The predictive validity of the rat self-administration model for abuse liability

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 912-938

  O'Connor, Eoin C ^a   Chapman, Kathryn ^b   Butler, Paul ^a   Mead, Andy N ^a  

^a PFIZER GLOBAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT   (United Kingdom)

^b National Centre for the Replacement   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Abuse potential; Dependence; Non human primate; Rat; Reinforcement; Scheduling; Subjective effects

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; GABAERGIC RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; HISTAMINERGIC RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; STEROID;

ACCURACY; ADVERSE OUTCOME; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; FOOD DEPRIVATION; NONHUMAN; PREDICTIVE VALIDITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; FOOD DEPRIVATION; HUMANS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RATS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RESEARCH DESIGN; SELF ADMINISTRATION; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 78649903753     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.012     Document Type: Review

References (352)

1. Ahmed S.H., Koob G.F. Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: change in hedonic set point. Science 1998, 282:298-300.
2. Aigner T.G., Balster R.L. Rapid substitution procedure for intravenous drug self-administration studies in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1979, 10:105-112.
3. Alderson H.L., Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Heroin self-administration under a second-order schedule of reinforcement: acquisition and maintenance of heroin-seeking behaviour in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 153:120-133.
4. Alexander B.K., Coambs R.B., Hadaway P.F. The effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1978, 58:175-179.
5. Anderson K.G., Winger G., Woods J., Woolverton W.L. Reinforcing and discriminative-stimulus effects of ephedrine isomers in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001, 65:45-53.
6. Atkinson J., Enslen M. Self-administration of caffeine by the rat. Arzneimittelforschung 1976, 26:2059-2061.
7. Ator N.A. Relation between discriminative and reinforcing effects of midazolam, pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, zolpidem, and imidazenil in baboons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002, 163:477-487.
8. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Nicotine self-administration in baboons. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1983, 19:993-1003.
9. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Principles of drug abuse liability assessment in laboratory animals. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003, 70:S55-S72.
10. Balster R.L. Drug abuse potential evaluation in animals. Br. J. Addict. 1991, 86:1549-1558.
11. Balster R.L., Bigelow G.E. Guidelines and methodological reviews concerning drug abuse liability assessment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003, 70:S13-S40.
12. Balster R.L., Schuster C.R. A comparison of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1973, 1:67-71.
13. Baylon G.J., Kaplan H.L., Somer G., Busto U.E., Sellers E.M. Comparative abuse liability of intravenously administered remifentanil and fentanyl. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2000, 20:597-606.
14. Beardsley P.M., Aceto M.D., Cook C.D., Bowman E.R., Newman J.L., Harris L.S. Discriminative stimulus, reinforcing, physical dependence, and antinociceptive effects of oxycodone in mice, rats, and rhesus monkeys. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2004, 12:163-172.
15. Beardsley P.M., Balster R.L. The intravenous self-administration of antihistamines by rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1992, 30:117-126.
16. Beardsley P.M., Balster R.L., Harris L.S. Evaluation of the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996, 127:315-322.
17. Beardsley P.M., Harris L.S. Evaluation of the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of dihydroetorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1997, 48:77-84.
18. Bergman J., Johanson C.E. The reinforcing properties of diazepam under several conditions in the rhesus monkey. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985, 86:108-113.
19. Bergman J., Madras B.K., Johnson S.E., Spealman R.D. Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. III. Self-administration by squirrel monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1989, 251:150-155.
20. Bergman J., Spealman R.D. Some behavioral effects of histamine H1 antagonists in squirrel monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986, 239:104-110.
21. Bowdle T.A., Radant A.D., Cowley D.S., Kharasch E.D., Strassman R.J., Roy-Byrne P.P. Psychedelic effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers: relationship to steady-state plasma concentrations. Anesthesiology 1998, 88:82-88.
22. Brady J.V., Griffiths R.R. Behavioral procedures for evaluating the relative abuse potential of CNS drugs in primates. Fed. Proc. 1976, 35:2245-2253.
23. Brauer L.H., Johanson C.E., Schuster C.R., Rothman R.B., de Wit H. Evaluation of phentermine and fenfluramine, alone and in combination, in normal, healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996, 14:233-241.
24. Brenneisen R., Fisch H.U., Koelbing U., Geisshusler S., Kalix P. Amphetamine-like effects in humans of the khat alkaloid cathinone. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1990, 30:825-828.
25. Briscoe R.J., Vanecek S.A., Vallett M., Baird T.J., Holloway F.A., Gauvin D.V. Reinforcing effects of caffeine, ephedrine, and their binary combination in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1998, 60:685-693.
26. Broadbear J.H., Winger G., Woods J.H. Self-administration of fentanyl, cocaine and ketamine: effects on the pituitary-adrenal axis in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004, 176:398-406.
27. Broadbear J.H., Winger G., Woods J.H. Self-administration of methohexital, midazolam and ethanol: effects on the pituitary-adrenal axis in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005, 178:83-91.
28. Caine S.B., Lintz R., Koob G.F. Intravenous Drug Self-administration Techniques in Animals 1993, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
29. Cami J., Farre M., Mas M., Roset P.N., Poudevida S., Mas A., San L., de la Torre R. Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (" ecstasy"): psychomotor performance and subjective effects. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2000, 20:455-466.
30. Cami J., Lamas X., Farre M. Acute effects of tramadol in methadone-maintained volunteers. Drugs 1994, 47(Suppl. 1):39-43.
31. Campbell U.C., Carroll M.E. Effects of ketoconazole on the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration under different feeding conditions in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001, 154:311-318.
32. Carr K.D. Chronic food restriction: enhancing effects on drug reward and striatal cell signaling. Physiol. Behav. 2007, 91:459-472.
33. Carroll M.E., Boe I.N. Increased intravenous drug self-administration during deprivation of other reinforcers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1982, 17:563-567.
34. Carroll M.E., France C.P., Meisch R.A. Food deprivation increases oral and intravenous drug intake in rats. Science 1979, 205:319-321.
35. Carroll M.E., France C.P., Meisch R.A. Intravenous self-administration of etonitazene, cocaine and phencyclidine in rats during food deprivation and satiation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981, 217:241-247.
36. Carroll M.E., Lac S.T. Acquisition of i.v. amphetamine and cocaine self-administration in rats as a function of dose. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997, 129:206-214.
37. Carroll M.E., Meisch R.A. Determinants of increased drug self-administration due to food deprivation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981, 74:197-200.
38. Carroll M.E., Roth M.E., Voeller R.K., Nguyen P.D. Acquisition of oral phencyclidine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effect of sex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 149:401-408.
39. Carroll M.E., Stotz D.C. Oral d-amphetamine and ketamine self-administration by rhesus monkeys: effects of food deprivation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1983, 227:28-34.
40. Carter L.P., Griffiths R.R. Principles of laboratory assessment of drug abuse liability and implications for clinical development. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009, 105(Suppl. 1):S14-S25.
41. Carter L.P., Richards B.D., Mintzer M.Z., Griffiths R.R. Relative abuse liability of GHB in humans: a comparison of psychomotor, subjective, and cognitive effects of supratherapeutic doses of triazolam, pentobarbital, and GHB. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:2537-2551.
42. Chait L.D. Factors influencing the reinforcing and subjective effects of ephedrine in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994, 113:381-387.
43. Chait L.D., Uhlenhuth E.H., Johanson C.E. Reinforcing and subjective effects of several anorectics in normal human volunteers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1987, 242:777-783.
44. Childs E., de Wit H. Subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of acute caffeine in light, nondependent caffeine users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006, 185:514-523.
