Emergence of the human capital resource: A multilevel model

Academy of Management Review

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 127-150

  Ployhart, Robert ^a   Moliterno, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650299768     PISSN: 03637425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/amr.2009.0318     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Abell, P., Felin, T., & Foss, N. 2008. Building micro-foundations for the routines, capabilities, and performance links. Managerial and Decision Economics, 29: 489-502.
2. Ackerman, P. L. 1996. A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Intelligence, 22: 227-257.
3. Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. 1997. Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121: 219-245.
4. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S.-W. 2002. Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27: 17-40.
5. Amit, R., & Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1993. Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 33-46.
6. Ancona, D., & Chong, C. 1996. Entrainment: Pace, cycle, and rhythm in organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19: 251-284.
7. Argote, L., McEvily, B., & Reagans, R. 2003. Managing knowledge in organizations: An integrative framework and review of emerging themes. Management Science, 49: 571-582.
8. Barney, J. B. 1986. Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, 32: 1231-1241.
9. Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17: 99-120.
10. Barney, J. B., 2001. Is the resource-based "view" a useful perspective for strategic management research? Yes. Academy of Management Journal, 26: 41-56.
11. Barney, J. B., & Wright, P. M. 1998. On becoming a strategic partner: The role of human resources in gaining competitive advantage. Human Resource Management, 37: 31-46.
12. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. 1991. The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44: 1-26.
13. Barsade, S. G., & Gibson, D. E. 1998. Group emotion: A view from top and bottom. In D. H. Gruenfeld, B. Mannix, & M. Neale (Eds.), Composition: Research on managing groups and teams, vol. 1: 81-102. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
14. Beal, D. J., Cohen, R. R., Burke, M. J., & McLendon, C. L. 2003. Cohesion and performance in groups: A meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 989-1004.
15. Becker, B. E., & Huselid, M. A. 2006. Strategic human resource management: Where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 32: 898-925.
16. Becker, B. E., Huselid, M. A., & Beatty, R. W. 2009. The differentiated workforce: Transforming talent into strategic impact. Boston: Harvard Business Press.
17. Becker, G. S. 1964. Human capital (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
18. Beier, M. E., & Ackerman, P. L. 2003. Determinants of health knowledge: An investigation of age, gender, abilities, personality, and interests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84: 439-447.
19. Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. 2002. A typology of virtual teams: Implications for effective leadership. Group and Organization Management, 27: 14-49.
20. Bliese, P. D. 2000. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 349- 381. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
21. Boudreau, J. W., & Ramstad, P. M. 2005. Talentship, talent segmentation, and sustainability: A new HR decision science paradigm for a new strategy definition. Human Resource Management, 44: 129-136.
22. Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Tannenbaum, S. I., Salas, E., & Volpe, C. E. 1995. Defining competencies and establishing team training requirements. In R. A. Guzzo & E. Salas (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations: 330-380. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
23. Carroll, J. B. 1993. Human cognitive abilities. New York: Cambridge University Press.
24. Chan, D. 1998. Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 234-246.
25. Coff, R. W. 1997. Human assets and management dilemmas: Coping with hazards on the road to resource-based theory. Academy of Management Review, 22: 374-402.
26. Coff, R. W. 1999. When competitive advantage doesn't lead to performance: The resource-based view and stakeholder bargaining power. Organization Science, 10: 119-133.
27. Coff, R. W. 2002. Human capital, shared expertise, and the likelihood of impasse in corporate acquisitions. Journal of Management, 28: 107-128.
28. Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. 1990. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 128-152.
29. Cronbach, L. J. 1949. Essentials of psychological testing. New York: Harper.
30. Delery, J. E., & Shaw, J. D. 2001. The strategic management of people in organizations: Review, synthesis, and extensions. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20: 165-198.
31. Denrell, J., Fang, C., & Winter, S. G. 2003. The economics of strategic opportunity. Strategic Management Journal, 24: 977-990.
32. Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. 1989. Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science, 35: 1504-1511.
33. Doggett, P. 2009. You never give me your money: The Beatles after the breakup. New York: Harper Collins.
34. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. 2000. Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21: 1105-1121.
35. Felin, T., & Hesterly, W. S. 2007. The knowledge-based view, nested heterogeneity, and new value creation: Philosophical considerations on the locus of knowledge. Academy of Management Review, 32: 195-218.
