khaw KT, Ong KK, Wareham NJ, Loos RJ. Cumulative effects and predictive value of common obesity-susceptibility variants identified by genome-wide association studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:184-190. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28403, 19812171.
137. Sandholt CH, Sparso T, Grarup N, Albrechtsen A, Almind K, Hansen L, Toft U, Jorgensen T, Hansen T, Pedersen O. Combined analyses of 20 common obesity susceptibility variants. Diabetes 2010, doi:10.2337/db09-1042.
138. Wei Z, Wang K, Qu HQ, Zhang H, Bradfield J, Kim C, Frackleton E, Hou C, Glessner JT, Chiavacci R, Stanley C, Monos D, Grant SF, Polychronakos C, Hakonarson H. From disease association to risk assessment: an optimistic view from genome-wide association studies on type 1 diabetes. PLoS Genet 2009, 5:e1000678. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000678, 2748686, 19816555.
139. Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ, McCarthy MI, Ramos EM, Cardon LR, Chakravarti A, Cho JH, Guttmacher AE, Kong A, Kruglyak L, Mardis E, Rotimi CN, Slatkin M, Valle D, Whittemore AS, Boehnke M, Clark AG, Eichler EE, Gibson G, Haines JL, Mackay TF, McCarroll SA, Visscher PM. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature 2009, 461:747-753. 10.1038/nature08494, 2831613, 19812666.
140. Stone S, Abkevich V, Hunt SC, Gutin A, Russell DL, Neff CD, Riley R, Frech GC, Hensel CH, Jammulapati S, Potter J, Sexton D, Tran T, Gibbs D, Iliev D, Gress R, Bloomquist B, Amatruda J, Rae PM, Adams TD, Skolnick MH, Shattuck D. A major predisposition locus for severe obesity, at 4p15-p14. Am J Hum Genet 2002, 70:1459-1468. 10.1086/340670, 379132, 11957135.
141. Harville HM, Held S, Diaz-Font A, Davis EE, Diplas BH, Lewis RA, Borochowitz ZU, Zhou W, Chaki M, Macdonald J, Kayserili H, Beales PL, Katsanis N, Otto E, Hildebrandt F. Identification of 11 novel mutations in 8 BBS genes by high-resolution homozygosity mapping. J Med Genet 2010, 47:262-267. 10.1136/jmg.2009.071365, 19797195.
142. Ng SB, Buckingham KJ, Lee C, Bigham AW, Tabor HK, Dent KM, Huff CD, Shannon PT, Jabs EW, Nickerson DA, Shendure J, Bamshad MJ. Exome sequencing identifies the cause of a Mendelian disorder. Nat Genet 2009, 42:30-35. 10.1038/ng.499, 2847889, 19915526.
143. Ashley EA, Butte AJ, Wheeler MT, Chen R, Klein TE, Dewey FE, Dudley JT, Ormond KE, Pavlovic A, Morgan AA, Pushkarev D, Neff NF, Hudgins L, Gong L, Hodges LM, Berlin DS, Thorn CF, Sangkuhl K, Hebert JM, Woon M, Sagreiya H, Whaley R, Knowles JW, Chou MF, Thakuria JV, Rosenbaum AM, Zaranek AW, Church GM, Greely HT, Quake SR, et al. Clinical assessment incorporating a personal genome. Lancet 2010, 375:1525-1535. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60452-7, 2937184, 20435227.