45. Clark R., Schuster C.R., Brady J.V. Instrumental conditioning of jugular self-infusion in the rhesus monkey. Science 1961, 133:1829-1830.
46. Cole-Harding S., de Wit H. Self-administration of pentobarbital in light and moderate alcohol drinkers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1992, 43:563-569.
47. Collins R.J., Weeks J.R., Cooper M.M., Good P.I., Russell R.R. Prediction of abuse liability of drugs using IV self-administration by rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984, 82:6-13.
48. Colombo G., Agabio R., Balaklievskaia N., Diaz G., Lobina C., Reali R., Gessa G.L. Oral self-administration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 285:103-107.
49. Colombo G., Agabio R., Diaz G., Fa M., Lobina C., Reali R., Gessa G.L. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid intake in ethanol-preferring sP and -nonpreferring sNP rats. Physiol. Behav. 1998, 64:197-202.
50. Comer S.D., Collins E.D., MacArthur R.B., Fischman M.W. Comparison of intravenous and intranasal heroin self-administration by morphine-maintained humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999, 143:327-338.
51. Comer S.D., Collins E.D., Wilson S.T., Donovan M.R., Foltin R.W., Fischman M.W. Effects of an alternative reinforcer on intravenous heroin self-administration by humans. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 345:13-26.
52. Comer S.D., Sullivan M.A., Walker E.A. Comparison of intravenous buprenorphine and methadone self-administration by recently detoxified heroin-dependent individuals. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 315:1320-1330.
53. Comer S.D., Turner D.M., Carroll M.E. Effects of food deprivation on cocaine base smoking in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995, 119:127-132.
54. Cone E.J., Welch P., Lange W.R. Clonidine partially blocks the physiologic effects but not the subjective effects produced by smoking marijuana in male human subjects. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1988, 29:649-652.
55. Conway K.P., Levy J., Vanyukov M., Chandler R., Rutter J., Swan G.E., Neale M. Measuring addiction propensity and severity: the need for a new instrument. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010, 111(1-2):4-12.
56. Corcoran M.E., Amit Z. Reluctance of rats to drink hashish suspensions: free-choice and forced consumption, and the effects of hypothalamic stimulation. Psychopharmacologia 1974, 35:129-147.
57. Corrigall W.A., Coen K.M. Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989, 99:473-478.
58. Corwin R.L., Woolverton W.L., Schuster C.R., Johanson C.E. Anorectics: effects on food intake and self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Alcohol Drug Res. 1987, 7:351-361.
59. Crespo J.A., Panlilio L.V., Schindler C.W., Sturm K., Saria A., Zernig G. Peri-response pharmacokinetics of remifentanil during a self-administration session indicates that neither blood nor brain levels are titrated. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 1074:497-504.
60. Dalley J.W., Fryer T.D., Brichard L., Robinson E.S., Theobald D.E., Laane K., Pena Y., Murphy E.R., Shah Y., Probst K., Abakumova I., Aigbirhio F.I., Richards H.K., Hong Y., Baron J.C., Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. Science 2007, 315:1267-1270.
61. Davis J. Comparative studies of barbiturate self-administration. Int. J. Addict. 1968, 3:207-214.
62. Davis W.M., Smith T.E., Smith S.G. Intravenous and intragastric self-administration of chlordiazepoxide in the rat. Alcohol Drug Res. 1987, 7:511-516.
63. de Wit H., Uhlenhuth E.H., Johanson C.E. Lack of preference for flurazepam in normal volunteers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1984, 21:865-869.
64. de Wit H., Pierri J., Johanson C.E. Reinforcing and subjective effects of diazepam in nondrug-abusing volunteers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1989, 33:205-213.
65. Deiana S., Fattore L., Sabrina Spano M., Cossu G., Porcu E., Fadda P., Fratta W. Strain and schedule-dependent differences in the acquisition, maintenance and extinction of intravenous cannabinoid self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2007, 52:646-654.
66. Deneau G., Yanagita T., Seevers M.H. Self-administration of psychoactive substances by the monkey. Psychopharmacologia 1969, 16:30-48.
67. DeNoble V.J., Mele P.C. Intravenous nicotine self-administration in rats: effects of mecamylamine, hexamethonium and naloxone. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006, 184:266-272.
68. DeNoble V.J., Mele P.C., Porter J.H. Intravenous self-administration of pentobarbital and ethanol in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1985, 23:759-763.
69. Deroche-Gamonet V., Belin D., Piazza P.V. Evidence for addiction-like behavior in the rat. Science 2004, 305:1014-1017.
70. Deroche-Gamonet V., Darnaudery M., Bruins-Slot L., Piat F., Le Moal M., Piazza P.V. Study of the addictive potential of modafinil in naive and cocaine-experienced rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002, 161:387-395.
71. Donny E.C., Caggiula A.R., Knopf S., Brown C. Nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997, 122:390-394.
72. Dwoskin L.P., Rauhut A.S., King-Pospisil K.A., Bardo M.T. Review of the pharmacology and clinical profile of bupropion, an antidepressant and tobacco use cessation agent. CNS Drug Rev. 2006, 12:178-207.
73. EMEA/CHMP/SWP/94227/2004. Guideline on the non-clinical investigation of the dependence potential of medicinal products. London, 23 March 2006.
74. European Union (2010) Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union L 276/33.
75. Epstein D.H., Preston K.L., Jasinski D.R. Abuse liability, behavioral pharmacology, and physical-dependence potential of opioids in humans and laboratory animals: lessons from tramadol. Biol. Psychol. 2006, 73:90-99.
76. Epstein D.H., Silverman K., Henningfield J.E., Preston K.L. Low-dose oral cocaine in humans: acquisition of discrimination and time-course of effects. Behav. Pharmacol. 1999, 10:531-542.
77. Ettenberg A., Pettit H.O., Bloom F.E., Koob G.F. Heroin and cocaine intravenous self-administration in rats: mediation by separate neural systems. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982, 78:204-209.
78. Falk J.L., Tang M. Schedule-induced chlordiazepoxide intake: differential effect of cocaine and ethanol histories. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1989, 33:393-396.
79. Falk J.L., Tang M. Schedule induction of drug intake: differential responsiveness to agents with abuse potential. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1989, 249:143-148.
80. Fantegrossi W.E., Woods J.H., Winger G. Transient reinforcing effects of phenylisopropylamine and indolealkylamine hallucinogens in rhesus monkeys. Behav. Pharmacol. 2004, 15:149-157.
81. Fattore L., Altea S., Fratta W. Sex differences in drug addiction: a review of animal and human studies. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 2008, 4:51-65.
82. Fattore L., Cossu G., Martellotta C.M., Fratta W. Intravenous self-administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001, 156:410-416.
83. Fauman B., Fauman J.M.A. Chronic phenycyclidine (PCP) abuse: a psychiatric perspective. Part II. Psychosis [proceedings]. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 1980, 16:72-73.
84. FDA Guidance for industry. Assessment of Abuse Potential of Drugs. Draft Guidance Jan 2010 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDER.
85. Ferrara S.D., Giorgetti R., Zancaner S., Orlando R., Tagliabracci A., Cavarzeran F., Palatini P. Effects of single dose of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and lorazepam on psychomotor performance and subjective feelings in healthy volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1999, 54:821-827.
86. Fingerhood M.I., Sullivan J.T., Testa M., Jasinski D.R. Abuse liability of testosterone. J. Psychopharmacol. 1997, 11:59-63.
87. Finlay J.M., Szostak C., Fibiger H.C. Further characterization of intravenous self-administration of midazolam in the rat. Behav. Pharmacol. 1989, 1:13-23.