36. Fleishman, E. A., & Zaccaro, S. J. 1992. Toward a taxonomy of team performance functions. In R. W. Swezey & E. Salas (Eds.), Teams: Their training and performance: 31-56. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
37. Fulmer, I. S., Gerhart, B., & Scott, K. 2003. Are the 100 Best better? An empirical investigation of the relationship between being a "Great Place to Work" and firm performance. Personnel Psychology, 56: 965-993.
38. George, J. M. 1990. Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 107-116.
39. Gerhart, B. 2005. Human resources and business performance: Findings, unanswered questions, and an alternative approach. Management Revue, 16: 174-185.
40. Gottfredson, L. S. 1997. Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life. Intelligence, 24: 79-132.
41. Grant, R. M. 1991. The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3): 114-135.
42. Grant, R. M. 1996. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 109-122.
43. Hackman, J. R. 1976. Group influences on individuals. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology: 1455-1525. Chicago: Rand McNally.
44. Hackman, J. R. 1987. The design of work teams. In J. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior: 315-342. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
45. Hackman, J. R. 1992. Group influences on individuals in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, vol. 3: 199-267. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
46. Hambrick, D. C. 2003. Why are some people more knowledgeable than others? A longitudinal study of knowledge acquisition. Memory & Cognition, 31: 902-917.
47. Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. 1984. Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9: 193-206.
48. Harris, D. H. 1994. Organizational linkages: Understanding the productivity paradox. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
49. Hatch, N. E., & Dyer, J. H. 2004. Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25: 1155-1178.
50. Helfat, C. E., Finkelstein, S., Mitchell, W., Peteraf, M. A., Singh, H., Teece, D. J., & Winter, S. G. 2007. Dynamic capabilities: Understanding strategic change in organizations. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
51. Helfat, C. E., & Peteraf, M. A. 2003. The dynamic resource-based view: Capability lifecycles. Strategic Management Journal, 24: 997-1010.
52. Hinsz, V. B., Tindale, R. S., & Vollrath, D. A. 1997. The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors. Psychological Bulletin, 121: 43-64.
53. Hitt, M. A., Beamish, P. W., Jackson, S. E., & Mathieu, J. E. 2008. Building theoretical and empirical bridges across levels: Multilevel research in management. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 1385-1399.
54. Hitt, M. A., Bierman, L., Shimizu, K., & Kochhar, R. 2001. Direct and moderating effects of human capital on strategy and performance in professional service firms: A resource-based perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 13-28.
55. Holland, J. R. 1997. Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities & work preferences (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: PAR.
56. Hunter, J. E. 1983. A causal analysis of cognitive ability, job knowledge, job performance, and supervisory ratings. In F. Landy, S. Zedeck, & J. Cleveland (Eds.), Performance measurement and theory: 257-266. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
57. Ilgen, D. R., Hollenbeck, J. R., Johnson, M., & Jundt, D. 2005. Teams in organizations: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annual Review of Psychology, 56: 517-543.
58. Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. 1995. Understanding human resource management in the context of organizations and their environments. Annual Review of Psychology, 46: 237-264.
59. Jensen, A. R. 1998. The g factor. Westport, CT: Praeger.
60. Kacmar, K. M., Andrews, M. C., Rooy, D. L. V., Steilberg, R. C., & Cerone, S. 2006. Sure everyone can be replaced . . . but at what cost? Turnover as a predictor of unit-level performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49: 133-144.
61. Kanfer, R. 1990. Motivation theory and industrial/organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. Hough (Eds.). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, vol. 1: 75-170. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
62. Klein, K. J., Dansereau, F., & Hall, R. J. 1994. Levels issues in theory development, data collection, and analysis. Academy of Management Review, 19: 195-229.
63. Klein, K. J., Ziegert, J. C., Knight, A. P., & Xiao, Y. 2006. Dynamic delegation: Shared, hierarchical and deindi-vidualized leadership in extreme action teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51: 590-621.
64. Klimoski, R. J., & Mohammed, S. 1994. Team mental model: Construct or metaphor? Journal of Management, 20: 403-437.
65. Kor, Y. Y., & Leblebici, H. 2005. How do interdependencies among human-capital deployment, development, and diversification strategies affect firms' financial performance? Strategic Management Journal, 26: 967-985.
66. Korsgaard, M. A., Schweiger, D. M., & Sapienza, H. J. 1995. Building commitment, attachment, and trust in strategic decision-making teams: The role of procedural justice. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 60-84.
67. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Bell, B. S. 2003. Work groups and teams in organizations. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology, vol. 12: 333-375. London: Wiley.
