Principles of drug abuse liability assessment in laboratory animals

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Volumn 70, Issue 3 SUPPL., 2003, Pages

  Ator, Nancy A ^a   Griffiths, Roland R ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Abuse liability; Drug abuse; Drug development; Drug discrimination; Drug reinforcement; Drug withdrawal; FDA; Physical dependence; Self administration

Indexed keywords

ABECARNIL; ALPRAZOLAM; BRETAZENIL; BUSPIRONE; DIAZEPAM; FLUNITRAZEPAM; LORAZEPAM; METHOCARBAMOL; PENTOBARBITAL; TANDOSPIRONE; TRIAZOLAM; ZALEPLON; ZOLPIDEM;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DISCRIMINATION; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; METHODOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0037986598     PISSN: 03768716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00099-1     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (148)

1. Aceto M.D., Flora R.E., Harris L.S. The effects of naloxone and nalorphine during the development of morphine dependence in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacology. 15:1977;1-9.
2. Aragona M. Abuse, dependence and epileptic seizures after zolpidem withdrawal: review and case report. Clin. Neuropharm. 23:2000;282-283.
3. Ator N.A. Drug discrimination and drug stimulus generalization with anxiolytics. Drug Dev. Res. 20:1990;189-204.
4. Ator N.A. Discriminative stimulus effects of the novel anxiolytic buspirone. Behav. Pharmacol. 2:1991;3-14.
5. Ator N.A. Statistical inference in behavior analysis: environmental determinants? Behav. Analyst. 22:1999;93-97.
6. Ator N.A. Zaleplon and triazolam drug discrimination, plasma levels, and self-administration in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend. 61:2000;55-68.
7. Ator N.A. Relation between discriminative and reinforcing effects of midazolam, pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, zolpidem, and imidazenil in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 163:2002;477-487.
8. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Lorazepam and pentobarbital drug discrimination in baboons: cross-drug generalization and interaction with Ro 15-1788. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 226:1983;776-782.
9. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Nicotine self-administration in baboons. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 19:1983;993-1003.
10. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Oral self-administration of methohexital in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 79:1983;120-125.
11. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Asymmetrical cross-generalization in drug discrimination with lorazepam and pentobarbital training conditions. Drug Dev. Res. 16:1989;355-364.
12. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Differential generalization to pentobarbital in rats trained to discriminate lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and triazolam. Psychopharmacology. 98:1989;20-30.
13. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Oral self-administration of triazolam, diazepam and ethanol in the baboon. Drug reinforcement and benzodiazepine physiological dependence. Psychopharmacology. 108:1992;301-312.
14. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Selectivity in the generalization profile in baboons trained to discriminate lorazepam: benzodiazepines, barbiturates and other sedative/anxiolytics. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282:1997;1442-1457.
15. Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Drug discrimination analysis of partial agonists at the benzodiazepine site. Differential effects of U-78875 across training conditions in baboons and rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 289:1999;1434-1446.
16. Ator N.A., Weerts E.M., Kaminski B.J., Kautz M.A., Griffiths R.R. Zaleplon and triazolam physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend. 61:2000;69-84.
17. Balster, R.L., Bigelow, G.E., 2003. Guidelines and methodological reviews concerning drug abuse liability assessment, Drug Alcohol Depend, this issue.
18. Balster R.L., Willetts J. Receptor mediation of the discriminative stimulus properties of phencyclidine and sigma-opioid agonists. Colpaert F., Balster R. Transduction Mechanisms of Drug Stimuli. Psychopharmacology Series. 4:1988;122-135 Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
19. Barrett J.E., Olmstead S.N. Spiroxatrine as a discriminative stimulus: effects depend on pharmacological history. Drug Dev. Res. 16:1989;365-374.
20. Beardsley P.M., Hayes B.A., Balster R.L. The self-administration of MK-801 can depend upon drug-reinforcement history, and its discriminative stimulus properties are phencyclidine-like in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 252:1990;953-959.
21. Bennett B.T., Abee C.R., Henrickson R. Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Diseases. 1998;Academic Press, San Diego.
22. Bergman J., Johanson C.E. The reinforcing properties of diazepam under several conditions in the rhesus monkey. Psychopharmacology. 86:1985;108-113.
23. Bordens, K.S., Abbott, B.B., 1996. Research Design and Methods: A Process Approach, 3rd ed., Mayfield, Mountain View, CA.