88. Fischman M.W. Relationship between self-reported drug effects and their reinforcing effects: studies with stimulant drugs. NIDA Res. Monogr. 1989, 92:211-230.
89. Fischman M.W., Foltin R.W. Utility of subjective-effects measurements in assessing abuse liability of drugs in humans. Br. J. Addict. 1991, 86:1563-1570.
90. Foltin R.W., Fischman M.W. Smoked and intravenous cocaine in humans: acute tolerance, cardiovascular and subjective effects. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1991, 257:247-261.
91. Fraser H.F., Van Horn G.D., Martin W.R., Wolbach A.B., Isbell H. Methods for evaluating addiction liability. (A) "Attitude" of opiate addicts toward opiate-like drugs. (B) a short-term "direct" addiction test. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1961, 133:371-387.
92. Frewer L.J., Lader M. The effects of nefazodone, imipramine and placebo, alone and combined with alcohol, in normal subjects. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1993, 8:13-20.
93. Fuchs V., Coper H. The influence of antihistamine compounds on the oral intake of different addictive drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1986, 17:359-364.
94. Gardner E.L. What we have learned about addiction from animal models of drug self-administration. Am. J. Addict. 2000, 9:285-313.
95. Garrett B.E., Griffiths R.R. Intravenous nicotine and caffeine: subjective and physiological effects in cocaine abusers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 296:486-494.
96. Gerber G.J., Bozarth M.A., Spindler J.E., Wise R.A. Concurrent heroin self-administration and intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1985, 23:837-842.
97. Gerber G.J., Stretch R. Drug-induced reinstatement of extinguished self-administration behavior in monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1975, 3:1055-1061.
98. Glick S. Scopolamine self-administration: cholinergic involvement in reward mechanisms. Life Sci. 1982, 31:909-913.
99. Glick S.D., Cox R.S. Self-admimistration of haloperidol in rats. Life Sci. 1975, 16:1041-1045.
100. Glick S.D., Hinds P.A., Carlson J.N. Food deprivation and stimulant self-administration in rats: differences between cocaine and d-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1987, 91:372-374.
101. Gold L.H., Balster R.L. Evaluation of the cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects and reinforcing effects of modafinil. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996, 126:286-292.
102. Goldberg S.R., Spealman R.D., Goldberg D.M. Persistent behavior at high rates maintained by intravenous self-administration of nicotine. Science 1981, 214:573-575.
103. Gomez T.H., Roache J.D., Meisch R.A. Orally delivered alprazolam, diazepam, and triazolam as reinforcers in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002, 161:86-94.
104. Gosnell B.A., Yracheta J.M., Bell S.M., Lane K.E. Intravenous self-administration of cathinone by rats. Behav. Pharmacol. 1996, 7:526-531.
105. Gotestam K.G. Intragastric self-administration of medazepam in rats. Psychopharmacologia 1973, 28:87-94.
106. Gotestam K.G. Investigations of abuse potential of anorectic drugs. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 1979, 6:125-134.
107. Gotestam K.G., Andersson B.E. Self-administration of amphetamine analogues in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1975, 3:229-233.
108. Grant K.A., Bennett A.J. Advances in nonhuman primate alcohol abuse and alcoholism research. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003, 100:235-255.
109. Grant K.A., Johanson C.E. Diazepam self-administration and resistance to extinction. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1987, 28:81-86.
110. Grant K.A., Samson H.H. Oral self administration of ethanol in free feeding rats. Alcohol 1985, 2:317-321.
111. Griffith J.D., Carranza J., Griffith C., Miller L.L. Bupropion: clinical assay for amphetamine-like abuse potential. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1983, 44:206-208.
112. Griffiths R.R., Balster R.L. Opioids: similarity between evaluations of subjective effects and animal self-administration results. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1979, 25:611-617.
113. Griffiths R.R., Bigelow G., Liebson I. Human drug self-administration: double-blind comparison of pentobarbital, diazepam, chlorpromazine and placebo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1979, 210:301-310.
114. Griffiths R.R., Bigelow G.E., Ator N.A. Principles of initial experimental drug abuse liability assessment in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003, 70:S41-S54.
115. Griffiths R.R., Bigelow G.E., Liebson I.A. Reinforcing effects of caffeine in coffee and capsules. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1989, 52:127-140.
116. Griffiths R.R., Lamb R.J., Sannerud C.A., Ator N.A., Brady J.V. Self-injection of barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other sedative-anxiolytics in baboons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991, 103:154-161.
117. Griffiths R.R., Lukas S.E., Bradford L.D., Brady J.V., Snell J.D. Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981, 75:101-109.
118. Griffiths R.R., Weerts E.M. Benzodiazepine self-administration in humans and laboratory animals - implications for problems of long-term use and abuse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997, 134:1-37.
119. Griffiths R.R., Winger G., Brady J.V., Snell J.D. Comparison of behavior maintained by infusions of eight phenylethylamines in baboons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1976, 50:251-258.
120. Haertzen C.A. Development of scales based on patterns of drug effects, using the addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). Psychol. Rep. 1966, 18:163-194.
121. Haertzen C.A. Subjective effects of narcotic antagonists cyclazocine and nalorphine on the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). Psychopharmacologia 1970, 18:366-377.
122. Hamilton M.J., Smith P.R., Peck A.W. Effects of bupropion, nomifensine and dexamphetamine on performance, subjective feelings, autonomic variables and electroencephalogram in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1983, 15:367-374.
123. Haney M., Spealman R. Controversies in translational research: drug self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008, 199:403-419.
124. Harrigan S.E., Downs D.A. Self-administration of heroin, acetylmethadol, morphine and methadone in rhesus monkeys. Life Sci. 1978, 22:619-624.
125. Harris D.S., Baggott M., Mendelson J.H., Mendelson J.E., Jones R.T. Subjective and hormonal effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002, 162:396-405.
126. Harris R.T., Waters W., McLendon D. Evaluation of reinforcing capability of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacologia 1974, 37:23-29.
127. Harrod S.B., Dwoskin L.P., Green T.A., Gehrke B.J., Bardo M.T. Lobeline does not serve as a reinforcer in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 165:397-404.
128. Health Canada, 2006. Guidance for Industry - Clinical Assessment of Abuse Liability for Drugs with Central Nervous System Activity.
129. Heil S.H., Holmes H.W., Bickel W.K., Higgins S.T., Badger G.J., Laws H.F., Faries D.E. Comparison of the subjective, physiological, and psychomotor effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in light drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002, 67:149-156.
130. Heishman S.J., Henningfield J.E. Discriminative stimulus effects of d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and diazepam in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991, 103:436-442.
131. Heishman S.J., Snyder F.R., Henningfield J.E. Performance, subjective, and physiological effects of nicotine in non-smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993, 34:11-18.
132. Henningfield J.E., Cohen C., Heishman S.J. Drug self-administration methods in abuse liability evaluation. Br. J. Addict. 1991, 86:1571-1577.
133. Henningfield J.E., Miyasato K., Jasinski D.R. Abuse liability and pharmacodynamic characteristics of intravenous and inhaled nicotine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1985, 234:1-12.
134. Henningfield J.E., Nemeth-Coslett R., Katz J.L., Goldberg S.R. Intravenous cocaine self-administration by human volunteers: second-order schedules of reinforcement. NIDA Res. Monogr. 1987, 76:266-273.
135. Hoffmeister F. Reinforcing properties of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1977, 200:516-522.
136. Hoffmeister F., Schlichting U.U. Reinforcing properties of some opiates and opioids in rhesus monkeys with histories of cocaine and codeine self-administration. Psychopharmacologia 1972, 23:55-74.