68. Kozlowski, S. W. J., Gully, S. M., Nason, E. R., & Smith, E. M. 1999. Developing adaptive teams: A theory of compilation and performance across levels and time. In D. R. Ilgen & E. D. Pulakos (Eds.), The changing nature of work performance: Implications for staffing, personnel actions, and development: 240-292. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
69. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Ilgen, D. R. 2006. Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Sciences in the Public Interest, 7: 77-124.
70. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Klein, K. J. 2000. A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 3-90. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
71. Lepak, D. P., Liao, H., Chung, Y., & Harden, E. 2006. A conceptual review of HR management systems in HRM research. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 25: 217-272.
72. Lepak, D. P., Smith, K. G., & Taylor, M. S. 2007. Value creation and value capture: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Review, 32: 180-194.
73. Lepak, D. P., & Snell, S. A. 1999. The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Academy of Management Review, 24: 34-48.
74. LePine, J. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Erez, A. 2000. Adaptability to changing task contexts: Effects of general cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Personnel Psychology, 53: 563-593.
75. Liao, H., & Chuang, A. C. 2004. A multilevel investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 47: 41-58.
76. Liebeskind, J. P. 1996. Knowledge, strategy, and the theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 93-107.
77. Lippman, S. A., & Rumelt, R. P. 2003. The payments perspective: Micro-foundations of resource analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 24: 903-927.
78. Lubinski, D. 2000. Scientific and social significance of assessing individual differences: "Sinking shafts at a few critical points." Annual Review of Psychology, 51: 405-444.
79. Mahoney, J. T. 1995. The management of resources and the resource of management. Journal of Business Research, 33: 91-101.
80. Mahoney, J. T. 2001. A resource-based theory of sustainable rents. Journal of Management, 27: 651-660.
81. Mahoney, J. T., & Pandian, R. 1992. The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 363-380.
82. Makadok, R. 2001. Toward a synthesis of the resource-based and dynamic-capability views of rent creation. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 387-401.
83. Maritan, C. A., & Peteraf, M. A. 2007. Dynamic capabilities and organizational processes. In C. Helfat, S. Finkel-stein, W. Mitchell, M. A. Peteraf, H. Singh, D. J. Teece, & S. G. Winter (Eds.), Dynamic capabilities: Understanding strategic change in organizations: 30-46. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
84. Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Zaccaro, S. J. 2001. A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review, 26: 356-376.
85. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T, Jr. 1996. Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives: 51-87. New York: Guilford Press.
86. McGrath, J. E. 1984. Groups: Interaction and performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
87. Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & DeChurch, L. A. 2009. Information sharing and team performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 535-546.
88. Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. 1997. A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10: 71-84.
89. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23: 242-266.
90. Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. 1982. An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
91. Newbert, S. 2007. Empirical research on the resource-based view of the firm: An assessment and suggestions for future research. Strategic Management Journal, 28: 121-146.
92. Nishii, L. H., Lepak, D. P., & Schneider, B. 2008. Employee attributions of HR practices: Their effect on employee attitudes and behaviors, and customer satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 61: 503-545.
93. Oldham, G. R. 2003. Stimulating and supporting creativity in organizations. In S. E. Jackson, M. A. Hitt, & A. S. DeNisi (Eds.), Managing knowledge for sustained competitive advantage: 243-273. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
94. Ostroff, C., & Bowen, D. 2000. Moving HR to a higher level: HR practices and organizational effectiveness. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 211-266. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
95. Pennings, J. M., Lee, K., & van Witteloostuijn, A. 1998. Human capital, social capital, and firm dissolution. Academy of Management Journal, 41: 425-440.
96. Penrose, E. 1959. The theory of the growth of the firm (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
97. Peteraf, M. A. 1993. The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179-191.
98. Ployhart, R. E. 2004. Organizational staffing: A multilevel review, synthesis, and model. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 23: 121-176.
99. Ployhart, R. E., Weekley, J. A., & Baughman, K. 2006. The structure and function of human capital emergence: A multilevel examination of the ASA model. Academy of Management Journal, 49: 661-677.
100. Ployhart, R. E., Weekley, J. A., & Ramsey, J. 2009. The consequences of human resource stocks and flows: A longitudinal examination of unit service orientation and unit effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 52: 996-1015.
101. Quinones, M. A., Ford, J. K., & Teachout, M. S. 1995. The relationship between work experience and job performance: A conceptual meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 48: 887-910.
