The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development

Academy of Management Review

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 31-48

  Lepak, David P ^a   Snell, Scott A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033249243     PISSN: 03637425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMR.1999.1580439     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Amit, R., & Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1993. Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 33-46.
2. Anderson, E., & Schmittlein, D. 1984. Integration of the sales force: An empirical examination. Rand Journal of Eco nomics, 3: 385-395.
3. Anderson, G. M. 1989. The half-life of dead economists. Canadian Journal of Economics, 22: 174-183.
4. Arthur, J. B. 1992. The link between business strategy and industrial relations systems in American steel minimills. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45: 488-506.
5. Arthur, J. B. 1994. Effects of human resource systems on manufacturing performance and turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-687.
6. Atchison, T. J. 1991. The employment relationship: Un-tied or re-tied? Academy of Management Executive, 5(4): 52-62.
7. Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. 1988. Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41: 63-105.
8. Barnard, C. 1938. Functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
9. Barnett, W. P., & Miner, A. S. 1992. Standing on the shoulders of others: Career interdependence in job mobility. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 262-281.
10. Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17: 99-129.
11. Barney, J. 1995. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 9(4): 49-61.
12. Becker, B., & Gerhart, B. 1996. The impact of human resource management on organizational performance: Progress and prospects. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 779-801.
13. Becker, G. S. 1964. Human capital. New York: Columbia University Press.
14. Becker, G. S. 1976. The economic approach to human behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15. Bettis, R. A., Bradley, S. P., & Hamel, G. 1992. Outsourcing and industrial decline. Academy of Management Executive, 6(1): 7-22.
16. Borys, B., & Jemison, D. 1989. Hybrid arrangements as strategic alliances: Theoretical issues in organizational combinations. Academy of Management Review, 14: 234-249.
17. Chiesa, V., & Barbeschi, M. 1994. Technology strategy in competence-based competition. In G. Hamel & A. Heene (Eds.), Competence-based competition: 293-314. Chichester, England: Wiley.
18. Coase, R. H. 1937. The nature of the firm. Economica, 4: 386-405.
19. Conant, R. C., & Ashby, W. R. 1970. Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system. International Journal of Systems Science, 1(2): 89-97.
20. D'Aveni, R. A. 1994. Hypercompetition: Managing the dynamics of strategic maneuvering. New York: Free Press.
21. Davis-Blake, A., & Uzzi, B. 1993. Determinants of employment externalization: A study of temporary workers and independent contractors. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 195-223.
22. deGeus, A. P. 1988. Planning as learning. Harvard Business Review, 66(March-April): 70-74.
23. Delany, J. T., & Huselid, M. A. 1996. The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 949-969.
24. Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. 1996. Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 802-835.
25. Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. 1989. Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science, 35: 1504-1511.
26. Dyer, J. H. 1996. Does governance matter? Keiretsu alliances and asset specificity as sources of Japanese competitive advantage. Organization Science, 7: 649-666.
27. Edwards, R. 1979. Contested terrain. New York: Basic Books.
28. Eisenhardt, K. M. 1988. Agency- and institutional-theory explanations: The case of retail sales compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 488-511.
29. Etzioni, A. 1961. A comparative analysis of complex organizations. New York: Free Press.
30. Flamholtz, E., & Lacey, J. 1981. Personnel management: Human capital theory and human resource accounting. Los Angeles: Institute of Industrial Relations, UCLA.
31. Gerhart, B., & Milkovich, G. T. 1990. Organizational differences in managerial compensation and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 663-691.
32. Gerhart, B., & Trevor, C. 1996. Employment variability under different managerial compensation systems. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 1692-1712.
33. Ghemawat, P. 1991. Commitment: The dynamic of strategy. New York: Free Press.
34. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., & Balkin, D. B. 1992. Compensation, organizational strategy, and firm performance. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing.
35. Guzzo, R. A., & Noonan, K. A. 1994. Human resource practices as communications and the psychological contract. Human Resources Management, 33: 447-462.
36. Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. 1994. Competing for the future. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
37. Huselid, M. A. 1995. The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 635-672.
38. Itami, H. 1987. Mobilizing invisible assets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Jones, G., & Hill, C. 1988. Transaction cost analysis of strat-egy-structure choice. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 159-172.