137. Hoffmeister F., Wuttke W. Self-administration of acetylsalicylic acid and combinations with codeine and caffeine in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1973, 186:266-275.
138. Hu M., Crombag H.S., Robinson T.E., Becker J.B. Biological basis of sex differences in the propensity to self-administer cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:81-85.
139. Hursh S.R. Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1980, 34:219-238.
140. ICHM3 (R2), 2010. CPMP/ICH/286/95. ICH Topic M3(R2). Note for guidance on non-clinical safety studies for the conduct of human clinical trials and marketing authorisation for pharmaceuticals. June 2009. http://www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/human/ich/028695en.pdf.
141. Jaffe A.B., Sharpe L.G., Jaffe J.H. Rats self-administer sufentanil in aerosol form. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989, 99:289-293.
142. Jaffe J.H., Bloor R., Crome I., Carr M., Alam F., Simmons A., Meyer R.E. A postmarketing study of relative abuse liability of hypnotic sedative drugs. Addiction 2004, 99(2):165-173.
143. Jaffe J.H., Jaffe F.K. Historical perspectives on the use of subjective effects measures in assessing the abuse potential of drugs. NIDA Res. Monogr. 1989, 92:43-72.
144. Jasinski D.R. Assessment of abuse potentiality of morphine-like drugs. Drug Addiction 1. Morphine, Sedative-Hyponotic and Alcohold Dependence. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 1977, 197-258. Springer, Heidelberg. W.R. Martin (Ed.).
145. Jasinski D.R. An evaluation of the abuse potential of modafinil using methylphenidate as a reference. J. Psychopharmacol. 2000, 14:53-60.
146. Jasinski D.R., Henningfield J.E. Human abuse liability assessment by measurement of subjective and physiological effects. NIDA Res. Monogr. 1989, 92:73-100.
147. Jasinski D.R., Kovacevic-Ristanovic R. Evaluation of the abuse liability of modafinil and other drugs for excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 2000, 23:149-156.
148. Jasinski D.R., Martin W.R., Haertzen C.A. The human pharmacology and abuse potential of N-allylnoroxymorphone (naloxone). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1967, 157:420-426.
149. Jasinski D.R., Nutt J.G., Griffith J.D. Effects of diethylpropion and d-amphetamine after subcutaneous and oral administration. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1974, 16:645-652.
150. Jasinski D.R., Preston K.L. Evaluation of mixtures of morphine and d-amphetamine for subjective and physiological effects. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1986, 17:1-13.
151. Johanson C.E. Benzodiazepine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: estazolam, flurazepam and lorazepam. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1987, 26:521-526.
152. Johanson C.E. The evaluation of the abuse liability of drugs. Drug Saf. 1990, 5(Suppl. 1):46-57.
153. Johanson C.E., Balster R.L. A summary of the results of a drug self-administration study using substitution procedures in rhesus monkeys. Bull. Narc. 1978, 30:43-54.
154. Johanson C.E., de Wit H. The use of choice procedures for assessing the reinforcing properties of drugs in humans. NIDA Res. Monogr. 1989, 92:171-210.
155. Johanson C.E., Schuster C.R. A comparison of the behavioral effects of l- and dl-cathinone and d-amphetamine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981, 219:355-362.
156. Johanson C.E., Schuster C.R. The effects of Ro 15-1788 on anxiolytic self-administration in the rhesus monkey. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1986, 24:855-859.
157. Johanson C.E., Uhlenhuth E.H. Drug preference and mood in humans: repeated assessment of d-amphetamine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1981, 14:159-163.
158. Johnson B.A., Roache J.D., Ait-Daoud N., Wallace C., Wells L., Dawes M., Wang Y. Effects of isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium-channel antagonist, on d-methamphetamine's subjective and reinforcing effects. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005, 8:203-213.
159. Jonsson C.O., Sjoberg L. Studies in the psychological effects of a new drug (diethylpropion). Time curves for five subjective variables. Scand. J. Psychol. 1967, 8:39-46.
160. Jun J.H., Thorndike E.B., Schindler C.W. Abuse liability and stimulant properties of dextromethorphan and diphenhydramine combinations in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004, 172:277-282.
161. Justinova Z., Tanda G., Redhi G.H., Goldberg S.R. Self-administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by drug naive squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 169:135-140.
162. Kanayama G., Brower K.J., Wood R.I., Hudson J.I., Pope H.G. Treatment of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: emerging evidence and its implications. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010, 109(1-3):6-13.
163. Kaplan H.L., Busto U.E., Baylon G.J., Cheung S.W., Otton S.V., Somer G., Sellers E.M. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism of hydrocodone to hydromorphone does not importantly affect abuse liability. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 281:103-108.
164. Katz J.L. Models of relative reinforcing efficacy of drugs and their predictive utility. Behav. Pharmacol. 1990, 1:283-301.
165. Katz J.L., Goldberg S.R. Preclinical assessment of abuse liability of drugs. Agents Actions 1988, 23:18-26.
166. Kelly T.H., Foltin R.W., Mayr M.T., Fischman M.W. Effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and social context on marijuana self-administration by humans. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1994, 49:763-768.
167. Kim D., Steinhart B. Seizures induced by recreational abuse of bupropion tablets via nasal insufflation. CJEM 2010, 12:158-161.
168. Kim I., Barnes A.J., Oyler J.M., Schepers R., Joseph R.E., Cone E.J., Lafko D., Moolchan E.T., Huestis M.A. Plasma and oral fluid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after oral codeine administration. Clin. Chem. 2002, 48:1486-1496.
169. Ko M.C., Terner J., Hursh S., Woods J.H., Winger G. Relative reinforcing effects of three opioids with different durations of action. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002, 301:698-704.
170. Kosten T.A., Miserendino M.J., Haile C.N., DeCaprio J.L., Jatlow P.I., Nestler E.J. Acquisition and maintenance of intravenous cocaine self-administration in Lewis and Fischer inbred rat strains. Brain Res. 1997, 778:418-429.
171. Kumor K.M., Haertzen C.A., Johnson R.E., Kocher T., Jasinski D. Human psychopharmacology of ketocyclazocine as compared with cyclazocine, morphine and placebo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986, 238:960-968.
172. Lahti R.A., Collins R.J. Opiate effects on plasma corticosteroids: relationship to dysphoria and self-administration. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1982, 17:107-109.
173. Lamb R.J., Griffiths R.R. Self-injection of d,1-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the baboon. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1987, 91:268-272.
174. Lamb R.J., Griffiths R.R. Self-administration in baboons and the discriminative stimulus effects in rats of bupropion, nomifensine, diclofensine and imipramine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990, 102:183-190.
175. Lamb R.J., Henningfield J.E. Human d-amphetamine drug discrimination: methamphetamine and hydromorphone. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1994, 61:169-180.
176. Lamb R.J., Preston K.L., Schindler C.W., Meisch R.A., Davis F., Katz J.L., Henningfield J.E., Goldberg S.R. The reinforcing and subjective effects of morphine in post-addicts: a dose-response study. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1991, 259:1165-1173.
177. Lancaster F.E., Spiegel K.S. Sex differences in pattern of drinking. Alcohol 1992, 9:415-420.
178. Lange W.R., Jasinski D.R. The clinical pharmacology of pentazocine and tripelennamine (T's and Blues). Adv. Alcohol Subst. Abuse 1986, 5:71-83.
179. Lau C.E., Sun L. The pharmacokinetic determinants of the frequency and pattern of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats by pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2002, 30:254-261.