24. Bottlender R., Schütz C., Möller H.-J., Soyka M. Letter to the Editor. Pharmacopsychiatry. 30:1997;108.
25. Brady J.V., Griffiths R.R., Hienz R.D., Ator N.A., Lukas S.E., Lamb R.J. Assessing drugs for abuse liability and dependence potential in laboratory primates. Bozarth M.A. Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs. 1987;45-85 Springer-Verlag, New York.
26. Carroll M.E., Meisch R.A. Etonitazene as a reinforcer: oral intake of etonitazene by rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology. 59:1978;225-229.
27. Carroll M.E., Meisch R.A. Enhanced drug-reinforced behavior due to food deprivation. Thompson T., Dews P., Barrett J. Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology. 4:1984;47-88 Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
28. Carroll M.E., Stitzer M.L., Strain E., Meisch R.A. The behavioral pharmacology of alcohol and other drugs: emerging issues. Galanter M. Recent Developments in Alcoholism. 8:1990;5-46 Plenum, New York.
29. Carroll M.E., Stotz D.C. Oral D-amphetamine and ketamine self-administration by rhesus monkeys: effects of food deprivation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 227:1984;28-34.
30. Carroll M.E., Stotz D.C., Kliner D.J., Meisch R.A. Self-administration of orally-delivered methohexital in rhesus monkeys with phencyclidine or pentobarbital histories: effects of food deprivation and satiation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 20:1984;145-151.
31. Cavallero R., Regazzetti M.G., Covelli G., Smeraldi E. Tolerance and withdrawal with zolpidem. Lancet. 342:1993;374-375.
32. Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, 1973. Testing for dependence liability in animals and man (Revised 1972), Bull. Narc. 25, pp. 25-39.
33. Collins R.J., Weeks J.R., Cooper M.M., Good P.I., Russell R.R. Prediction of abuse liability of drugs using IV self-administration by rats. Psychopharmacology. 82:1984;6-13.
34. Crosbie J. Statistical inference in behavior analysis: useful friend. Behav. Analyst. 22:1999;105-108.
35. Davison M. Statistical inference in behavior analysis: having my cake and eating it? Behav. Analyst. 22:1999;99-103.
36. DeNoble V.J., Svikis D.S., Meisch R.A. Orally delivered pentobarbital as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys with concurrent access to water: effects of concentration, fixed-ratio size, and liquid positions. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 16:1982;113-117.
37. Di Chiara G. Behavioural pharmacology and neurobiology of nicotine reward and dependence. Clementi F., Fornasari D., Gotti C. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors. 144:2000;603-750 Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
38. Evans S.M., Troisi J.R. II, Griffiths R.R. Tandospirone and alprazolam: comparison of behavioral effects and abuse liability in humans. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 271:1994;683-694.
39. Falk J.L., Lau C.E. Oral cocaine as a reinforcer: acquisition conditions and importance of stimulus control. Behav. Pharmacol. 4:1993;597-609.
40. Falk J.L., Zhang J., Chen R., Lau C.E. A schedule induction probe technique for evaluating abuse potential: comparison of ethanol, nicotine and caffeine, and caffeine-midazolam-interaction. Behav. Pharmacol. 5:1994;513-520.
41. Friedman E.P., Popova V.N. Species of the genus papio (cercopithecidae) as subjects of biomedical research, I. biological basis of experiments on baboons. J Med Primatol. 17:1988;291-307.
42. Gallager D.W., Heninger K., Heninger G. Periodic benzodiazepine antagonist administration prevents benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in primates. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 132:1986;321-328.
43. Gerak L.R., Woolverton W.L., Nader M.A., Patrick G.A., Harris L.S., Winger G., Woods J.H., France C.P. Behavioral effects of flunitrazepam: reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects in rhesus monkeys and prevention of withdrawal signs in pentobarbital-dependent rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 63:2001;39-49.
44. 1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH DPAT). Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 25:1986;135-139.
45. Goa K.L., Ward A. Buspirone: a preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy as an anxiolytic. Drugs. 32:1986;114-129.
46. Goldberg S.R., Hoffmeister F., Schlichting U.U., Wuttke W. A comparison of pentobarbital and cocaine self administration in rhesus monkeys, effects of dose and fixed-ratio parameter. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 179:1971;277-283.
47. Goldberg S.R., Hoffmeister F., Schlichting U.U., Wuttke W. Aversive properties of nalorphine and naloxone in morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 179:1971;268-276.
48. Goldberg S.R., Woods J.H., Schuster C.R. Nalorphine-induced changes in morphine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 176:1971;464-471.