40. Jones, G., & Wright, P. M. 1992. An economic approach to conceptualizing the utility of human resource management practices. In G. Ferris & K. Rowland (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources: 271-300. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
41. Joskow, P. 1993. Asset specificity and the structure of vertical relationships: Empirical evidence. In O. E. Williamson & S. G. Winter (Eds.), The nature of the firm: 117-137. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Klein, B., Crawford, R., & Alchian, A. 1978. Vertical integration, appropriable rents and the competitive contracting process. Journal of Law and Economics, 21: 297-326.
43. Koch, M. J., & McGrath, R. G. 1996. Improving labor productivity: Human resource management policies do matter. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 335-354.
44. Kochan, T., & Osterman, P. 1994. The mutual gains enterprise. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
45. Lawler, E. E. 1992. The ultimate advantage: Creating the high-involvement organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
46. Lawler, E. E., Mohrman, S. A., & Ledford, G. E. 1995. Creating high performance organizations: Practices and results of employee involvement and total quality management in Fortune 1000 companies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
47. Lei, D., & Hitt, M. A. 1995. Strategic restructuring and outsourcing: The effect of mergers and acquisitions and LBOs on building firm skills and capabilities. Journal of Management, 21: 835-859.
48. Leonard-Barton, D. 1995. Wellsprings of knowledge: Building and sustaining the sources of innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
49. Levine, D. 1995. Reinventing the workplace: How business and employers can both win. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
50. Lippman, S., & Rumelt, R. 1982. Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition. Bell Journal of Economics, 13: 418-438.
51. MacMillan, L., McCafferty, M. L., & Van Wijk, G. 1985. Competitor's response to easily imitated new products-exploring commercial banking product introductions. Strategic Management Journal, 6: 75-86.
52. Mahoney, J. 1992. The choice of organizational form: Vertical financial ownership versus other methods of vertical integration. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 559-584.
53. Mahoney, T. A. 1989. Employment compensation planning and strategy. In L. R. Gomez-Mejia (Ed.), Compensation and benefits, ASPA/BNA Series, no. 3. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs.
54. March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. 1958. Organizations. New York: Wiley.
55. Meyer, A. D., Tsui, A. S., & Hinings, C. R. 1993. Configurational approaches to organizational analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 1175-1195.
56. Miles, R., & Snow, C. C. 1984. Designing strategic human resource systems. Organizational Dynamics, 13: 36-52.
57. Miles, R., & Snow, C. C. 1992. Causes of failure in network organizations. California Management Review, 28: 62-73.
58. Monteverde, K., & Teece, D. 1982. Supplier switching costs and vertical integration in the automobile industry. Bell Journal of Economics, 12: 206-213.
59. Mosakowski, E. 1991. Organizational boundaries and economic performance: An empirical study of entrepreneurial computer firms. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 115-133.
60. Nadler, D. A., Gerstein, M. S., & Shaw, R. B. 1992. Organizational architecture: Designing for changing organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
61. Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. 1995. The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
62. Ouchi, W. 1980. Markets, bureaucracies, and clans. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25: 129-141.
63. Parkhe, A. 1993. Strategic alliance structuring: A game theoretic and transaction cost examination of interfirm cooperation. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 794-829.
64. Pearce, J. L. 1993. Toward an organizational behavior of contract laborers: Their psychological involvement and effects on employee co-workers. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 1082-1096.
65. Perrow, C. B. 1967. A framework for the comparative analysis of organizations. American Sociological Review, 32: 194-208.
66. Pfeffer, J. 1994. Competitive advantage through people: Unleashing the power of the work force. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
67. Pfeffer, J., & Baron, J. 1988. Taking the workers back out: Recent trends in the structuring of employment. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 10: 257-303. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
68. Polyani, M. 1966. The tacit dimension. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
69. Porter, M. 1985. Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press.
70. Powell, W. 1990. Neither market nor hierarchy: Network forms of organizations. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 12: 295-336. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
71. Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. 1990. The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(May-June): 79-91.
72. Pucik, V. 1988. Strategic alliances, organizational learning, and competitive advantage: The HRM agenda. Human Resource Management, 27: 77-93.