180. Le Foll B., Wertheim C., Goldberg S.R. High reinforcing efficacy of nicotine in non-human primates. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e230.
181. Lecca D., Cacciapaglia F., Valentini V., Gronli J., Spiga S., Di Chiara G. Preferential increase of extracellular dopamine in the rat nucleus accumbens shell as compared to that in the core during acquisition and maintenance of intravenous nicotine self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006, 184:435-446.
182. Leri F., Burns L.H. Ultra-low-dose naltrexone reduces the rewarding potency of oxycodone and relapse vulnerability in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2005, 82:252-262.
183. LeSage M.G., Stafford D., Glowa J.R. Abuse liability of the anesthetic propofol: self-administration of propofol in rats under fixed-ratio schedules of drug delivery. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 153:148-154.
184. LeWitt P.A., Ondo W.G., Van Lunen B., Bottini P.B. Open-label study assessment of safety and adverse effects of subcutaneous apomorphine injections in treating "off" episodes in advanced Parkinson disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 2009, 32:89-93.
185. Licata S.C., Rowlett J.K. Abuse and dependence liability of benzodiazepine-type drugs: GABA(A) receptor modulation and beyond. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2008, 90:74-89.
186. Lile J.A. Pharmacological determinants of the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants: relation to agonist substitution treatment. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2006, 14:20-33.
187. Liu X., Koren A.O., Yee S.K., Pechnick R.N., Poland R.E., London E.D. Self-administration of 5-iodo-A-85380, a beta2-selective nicotinic receptor ligand, by operantly trained rats. Neuroreport 2003, 14:1503-1505.
188. Lukas S.E., Griffiths R.R., Brady J.V., Wurster R.M. Phencyclidine-analogue self-injection by the baboon. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984, 83:316-320.
189. Lukas S.E., Brady J.V., Griffiths R.R. Comparison of opioid self-injection and disruption of schedule-controlled performance in the baboon. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986, 238:924-931.
190. Lukas S.E., Mendelson J.H., Benedikt R. Electroencephalographic correlates of marihuana-induced euphoria. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995, 37:131-140.
191. Lynch W.J. Sex differences in vulnerability to drug self-administration. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2006, 14:34-41.
192. Lynch W.J., Arizzi M.N., Carroll M.E. Effects of sex and the estrous cycle on regulation of intravenously self-administered cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 152:132-139.
193. Lynch W.J., Carroll M.E. Sex differences in the acquisition of intravenously self-administered cocaine and heroin in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999, 144:77-82.
194. Lynch W.J., Taylor J.R. Sex differences in the behavioral effects of 24-h/day access to cocaine under a discrete trial procedure. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:943-951.
195. Lyness W.H., Smith F.L. Influence of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons on intravenous ethanol self-administration in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1992, 42:187-192.
196. Madden C., Singer G., Oei T.P. The involvement of interoceptive factors in the maintenance of heroin-seeking behavior. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1979, 11:445-448.
197. Maldonado R. Study of cannabinoid dependence in animals. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002, 95:153-164.
198. Mansbach R.S., Feltner D.E., Gold L.H., Schnoll S.H. Incorporating the assessment of abuse liability into the drug discovery and development process. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003, 70:S73-S85.
199. Mansbach R.S., Nicholson K.L., Martin B.R., Balster R.L. Failure of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and CP 55,940 to maintain intravenous self-administration under a fixed-interval schedule in rhesus monkeys. Behav. Pharmacol. 1994, 5:219-225.
200. Markert L.E., Roberts D.C. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) self-administration and neurotoxicity. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1991, 39:569-574.
201. Marquis K.L., Moreton J.E. Animal models of intravenous phencyclinoid self-administration. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1987, 27(2):385-389. 27, 385-389.
202. Marquis K.L., Webb M.G., Moreton J.E. Effects of fixed ratio size and dose on phencyclidine self-administration by rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989, 97:179-182.
203. Martin T.J., Kim S.A., Harris L.S., Smith J.E. Potent reinforcing effects of dihydroetorphine in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 324:141-145.
204. Martin W.R., Sloan J.W., Sapira J.D., Jasinski D.R. Physiologic, subjective, and behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1971, 12:245-258.
205. Martinez D., Broft A., Foltin R.W., Slifstein M., Hwang D.R., Huang Y., Perez A., Frankle W.G., Cooper T., Kleber H.D., Fischman M.W., Laruelle M. Cocaine dependence and d2 receptor availability in the functional subdivisions of the striatum: relationship with cocaine-seeking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:1190-1202.
206. Marvin Davis W., Smith S.G., Werner T.E., Braude M.C. Intragastric self-administration of hallucinogens in the rat. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology: 61st Annual Meeting 1977.
207. McColl S.L., Burstein A.H., Reeves K.R., Billing C.B., Stolar M., Sellers E.M. Human abuse liability of the smoking cessation drug varenicline in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008, 83:607-614.
208. McLeod D.R., Griffiths R.R. Human progressive-ratio performance: maintenance by pentobarbital. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1983, 79:4-9.
209. Meisch R.A. Oral self-administration of etonitazene in rhesus monkeys: use of a fading procedure to establish etonitazene as a reinforcer. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1995, 50:571-580.
210. Meisch R.A., Lemaire G.A. Reinforcing effects of a pentobarbital-ethanol combination relative to each drug alone. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1990, 35:443-450.
211. Mello N.K., Lukas S.E., Bree M.P., Mendelson J.H. Progressive ratio performance maintained by buprenorphine, heroin and methadone in Macaque monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1988, 21:81-97.
212. Mello N.K., Mendelson J.H., Sholar M.B., Jaszyna-Gasior M., Goletiani N., Siegel A.J. Effects of the mixed mu/kappa opioid nalbuphine on cocaine-induced changes in subjective and cardiovascular responses in men. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30:618-632.
213. Meyer A.C., Rahman S., Charnigo R.J., Dwoskin L.P., Crabbe J.C., Bardo M.T. Genetics of novelty seeking, amphetamine self-administration and reinstatement using inbred rats. Genes Brain Behav. 2010, 9(7):790-798.
214. Miller L., Griffith J. A comparison of bupropion, dextroamphetamine, and placebo in mixed-substance abusers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1983, 80:199-205.
215. Mintzer M.Z., Guarino J., Kirk T., Roache J.D., Griffiths R.R. Ethanol and pentobarbital: comparison of behavioral and subjective effects in sedative drug abusers. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1997, 5:203-215.
216. Moreton J., Meisch E.R., Stark A., Thompson L.T. Ketamine self-administration by the rhesus monkey. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1977, 203:303-309.
217. Moreton J.E., Roehrs T., Khazan N. Drug self-administration and sleep-awake activity in rats dependent on morphine, methadone, or l-alpha-acetylmethadol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1976, 47:237-241.
218. Morgan C.J., Mofeez A., Brandner B., Bromley L., Curran H.V. Ketamine impairs response inhibition and is positively reinforcing in healthy volunteers: a dose-response study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004, 172:298-308.
219. Mumford G.K., Silverman K., Griffiths R.R. Reinforcing, subjective, and performance effects of lorazepam and diphenhydramine in humans. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1996, 4:421-430.
220. Munzar P., Baumann M.H., Shoaib M., Goldberg S.R. Effects of dopamine and serotonin-releasing agents on methamphetamine discrimination and self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999, 141:287-296.
221. Munzar P., Yasar S., Redhi G.H., Justinova Z., Goldberg S.R. High rates of midazolam self-administration in squirrel monkeys. Behav. Pharmacol. 2001, 12:257-265.