49. Gordon B. I'm Dancing as Fast as I can. 1979;Harper & Row, New York.
50. Grant K.A., Johanson C.E. Diazepam self-administration and resistance to extinction. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 28:1987;81-86.
51. Griffiths R.R., Lamb R.J., Ator N.A., Roache J.D., Brady J.V. Relative abuse liability of triazolam: experimental assessment in animals and humans. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 9:1985;133-151.
52. Griffiths R.R., Balster R.L. Opioids: similarity between evaluations of subjective effects and animal self-administration results. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 25:1979;611-617.
53. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., Ator, N.A., 2003. Principles of initial experimental drug abuse liability assessment in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend, this issue.
54. Griffiths R.R., Bigelow G.E., Henningfield J.E. Similarities in animal and human drug taking behavior. Mello N.K. Advances in Substance Abuse, Behavioral and Biological Research. 1:1980;1-90 JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
55. Griffiths R.R., Brady J.V., Bradford L.D. Predicting the abuse liability of drugs with animal drug self-administration procedures: Psychomotor stimulants and hallucinogens. Thompson T., Dews P.B. Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology. 2:1979;163-208 Academic Press, New York.
56. Griffiths R.R., Lamb R.J., Sannerud C.A., Ator N.A., Brady J.V. Self-injection of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and other sedative anxiolytics in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 103:1991;154-161.
57. Griffiths R.R., Lukas S.E., Bradford L.D., Brady J.V., Snell J.D. Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons. Psychopharmacology. 75:1981;101-109.
58. Griffiths R.R., Sannerud C.A., Ator N.A., Brady J.V. Zolpidem behavioral pharmacology in baboons, self-injection, discrimination, tolerance and withdrawal. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 260:1992;1199-1208.
59. Haefely W. Biological basis of drug-induced tolerance, rebound, and dependence. Contributions of recent research on benzodiazepines. Pharmacopsychiatry. 19:1986;353-361.
60. Herling S., Valentino R.J., Winger G.D. Discriminative stimulus effects of pentobarbital in pigeons. Psychopharmacology. 71:1980;21-28.
61. Hollister L.E., Motzenbecker F.P., Degan R.O. Withdrawal reactions from chlordiazepoxide ('Librium'). Psychopharmacologia. 2:1961;63-68.
62. Holtzman S.G. Discriminative stimulus properties of opioid agonists and antagonists. Cooper S.J. Theory in Psychopharmacology. 2:1983;1-46 Academic Press, London.
63. Hursh S.R. Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 34:1980;219-238.
64. Jaffe J.H. Drug addiction and drug abuse. Gilman A.G., Rall T.W., Nies A.S., Taylor P. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. 1990;Pergamon Press, New York.
65. Järbe T.U.C. Drug discrimination learning, cue properties of drugs. Greenshaw A.J., Dourish C.T. Experimental Psychopharmacology, Concepts and Methods. 1987;433-479 Humana Press, Clifton, NJ.
66. Johanson C.E. Drugs as reinforcers. Blackman D.E., Sanger D.J. Contemporary Research in Behavioral Pharmacology. 1978;325-390 Plenum Press, New York.
67. Johanson C.E. Benzodiazepine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: estazolam, flurazepam and lorazepam. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 26:1987;521-526.
68. Johanson C.E., Balster R.L. A summary of the results of a drug self-administration study using substitution procedures in rhesus monkeys. Bull. Nar. 30:1978;43-54.
69. Johanson C.E., Fischman M.W. The pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse. Pharmacol. Rev. 41:1989;3-45.
70. Johanson C.E., Schuster C.R. A choice procedure for drug reinforcers: cocaine and methylphenidate in the rhesus monkey. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 193:1975;676-688.
71. Johanson C.E., Woolverton W.L., Schuster C.R. Evaluating laboratory models of drug dependence. Meltzer H.Y. Psychopharmacology, The Third Generation of Progress. 1987;1617-1625 Raven Press, New York.
72. Kalant H., Le Blanc A.E., Gibbins R.J. Tolerance to, and dependence on, some nonopiate psychotropic drugs. Pharmacol. Rev. 23:1971;135-191.
73. Katz J.L. Drugs as reinforcers: pharmacological and behavioural factors. Liebman J.M., Cooper S.J. Neuropharmacological Basis of Reward. 1989;164-213 Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
74. Katz J.J., Valentino R.J. Pharmacological and behavioral factors in opioid dependence in animals. Goldberg S.R., Stolerman I.P. Behavioral Analysis of Drug Dependence. 1986;287-327 Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
75. Krishef C.H. Fundamental Approaches to Single Subject Design and Analysis. 1991;Krieger, Malibar, FL.
76. Krystal J.H., Walker M.W., Heninger G.R. Intermittent naloxone attenuates the development of physical dependence on methadone in rhesus monkeys. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 160:1989;331-338.