73. Quinn, J. B. 1992. Intelligent enterprise. New York: Free Press.
74. Quinn, J. B., Anderson, P., & Finkelstein, S. 1996. Managing professional intellect: Making the most of the best. Harvard Business Review, 74(March-April): 71-80.
75. Reed, R., & DeFillippi, R. 1990. Causal ambiguity, barriers to imitation, and sustainable competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 15: 88-102.
76. Ring, P. S., & Van de Yen, A. H. 1992. Structuring cooperative relationships between organizations. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 483-498.
77. Riordan, M., & Williamson, O. 1985. Asset specificity and economic organization. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 3: 365-378.
78. Rousseau, D. M. 1995. Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
79. Rousseau, D. M., & Parks, J. M. 1993. The contracts of individuals and organizations. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 15: 1-43. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
80. Rousseau, D. M., & Wade-Benzoni, K. A. 1994. Linking strategy and human resource practices: How employee and customer contracts are created. Human Resources Management, 33: 463-489.
81. Schultz, T. W. 1961. Investment in human capital. American Economic Review, 51(March): 1-17.
82. Snell, S. A., & Dean, J. W., Jr. 1992. Integrated manufacturing and human resources management: A human capital perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 467-504.
83. Snell, S. A., & Dean, J. W., Jr. 1994. Strategic compensation for integrated manufacturing: The moderating effects of job and organizational inertia. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 1109-1140.
84. Snell, S. A., Youndt, M. A., & Wright, P. M. 1996. Establishing a framework for research in strategic human resource management: Merging resource theory and organizational learning. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management: 61-90. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
85. Snow, C. C., Miles, R., & Coleman, H. 1992. Managing 21st century network organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 20(3): 5-20.
86. Snow, C. C., & Thomas, J. B. 1993. Building networks: Broker roles and behaviors. In P. Lorange, B. Chakravarathy, J. Roos, & A. Van de Yen (Eds.), Implementing strategic processes: Change, learning and co-operation: 217-238. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
87. Stewart, T. 1997. Intellectual capital. New York: Doubleday-Currency.
88. Teece, D. J. 1982. Towards an economic theory of the multi-product firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3: 43-57.
89. Teece, D. J. 1984. Economic analysis and strategic management. In J. M. Pennings (Ed.), Strategy for decision making in complex organizations: 78-101. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
90. Thompson, J. D. 1967. Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
91. Tsang, M. C., Rumberger, R. W., & Levine, H. M. 1991. The impact of surplus schooling on worker productivity. Industrial Relations, 30: 209-228.
92. Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L., Porter, L. W., & Hite, J. P. 1995. Choice of employee-organization relationship: Influence of external and internal organizational factors. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management: 117-151. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
93. Ulrich, D., & Lake, D. 1991. Organizational capability: Creating competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1): 77-92.
94. Van De Ven, A. J., Delbeq, A. L., & Koenig, R. 1978. Determinants of coordination modes within organizations. American Sociological Review, 41: 322-338.
95. Venkatesan, R. 1992. Strategic sourcing: To make or not to make. Harvard Business Review, 70(November-December): 98-107.
96. von Hippel, C., Mangum, S. L., Greenberger, D. B., Heneman, R. L., & Skoglind, J. D. 1997. Temporary employees: Can organizations and employees both win? Academy of Management Executive, 10(1): 93-104.
97. Walker, G., & Weber, D. 1984. A transaction cost approach to make-or-buy decisions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29: 373-391.
98. Welch, J. A., & Nayak, P. R. 1992. Strategic sourcing: A progressive approach to the make-or-buy decision. Academy of Management Executive, 6(1): 23-31.
99. Wernerfelt, B. 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5: 171-180.
100. Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.
101. Williamson, O. E. 1981. The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach. American Journal of Sociology, 87: 548-577.
102. Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. 1992. Theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management. Journal of Management, 18(2): 295-320.
103. Wright, P. M., Smart, D. L., & McMahan, G. C. 1995. Matches between human resources and strategy among NCAA basketball teams. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 1052-1074.
104. Wright, P. M., & Snell, S. A. 1998. Toward a unifying framework for exploring fit and flexibility in strategic human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 23: 756-772.
105. Youndt, M. A., Snell, S. A., Dean, J. W., Jr., & Lepak, D. P. 1996. Human resource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 836-866.