222. Mutschler J., Koopmann A., Grosshans M., Hermann D., Mann K., Kiefer F. Dextromethorphan withdrawal and dependence syndrome. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 2010, 107:537-540.
223. Naranjo C., Shulgin A.T., Sargent T. Evaluation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as an adjunct to psychotherapy. Med. Pharmacol. Exp. Int. J. Exp. Med. 1967, 17:359-364.
224. Naruse T., Asami T. Cross-dependence on ethanol and pentobarbital in rats reinforced on diazepam. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1990, 304:147-162.
225. Negus S.S. Rapid assessment of choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys: effects of environmental manipulations and treatment with d-amphetamine and flupenthixol. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:919-931.
226. Newman J.L., Thorne J.J., Batulis D.K., Carroll M.E. Effects of menstrual cycle phase on the reinforcing effects of phencyclidine (PCP) in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2006, 85:584-591.
227. Nicholson K.L., Balster R.L. GHB: a new and novel drug of abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001, 63:1-22.
228. Nicholson K.L., Hayes B.A., Balster R.L. Evaluation of the reinforcing properties and phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus effects of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan in rats and rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999, 146:49-59.
229. Nielsen J.A., Duda N.J., Mokler D.J., Moore K.E. Self-administration of central stimulants by rats: a comparison of the effects of d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and McNeil 4612. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1984, 20:227-232.
230. Nishida N., Hasegawa Y., Chiba S., Wakimasu M., Fujino M. Reinforcing effects of the enkephalin analogs, EK-209 and EK-399, in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1989, 166:453-458.
231. Nutt D., King L.A., Saulsbury W., Blakemore C. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet 2007, 369:1047-1053.
232. O'Connor E.C., Mead A.N. Tramadol acts as a weak Reinforcer in the Rat Self-Administration Model, consistent with its low abuse liability in humans. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2010, 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.05.018.
233. O'Connor E.C., Parker D., Rollema H., Mead A.N. The alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor partial agonist varenicline inhibits both nicotine self-administration following repeated dosing and reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010, 208:365-376.
234. Oei T.P. Effects of body weight reduction and food deprivation on cocaine self-administration. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1983, 19:453-455.
235. Oittinen H., Rameis H., Saria A., Zernig G. Lack of reinforcing effect of the benzodiazepine and tricyclic antidepressant combination of diazepam and dothiepin. Pharmacology 2001, 62:124-128.
236. Pakarinen E.D., Williams K.L., Woods J.H. Food restriction and sex differences on concurrent, oral ethanol and water reinforcers in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Alcohol 1999, 17:35-40.
237. Panagis G., Vlachou S., Nomikos G.G. Behavioral pharmacology of cannabinoids with a focus on preclinical models for studying reinforcing and dependence-producing properties. Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 2008, 1:350-374.
238. Panksepp J., Knutson B., Burgdorf J. The role of brain emotional systems in addictions: a neuro-evolutionary perspective and new 'self-report' animal model. Addiction 2002, 97:459-469.
239. Panlilio L.V., Goldberg S.R. Self-administration of drugs in animals and humans as a model and an investigative tool. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2007, 102:1863-1870.
240. Panlilio L.V., Schindler C.W. Self-administration of remifentanil, an ultra-short acting opioid, under continuous and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 150:61-66.
241. Papasava M., Singer G., Papasava C. Food deprivation fails to potentiate intravenous self-administration of fenfluramine in naive rats. Appetite 1986, 7:55-61.
242. Papasava M., Singer G., Papasava C.L. Phentermine self-administration in naive free-feeding and food-deprived rats: a dose response study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985, 85:410-413.
243. Park K.S., Hong J.T., Ryu S.R., Kim H.J., Lee J.K., Bae Y.C., Kim P.Y., Lee S.H. Evaluation of abuse liability of ephedrine using rats. 30th Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, November 04-09, 2000 2000.
244. Pickens R., Harris W.C. Self-administration of d-amphetamine by rats. Psychopharmacologia 1968, 12:158-163.
245. Pickens R., Muchow D., DeNoble V. Methohexital-reinforced responding in rats: effects of fixed ratio size and injection dose. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981, 216:205-209.
246. Pilotto R., Singer G., Overstreet D. Self-injection of diazepam in naive rats: effects of dose, schedule and blockade of different receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984, 84:174-177.
247. Preston K.L., Jasinski D.R. Abuse liability studies of opioid agonist-antagonists in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1991, 28:49-82.
248. Preston K.L., Jasinski D.R., Testa M. Abuse potential and pharmacological comparison of tramadol and morphine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1991, 27:7-17.
249. Preston K.L., Sullivan J.T., Strain E.C., Bigelow G.E. Effects of cocaine alone and in combination with bromocriptine in human cocaine abusers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1992, 262:279-291.
250. Preston K.L., Wolf B., Guarino J.J., Griffiths R.R. Subjective and behavioral effects of diphenhydramine, lorazepam and methocarbamol: evaluation of abuse liability. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1992, 262:707-720.
251. Ranaldi R., Woolverton W.L. Self-administration of cocaine: scopolamine combinations by rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002, 161:442-448.
252. Ratzenboeck E., Saria A., Kriechbaum N., Zernig G. Reinforcing effects of MDMA (" ecstasy") in drug-naive and cocaine-trained rats. Pharmacology 2001, 62:138-144.
253. Richardson J.S. The self-injection of amobarbital by rats during non-reward. Int. J. Addict. 1970, 5:739-746.
254. Richardson N.R., Roberts D.C. Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: a method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. J. Neurosci. Methods 1996, 66:1-11.
255. Roache J.D., Griffiths R.R. Diazepam and triazolam self-administration in sedative abusers: concordance of subject ratings, performance and drug self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989, 99:309-315.
256. Rocha B., Ward A.A., Egilmez S., Lytle Y.D., Emmett-Oglesby A.M.W. Tolerance to the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of ketamine. Behav. Pharmacol. 1996, 7:160-168.
257. Rollema H., Chambers L.K., Coe J.W., Glowa J., Hurst R.S., Lebel L.A., Lu Y., Mansbach R.S., Mather R.J., Rovetti C.C., Sands S.B., Schaeffer E., Schulz D.W., Tingley F.D., Williams K.E. Pharmacological profile of the alpha(4)beta(2) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist varenicline, an effective smoking cessation aid. Neuropharmacology 2007, 52(3):985-994.
258. Romanelli F., Smith K.M. Dextromethorphan abuse: clinical effects and management. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 2009, 49(2):e20-e27.
259. Roth M.E., Cosgrove K.P., Carroll M.E. Sex differences in the vulnerability to drug abuse: a review of preclinical studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2004, 28:533-546.
260. Rowlett J.K. A labor-supply analysis of cocaine self-administration under progressive-ratio schedules: antecedents, methodologies, and perspectives. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 153:1-16.
261. Rowlett J.K., Wilcox K.M., Woolverton W.L. Self-administration of cocaine-heroin combinations by rhesus monkeys: antagonism by naltrexone. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 286:61-69.
262. Sanchis-Segura C., Spanagel R. Behavioural assessment of drug reinforcement and addictive features in rodents: an overview. Addict. Biol. 2006, 11:2-38.
263. Sannerud C.A., Kaminski B.J., Griffiths R.R. Maintenance of H1 antagonists self-injection in baboons. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1995, 3:26-32.
264. Sannerud C.A., Prada J., Goldberg D.M., Goldberg S.R. The effects of sertraline on nicotine self-administration and food-maintained responding in squirrel monkeys. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 271:461-469.
265. Schenk S., Gittings D., Johnstone M., Daniela E. Development, maintenance and temporal pattern of self-administration maintained by ecstasy (MDMA) in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 169:21-27.