77. Lamb R.J., Griffiths R.R. Precipitated and spontaneous withdrawal in baboons after chronic dosing with lorazepam and CGS 9896. Drug Alcohol Depend. 14:1984;11-17.
78. Lamb R.J., Griffiths R.R. Effects of repeated Ro 15-1788 administration in benzodiazepine-dependent baboons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 110:1985;257-261.
79. Lamb R.J., Griffiths R.R. Effects of Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216 in diazepam-dependent baboons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 143:1987;205-212.
80. Lamb R.J., Griffiths R.R. Behavioral effects of pentobarbital, lorazepam, ethanol and chlorpromazine substitution in pentobarbital-dependent baboons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 265:1993;47-52.
81. Lemaire G.A., Meisch R.A. Pentobarbital self-administration in rhesus monkeys: drug concentration and fixed-ratio size interactions. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 42:1984;37-49.
82. Lukas S.E., Brady J.V., Griffiths R.R. Comparison of opioid self-injection and disruption of schedule-controlled performance in the baboon. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238:1986;924-931.
83. Lukas S.E., Griffiths R.R. Precipitated withdrawal by a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist (Ro 15-1788) after 7 days of diazepam. Science. 217:1982;1161-1163.
84. Lukas S.E., Griffiths R.R. Precipitated diazepam withdrawal in baboons. Effects of dose and duration of diazepam exposure. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 100:1984;163-171.
85. Lukas S.E., Griffiths R.R., Bradford L.D., Brady J.V., Daley L.A., Delorenzo R. A tethering system for intravenous and intragastric drug administration in the baboon. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 17:1982;823-829.
86. Lukas S.E., Griffiths R.R., Brady J.V., Wurster R.M. Phencyclidine-analogue self-injection by the baboon. Psychopharmacology. 83:1984;316-320.
87. Martin J.R., Jenck F., Moreau J.-L. Comparison of benzodiazepine receptor ligands with partial agonistic, antagonistic or partial inverse agonistic properties in precipitating withdrawal in squirrel monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 275:1995;405-411.
88. McMillan D.E., Li M. Drug discrimination under two concurrent fixed-interval schedules. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 74:2000;55-77.
89. McMillan D.E., Sun W.L., Hardwick W.C. Effects of drug discrimination history on the generalization of pentobarbital to other drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278:1996;50-61.
90. Meisch R.A. Ethanol self-administration: infrahuman studies. Thompson T., Dews P.B. Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology. 1:1977;35-84 Academic Press, New York.
91. Meisch R.A. Relative persistence of behavior: a fundamental measure of relative reinforcing effects. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 8:2000;333-349.
92. Meisch R.A., Lemaire G.A. Oral self-administration of pentobarbital by rhesus monkeys: relative reinforcing effects under concurrent fixed-ratio schedules. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 50:1988;75-86.
93. Meisch, R.A., Lemaire, G.A., 1993. Drug self administration. In: van Haaren, F. (Ed.), Methods in Behavioral Pharmacology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 257-300.
94. Meyer R.E., Berger S.P. Biology of psychoactive substance dependence disorders: cocaine, opiates, and ethanol. Schatzberg A.F., Nemeroff C.B. Textbook of Psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. 1998;649-671 American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
95. Myers R.D., Veale W.L. The determinants of alcohol preference in animals. Kissin B., Begleiter H. The Biology of Alcoholism: Physiology and Behavior. 2:1972;131-168 Plenum, New York.
96. Nishino S., Mignot E., Dement W.C. Sedative-hypnotics. Schatzberg A.F., Nemeroff C.B. Textbook of Psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. 1998;487-502 American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
97. Okamoto M., Hinman D.J. Effects of individual variations in drug elimination kinetics for production of pentobarbital physical dependence. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 226:1983;52-56.
98. Overton D.A. State dependent learning and drug discriminations. Iversen L.L., Iversen S.D., Snyder S.H. Handbook of Psychopharmacology. Drugs, Neurotransmitters and Behavior. 18:1984;59-127 Plenum Press, New York.
99. Overton D.A., Merkle D.A., Hayes M.L. Are 'No drug' cues discriminated during drug-discrimination training? Anim. Learn. Behav. 11:1983;295-301.