102. Rentsch, J. R. 1990. Climate and culture: Interaction and qualitative differences in organizational meanings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 668-681.
103. Roethlisberger, F. J., & Dickson, W. J. 1939. Management and the worker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
104. Rousseau, D. M. 1985. Issues of level on organizational research. Research in Organizational Behavior, 7: 1-37.
105. Rumelt, R. P. 1984. Towards a strategic theory of the firm. In R. B. Lamb (Ed.), Competitive strategic management: 556-570. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
106. Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. 1998. The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124: 262-274.
107. Schmitt, N., Cortina, J. M., Ingerick, M. J., & Wiechmann, D. 2003. Personnel selection and employee performance. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology, vol. 12: 77-105. London: Wiley.
108. Schneider, B. 1987. The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40: 437-453.
109. Schneider, B., Smith, D. B., & Sipe, W. P. 2000. Personnel selection psychology: Multilevel considerations. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 91-120. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
110. Schneider, B., White, S. S., & Paul, M. C. 1998. Linking service climate to customer perceptions of service quality: Test of a causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 150-163.
111. Sexton, J. B., Thomas, E. J., & Helmreich, R. L. 2000. Error, stress, and teamwork in medicine and aviation: Cross sectional surveys. British Medical Journal, 320: 745-749.
112. Simon, H. A. 1973. The organization of complex systems. In H. H. Pattee (Ed.), Hierarchy theory: 1-27. New York: Braziller.
113. Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. 2007. Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value: Looking inside the black box. Academy of Management Review, 32: 273-291.
114. Skaggs, B. C., & Youndt, M. 2004. Strategic positioning, human capital, and performance in service organizations: A customer interaction approach. Strategic Management Journal, 25: 85-99.
115. Smith, A. 1963. (First published in 1776.) An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
116. Spearman, C. 1927. The abilities of man. London: Macmillan.
117. Steiner, I. D. 1972. Group process and productivity. New York: Academic Press.
118. Takeuchi, R., Lepak, D. P., Heli, W., & Takeuchi, K. 2007. An empirical examination of the mechanisms mediating between high-performance work systems and the performance of Japanese organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 1069-1083.
119. Teece, D. J. 1982. Towards an economic theory of the multi-product firm. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 3: 39-63.
120. Teece, D. J. 2007. Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28: 1319-1350.
121. Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. 1997. Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18: 509-533.
122. Thompson, J. D. 1967. Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
123. Van de Ven, A. H., Delbecq, A. L., & Koenig, R. 1976. Determinants of coordination modes within organizations. American Sociological Review, 41: 322-328.
124. Wegner, D. M. 1995. A computer network model of human transactive memory. Social Cognition, 13: 319-339.
125. Wernerfelt, B. 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5: 171-180.
126. Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Ucbasaran, D. 2001. The internationalization of new and small firms: A resource-based view. Journal of Business Venturing, 16: 333-358.
127. Wiersema, M. F., & Bantel, K. A. 1992. Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 91-121.
128. Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. 2003. Knowledge-based resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and the performance of small and medium-sized businesses Strategic Management Journal, 24: 1307-1314.
129. Wright, P. M., & Boswell W. R. 2002. Desegregating HRM: A review and synthesis of micro and macro human resource management research. Journal of Management, 28: 247-276.
130. Wright, P. M., Dunford, B., & Snell, S. A. 2001. Human resources and the resource based view of the firm. Journal of Management, 27: 701-721.
131. Wright, P. M., & Haggerty, J. J. 2005. Missing variables in theories of strategic human resource management: Time, cause, and individuals. Management Revue, 16: 164-173.
132. Wright, P. M., McMahan, G. C., & McWilliams, A. 1994. Human resources and sustained competitive advantage: A resource-based perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5: 301-326.
133. Wright, P. M., & Snell, S. A. 1998. Toward a unifying framework for exploring fit and flexibility in strategic human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 23: 756-772.
134. Youndt, M. A., & Snell, S. A. 2004. Human resource configurations, intellectual capital, and organizational performance. Journal of Managerial Issues, 3: 337-360.
135. Zahra, S. A., & George, G. 2002. Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27: 185-203.
136. Zander, U., & Kogut, B. 1995. Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: An empirical test. Organization Science, 6: 76-92.
137. Zhang, Y., & Rajagopalan, N. 2003. Explaining new CEO origin: Firm versus industry antecedents. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 327-338.