266. Schlaepfer T.E., Strain E.C., Greenberg B.D., Preston K.L., Lancaster E., Bigelow G.E., Barta P.E., Pearlson G.D. Site of opioid action in the human brain: mu and kappa agonists' subjective and cerebral blood flow effects. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155:470-473.
267. Schuster C.R., Thompson T. Self administration of and behavioral dependence on drugs. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 1969, 9:483-502.
268. Sekita K., Ochiai T., Ohno K., Murakami O., Wakasa Y., Uzawa K., Furuya T., Kurokawa Y. Studies on reinforcing effects of methylephedrine, caffeine and their mixture with intravenous-self administration in rhesus monkeys. Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku 1992, 110:15-22.
269. Shearman G.T., Hynes M., Lal H. Self-administration of clonidine by the rat. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1981, 71:259-276.
270. Shoaib M. Effects of isoarecolone, a nicotinic receptor agonist in rodent models of nicotine dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006, 188:252-257.
271. Singh R.K., Jain R., Ray R., Gupta Y.K. Abuse liability of diazepam through different routes. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2001, 45:181-190.
272. Slifer B.L., Balster R.L. Reinforcing properties of stereoisomers of the putative sigma agonists N-allylnormetazocine and cyclazocine in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1983, 225:522-528.
273. Slifer B.L., Balster R.L. Intravenous self-administration of nicotine: with and without schedule-induction. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1985, 22:61-69.
274. Soria R., Stapleton J.M., Gilson S.F., Sampson-Cone A., Henningfield J.E., London E.D. Subjective and cardiovascular effects of intravenous nicotine in smokers and non-smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996, 128:221-226.
275. Spillane J., McAllister W.B. Keeping the lid on: a century of drug regulation and control. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003, 70:S5-S12.
276. Spyraki C., Fibiger H.C. Intravenous self-administration of nomifensine in rats: implications for abuse potential in humans. Science 1981, 212:1167-1168.
277. Stafford D., LeSage M.G., Glowa J.R. Progressive-ratio schedules of drug delivery in the analysis of drug self-administration: a review. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998, 139:169-184.
278. Stathis M., Scheffel U., Lever S.Z., Boja J.W., Carroll F.I., Kuhar M.J. Rate of binding of various inhibitors at the dopamine transporter in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995, 119:376-384.
279. Steinfels G.F., Young G.A., Khazan N. Self-administration of nalbuphine, butorphanol and pentazocine by morphine post-addict rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1982, 16:167-171.
280. Stephens D.N., Duka T., Crombag H.S., Cunningham C.L., Heilig M., Crabbe J.C. Reward sensitivity: issues of measurement, and achieving consilience between human and animal phenotypes. Addict. Biol. 2010, 15:145-168.
281. Stern K.N., Chait L.D., Johanson C.E. Reinforcing and subjective effects of oral tripelennamine in normal human volunteers. Behav. Pharmacol. 1989, 1:161-167.
282. Stewart B.S., Lemaire G.A., Roache J.D., Meisch R.A. Establishing benzodiazepines as oral reinforcers: midazolam and diazepam self-administration in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994, 271:200-211.
283. Stewart R.B., Grabowski J., Wang N.S., Meisch R.A. Orally delivered methadone as a reinforcer in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996, 123:111-118.
284. Sullivan J.T., Jasinski D.R., Johnson R.E. Single-dose pharmacodynamics of diazepam and pentobarbital in substance abusers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1993, 54:645-653.
285. Suzuki T., George F.R., Meisch R.A. Etonitazene delivered orally serves as a reinforcer for Lewis but not Fischer 344 rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1992, 42:579-586.
286. Sziraki, Lipovac M.N., Hashim A., Sershen H., Allen D., Cooper T., Czobor P., Lajtha A. Differences in nicotine-induced dopamine release and nicotine pharmacokinetics between Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Neurochem. Res. 2001, 26:609-617.
287. Szostak C., Finlay J.M., Fibiger H.C. Intravenous self-administration of the short-acting benzodiazepine midazolam in the rat. Neuropharmacology 1987, 26:1673-1676.
288. Taeuber K., Zapf R., Rupp W., Badian M. Pharmacodynamic comparison of the acute effects of nomifensine, amphetamine and placebo in healthy volunteers. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Biopharm. 1979, 17:32-37.
289. Takahashi R.N., Singer G. Self-administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol by rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1979, 11:737-740.
290. Takahashi R.N., Singer G. Effects of body weight levels on cannabis self-injection. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1980, 13:877-881.
291. Tanda G., Goldberg S.R. Cannabinoids: reward, dependence, and underlying neurochemical mechanisms-a review of recent preclinical data. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 169:115-134.
292. Tanda G., Munzar P., Goldberg S.R. Self-administration behavior is maintained by the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys. Nat. Neurosci. 2000, 3:1073-1074.
293. Tella S.R., Ladenheim B., Cadet J.L. Differential regulation of dopamine transporter after chronic self-administration of bupropion and nomifensine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 281:508-513.
294. Tessari M., Valerio E., Chiamulera C., Beardsley P.M. Nicotine reinforcement in rats with histories of cocaine self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995, 121:282-283.
295. Thomas A., Nallur D.G., Jones N., Deslandes P.N. Diphenhydramine abuse and detoxification: a brief review and case report. J. Psychopharmacol. 2009, 23:101-105.
296. Tomkins D.M., Otton S.V., Joharchi N., Li N.Y., Balster R.F., Tyndale R.F., Sellers E.M. Effect of cytochrome P450 2D1 inhibition on hydrocodone metabolism and its behavioral consequences in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 280:1374-1382.
297. Tsibulsky V.L., Norman A.B. Real time computation of in vivo drug levels during drug self-administration experiments. Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc. 2005, 15:38-45.
298. Tzschentke T.M. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm: a comprehensive review of drug effects, recent progress and new issues. Prog. Neurobiol. 1998, 56:613-672.
299. UK Government. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. London: HMSO; 1986. http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/hoc/321/321-xa.htm.
300. U.S. Department of Justice, D.E.A., 2009. List of Scheduling Actions, Controlled Substances, Regulated Chemicals.
301. van Ree J.M., Slangen J.L., de Wied D. Intravenous self-administration of drugs in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1978, 204:547-557.
302. Vanover K.E., Wenger G.R., Woolverton W.L. Self-administration of the isomers of pentobarbital and secobarbital by rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1989, 34:669-671.
303. Vivero L.E., Anderson P.O., Clark R.F. A close look at fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine. J. Emerg. Med. 1998, 16:197-205.
304. Wachtel S.R., Ortengren A., de Wit H. The effects of acute haloperidol or risperidone on subjective responses to methamphetamine in healthy volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002, 68:23-33.
305. Walker D.J., Zacny J.P. Subjective, psychomotor, and analgesic effects of oral codeine and morphine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998, 140:191-201.
306. Walker D.J., Zacny J.P. Subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of cumulative doses of opioid mu agonists in healthy volunteers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 289:1454-1464.
307. Walsh S.L., June H.L., Schuh K.J., Preston K.L., Bigelow G.E., Stitzer M.L. Effects of buprenorphine and methadone in methadone-maintained subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995, 119:268-276.
308. Walsh S.L., Strain E.C., Abreu M.E., Bigelow G.E. Enadoline, a selective kappa opioid agonist: comparison with butorphanol and hydromorphone in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001, 157:151-162.
309. Wang Z., Woolverton W.L. Estimating the relative reinforcing strength of (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its isomers in rhesus monkeys: comparison to (+)-methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007, 189:483-488.