100. Pickens R., Muchow D., DeNoble V. Methohexital-reinforced responding in rats: effects of fixed ratio size and injection dose. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 216:1981;205-209.
101. Preston K.L., Guarino J.J., Kirk W.T., Griffiths R.R. Evaluation of the abuse potential of methocarbamol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 248:1989;1146-1157.
102. Richardson N.R., Roberts D.C.S. Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: a method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. J. Neurosci. Methods. 66:1996;1-11.
103. Roberts D.C.S., Phelan R., Hodges L.M., Hodges M.M., Bennett B., Childers S., Davies H. Self-administration of cocaine analogs by rats. Psychopharmacology. 144:1999;389-397.
104. Rosenblum L.A., Coe C.L. Handbook of Squirrel Monkey Research. 1985. Plenum Press, New York.
105. Rowlett J.K. A labor-supply analysis of cocaine self-administration under progressive-ratio schedules: antecedents, methodologies, and perspectives. Psychopharmacology. 153:2000;1-16.
106. Rush, C.R., Ator, N.A., Simpson, C.A., Bickel, W.K., 2001. Behavioral pharmacology of commonly abused drugs: concordance between laboratory studies conducted with animals and humans. In: Carroll, M.E., Overmier, J.B. (Eds.), Animal Research and Human Health. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 101-114.
107. Sannerud C.A., Allen M., Cook J.M., Griffiths R.R. Behavioral effects of benzodiazepine ligands in non-dependent, diazepam-dependent and diazepam-withdrawn baboons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 202:1991;159-169.
108. Sannerud C.A., Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Methocarbamol: evaluation of reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects. Behav. Pharmacol. 2:1991;143-150.
109. Sannerud C.A., Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Behavioral pharmacology of abecarnil in baboons: self-injection, drug discrimination and physical dependence. Behav Pharmacol. 3:1992;507-516.
110. Sannerud C.A., Ator N.A., Griffiths R.R. Behavioral pharmacology of tandospirone in baboons: chronic administration and withdrawal, self-injection and drug discrimination. Drug Alcohol Depend. 32:1993;195-208.
111. Schlichting, U.U., Goldberg, S.R., Wuttke, W., Hoffmeister, F., 1970. D-amphetamine self-administration by rhesus monkeys with different self-administration histories. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series, No. 220, pp. 62-69.
112. Schuster, C.R., Fischman, M.W., Johanson, C.E., 1981. Internal stimulus control and subjective effects of drugs. In: Grabowski, J., Walsh, J.M. (Eds.), Behavioral Pharmacology of Human Drug Dependence. National Institute on Drug Abuse Monograph No. 37, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 116-129.
113. Schuster C.R., Thompson T. Self-administration of and behavioral dependence on drugs. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 9:1969;483-502.
114. Shannon H.E., Herling S. Discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam in rats: evidence for a maximal effect. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 227:1983;160-166.
115. Shannon H.E., Holtzman S.G. Morphine training dose: a determinant of stimulus generalization to narcotic antagonists in the rat. Psychopharmacology. 61:1979;239-244.
116. Shull R.L. Statistical inference in behavior analysis: discussant's remarks. Behav. Analyst. 22:1999;117-121.
117. Sidman M. Tactics of Scientific Research. 1960;Basic Books, New York.
118. Slifer B.L., Balster R.L. Reinforcing properties of stereoisomers of the putative sigma agonists N-allylnormetazocine and cyclazocine in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 225:1983;522-528.
119. Spealman R.D., Goldberg S.R. Maintenance of schedule-controlled behavior by intravenous injection of nicotine in squirrel monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 223:1982;402-408.
120. Spealman R.D., Goldberg S.R. Drug self-administration by laboratory animals: control by schedules of reinforcement. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 18:1978;313-339.
121. Spear D.J., Muntaner C., Goldberg S.R., Katz J.L. Methohexital and cocaine self-administration under fixed-ratio and second-order schedules. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 38:1991;411-416.
122. Stafford D., LeSage M.G., Glowa J.R. Progressive-ratio schedules of drug delivery in the analysis of drug self-administration: a review. Psychopharmacology. 139:1998;169-184.
123. Tanda G., Munzar P., Goldberg S.R. Self-administration behavior is maintained by the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys. Nature Neurosci. 3:2000;1073-1074.
124. Thompson T., Schuster C.R. Morphine self-administration, food-reinforced and avoidance behaviors in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacologia. 5:1964;87-94.