310. Ward A.S., Li D.H., Luedtke R.R., Emmett-Oglesby M.W. Variations in cocaine self-administration by inbred rat strains under a progressive-ratio schedule. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996, 127:204-212.
311. Ward S.J., Morgan D., Roberts D.C. Comparison of the reinforcing effects of cocaine and cocaine/heroin combinations under progressive ratio and choice schedules in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30:286-295.
312. Weed M.R., Woolverton W.L. The reinforcing effects of dopamine D1 receptor agonists in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1995, 275:1367-1374.
313. Weeks J.R. Experimental morphine addiction: method for automatic intravenous injections in unrestrained rats. Science 1962, 138:143-144.
314. Weerts E.M., Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Comparison of the intravenous reinforcing effects of propofol and methohexital in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999, 57:51-60.
315. Weerts E.M., Fantegrossi W.E., Goodwin A.K. The value of nonhuman primates in drug abuse research. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2007, 15:309-327.
316. Weerts E.M., Griffiths R.R. Evaluation of the intravenous reinforcing effects of clonidine in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999, 53:207-214.
317. Wellman P.J., Shelton K., Schenk S. Self-administration of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) by rats previously trained to self-administer amphetamine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1989, 34:187-191.
318. Werner T.E., Smith S.G., Davis W.M. A dose-response comparison between methadone and morphine self-administration. Psychopharmacologia 1976, 47:209-211.
319. Williams K.L., Broadbear J.H., Woods J.H. Noncontingent and response-contingent intravenous ethanol attenuates the effect of naltrexone on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in rhesus monkeys. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2004, 28:566-571.
320. Wilson A.W., Neill J.C., Costall B. Strain differences in ethanol preference and reinforced behaviour: a comparison of two-bottle choice and operant self-administration paradigms. Behav. Pharmacol. 1997, 8:37-46.
321. Wilson C., Canning P., Caravati E.M. The abuse potential of propofol. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2010, 48:165-170.
322. Winger G., Stitzer M.L., Woods J.H. Barbiturate-reinforced responding in rhesus monkeys: comparisons of drugs with different durations of action. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1975, 195:505-514.
323. Wise R.A., Murray A., Bozarth M.A. Bromocriptine self-administration and bromocriptine-reinstatement of cocaine-trained and heroin-trained lever pressing in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990, 100:355-360.
324. Wolf B., Guarino J.J., Preston K.L., Griffiths R.R. Abuse liability of diphenhydramine in sedative abusers. NIDA Res. Monogr. 1989, 95:486-487.
325. Wood R.I., Johnson L.R., Chu L., Schad C., Self D.W. Testosterone reinforcement: intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration in male rats and hamsters. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004, 171:298-305.
326. Woods J.H., Smith C.B., Medzihradsky F., Swain H.H. Preclinical Testing of New Analgesic Drugs 1979, Raven Press, New York.
327. Woods J.H., Young A.M., Medzihradsky F., Smith C.B., Aceto M.D., Harris L.S., Jacobson A.E. Zomepirac: preclinical narcotic abuse liability evaluation. Arzneimittelforschung 1983, 33:218-222.
328. Woolverton W.L., Goldberg L.I., Ginos J.Z. Intravenous self-administration of dopamine receptor agonists by rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1984, 230:678-683.
329. Woolverton W.L., Johanson C.E., de la Garza R., Ellis S., Seiden L.S., Schuster C.R. Behavioral and neurochemical evaluation of phenylpropanolamine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986, 237:926-930.
330. Woolverton W.L., Nader M.A. Experimental Evaluation of the Reinforcing Effects of Drugs, Modern Methods in Pharmacology 1990, Wiley-Liss, Inc., pp. 165-192.
331. Woolverton W.L., Rowlett J.K., Winger G., Woods J.H., Gerak L.R., France C.P. Evaluation of the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1999, 54:137-143.
332. Woolverton W.L., Wessinger W.D., Balster R.L. Reinforcing properties of clonidine in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982, 77:17-23.
333. Wu W.R., Zheng J.W., Li F.Y., Li Y. Immunosuppressive effects of intravenous self administration of dihydroetorphine on lymphocyte functions in rats. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1998, 19:387-390.
334. Yanagita T. Drug dependence potential of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol hydrochloride (tramadol) tested in monkeys. Arzneimittelforschung 1978, 28:158-163.
335. Yanagita T., Nagaoki O., Takahashi S. Drug dependence liability of pentazocine evaluated in Rhesus monkeys. CIEA Preclin. Rpt. 1975, 1:51-57.
336. Yanagita T., Takahashi S., Oinuma N. Drug dependence liaibility test on AT-17 in the Rhesus Monkey. CIEA Preclin. Rpt. 1975, 1:35-41.
337. Yanigita T., Takahashi S. Dependance liability of several sedative hypnotic agents evaluated in monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Expt. Ther. 1973, 185:307-316.
338. Yokel R.A., Pickens R. Self-administration of optical isomers of amphetamine and methylamphetamine by rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1973, 187:27-33.
339. Yokel R.A., Wise R.A. Amphetamine-type reinforcement by dopaminergic agonists in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1978, 58:289-296.
340. Yoshimura K., Horiuchi M., Inoue Y., Yamamoto K. [Pharmacological studies on drug dependence, (III): intravenous self-administration of some CNS-affecting drugs and a new sleep-inducer, 1H-1, 2, 4-triazolyl benzophenone derivative (450191-S), in rats]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1984, 83:39-67.
341. Young A.M., Stephens K.R., Hein D.W., Woods J.H. Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus properties of mixed agonist-antagonist opioids. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1984, 229:118-126.
342. Young A.M., Woods J.H. Maintenance of behavior by ketamine and related compounds in rhesus monkeys with different self-administration histories. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981, 218:720-727.
343. Young G.A., Khazan N. Self-administration of ketocyclazocine and ethylketocyclazocine by the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1983, 19:711-713.
344. Young G.A., Steinfels G.F., Khazan N. Spontaneous vs. naloxone-induced abstinence in dependent rats self-administering L-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) or morphine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1979, 10:585-589.
345. Zacny J.P. Profiling the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of tramadol in recreational drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005, 80:273-278.
346. Zacny J.P., Conley K., Marks S. Comparing the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous nalbuphine and morphine in healthy volunteers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 280:1159-1169.
347. Zacny J.P., Gutierrez S. Characterizing the subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of oral oxycodone in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 170:242-254.
348. Zacny J.P., Hill J.L., Black M.L., Sadeghi P. Comparing the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous pentazocine and morphine in normal volunteers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 286:1197-1207.
349. Zacny J.P., Lichtor J.L., Klafta J.M., Alessi R., Apfelbaum J.L. The effects of transnasal butorphanol on mood and psychomotor functioning in healthy volunteers. Anesth. Analg. 1996, 82:931-935.
350. Zacny J.P., Lichtor J.L., Zaragoza J.G., Coalson D.W., Uitvlugt A.M., Flemming D.C., Binstock W.B., Cutter T., Apfelbaum J.L. Assessing the behavioral effects and abuse potential of propofol bolus injections in healthy volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993, 32:45-57.
351. Zawertailo L.A., Busto U., Kaplan H.L., Sellers E.M. Comparative abuse liability of sertraline, alprazolam, and dextroamphetamine in humans. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1995, 15:117-124.
352. Ziaee V., Akbari H.E., Hoshmand A., Amini H., Kebriaeizadeh A., Saman K. Side effects of dextromethorphan abuse, a case series. Addict. Behav. 2005, 30(8):1607-1613. 1607-13, 30.