125. Turkkan J.S., Ator N.A., Brady J.V., Craven K.A. Beyond chronic catheterization in laboratory primates. Segal E.F. Housing, Care, and Psychological Wellbeing of Captive and Laboratory Primates. 1989;305-322 Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ.
126. Use and misuse of benzodiazepines, 1979. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, 96th Cong., 1.
127. van Ree J.M., Slangen J.L., de Wied D. Intravenous self-administration of drugs in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 204:1978;547-557.
128. Vivian J.A., Liang Y.J., Higley J.D., Linnoila M., Woods J.H. Oral self-administration of ethanol, phencyclidine, methadone, pentobarbital and quinine in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology. 147:1999;113-124.
129. Wang, R.I.H., Tiuseco, D., Roh, B.L., Cho, J., Kochar, C., 1990. Can buspirone substitute for benzodiazepines in all anxious patients? In: Harris, L.S. (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence 1989: Proceedings of the 51st Annual Scientific Meeting, The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 90-1663. NIDA Res. Monogr. 95, pp. 433-434.
130. Watsky E. Management of zolpidem withdrawal. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 16:1996;459.
131. Weed M.R., Paul I.A., Dwoskin L.P., Moore S.E., Woolverton W.L. The relationship between reinforcing effects and in vitro effects of D1 agonists in monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 283:1997;29-38.
132. Weeks J.R. Experimental morphine addiction. Method for automatic intravenous injections in unrestrained rats. Science. 138:1962;143-144.
133. Weerts E.M., Ator N.A., Grech D.M., Griffiths R.R. Zolpidem physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 285:1998;41-53.
134. Winger G., Woods J.H., Hursh S.R. Behavior maintained by alfentanil or nalbuphine in rhesus monkeys: fixed-ratio and time-out changes to establish demand curves and relative reinforcing effectiveness. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 4:1996;131-140.
135. Woods J.H. Some thoughts on the relations between animal and human drug-taking. Prog. neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 7:1983;577-584.
136. Woods J.H., Bertalmio A.J., Young A.M., Essman W.D., Winger G. Receptor mechanisms of opioid drug discrimination. Colpaert F.C., Balster R.L. Psychopharmacology Series 4, Transduction Mechanisms of Drug Stimuli. 1988;95-106 Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
137. Woods J.H., Katz J.L., Winger G. Abuse liability of benzodiazepines. Pharmacol. Rev. 39:1987;251-419.
138. Woods J.H., Katz J.L., Winger G. Benzodiazepines: use, abuse, and consequences. Pharmacol. Rev. 44:1992;151-347.
139. Woods J.H., Young A.M., Herling S. Classification of narcotics on the basis of their reinforcing, discriminative, and antagonist effects in rhesus monkeys. Fed. Proc. 41:1982;221-227.
140. Woolverton W.L., Johanson C.E., de la Garza R., Ellis S., Seiden L.S., Schuster C.R. Behavioral and neurochemical evaluation of phenylpropanolamine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 237:1986;926-930.
141. Woolverton W.L., Schuster C.R. Intragastric self-administration in rhesus monkeys under limited access conditions, methodological studies. J. Pharmacol. Methods. 10:1983;93-106.
142. Yanagita T. Brief review on the use of self administration techniques for predicting dependence potential. Thompson T., Unna K.R. Predicting Dependence Liability of Stimulant and Depressant Drugs. 1977;231-242 University Park Press, Baltimore, MD.
143. Yanagita, T., 1981. Dependence producing effects of anxiolytics. In: Hoffmeister, F. (Ed.), Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Psychotropic Agents, vol. 55, Part 2, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 395-406.
144. Yanagita T., Takahashi S. Development of tolerance to and physical dependence on barbiturates in rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 172:1970;163-169.
145. Young A.M., Herling S. Drugs as Reinforcers: Studies in Laboratory Animals. Goldberg S.R., Stolerman I.P. Behavioral Analysis of Drug Dependence. 1986;9-66 Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
146. Young A.M., Sannerud C.A. Tolerance to drug discriminative stimuli. Goudie A.J., Emmett-Oglesby M.W. Tolerance and Sensitization: Psychoactive Drugs. 1989;221-278 Humana Press, Clifton, NJ.
147. Young A.M., Woods J.H. Maintenance of behavior by ketamine and related compounds in rhesus monkeys with different self administration histories. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 218:1981;720-727.
148. Yutrzenka G.J., Patrick G.A., Rosenberger W. Substitution of psychoactive drugs in pentobarbital-dependent rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 26:1989;9-17.