Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide-induced signaling and damage in angiotensin II and aldosterone action

Biological Chemistry

Volumn 391, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 1265-1279

  Queisser, Nina ^a   Fazeli, Gholamreza ^a   Schupp, Nicole ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

8 oxodG; aldosterone; angiotensin II; NADPH oxidase; oxidative stress; redox signaling

Indexed keywords

ALANINE; ALDOSTERONE; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN II; CYSTEINE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE 1; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE 2; SUPEROXIDE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2;

APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; CELL DESTRUCTION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL STRUCTURE; DNA DAMAGE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ALDOSTERONE; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANIMALS; BLOOD PRESSURE; DNA DAMAGE; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; MICE; NADPH OXIDASE; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RATS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUPEROXIDES;

EID: 78649365513     PISSN: 14316730     EISSN: 14374315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/BC.2010.136     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Abdelmohsen, K., Gerber, P.A., von Montfort, C., Sies, H., and Klotz, L.O. (2003). Epidermal growth factor receptor is a common mediator of quinone-induced signaling leading to phospho-rylation of connexin-43: role of glutathione and tyrosine phos-phatases. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 38360-38367.
2. Agarwal, R., Campbell, R.C., and Warnock, D.G. (2004). Oxidative stress in hypertension and chronic kidney disease: role of angio-tensin II. Semin. Nephrol. 24, 101-114. (Pubitemid 38387851)
3. Aggarwal, B.B., Vijayalekshmi, R.V., and Sung, B. (2009). Targeting inflammatory pathways for prevention and therapy of cancer: short-term friend, long-term foe. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 425-430.
4. Almeida, M.R., Lima Ede, O., da Silva, V.J., Campos, M.G., Antunes, L.M., Salman, A.K., and Dias, F.L. (2008). Genotoxic studies in hypertensive and normotensive rats treated with amio-darone. Mutat. Res. 657, 155-159.
5. Andican, G., Gelisgen, R., Civelek, S., Seven, A., Seymen, O., Altug, T., Yigit, G., and Burcak, G. (2004). Oxidative damage to nuclear DNA in hyperthyroid rat liver: inability of vitamin C to prevent the damage. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 67, 413-420.
6. Ardanaz, N. and Pagano, P.J. (2006). Hydrogen peroxide as a para-crine vascular mediator: regulation and signaling leading to dysfunction. Exp. Biol. Med. 231, 237-251.
7. Arrigo, A.P. (1999). Gene expression and the thiol redox state. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27, 936-944.
8. Babbar, N. and Casero, R.A. Jr (2006). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases reactive oxygen species by inducing spermine oxidase in human lung epithelial cells: a potential mechanism for inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 66, 11125-11130.
9. Berk, B.C. and Corson, M.A. (1997). Angiotensin II signal trans-duction in vascular smooth muscle: role of tyrosine kinases. Circ. Res. 80, 607-616.
10. Beswick, R.A., Zhang, H., Marable, D., Catravas, J.D., Hill, W.D., and Webb, R.C. (2001). Long-term antioxidant administration attenuates mineralocorticoid hypertension and renal inflammatory response. Hypertension 37, 781-786.
11. Biswas, S.K. and de Faria, J.B. (2007). Which comes first: renal inflammation or oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats? Free Radic. Res. 41, 216-224.
12. Boldyreff, B. and Wehling, M. (2003). Rapid aldosterone actions: from the membrane to signaling cascades to gene transcription and physiological effects. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 85, 375-381.
13. Brown, N.J. (2008). Aldosterone and vascular inflammation. Hypertension 51, 161-167.
14. Brown, D.I. and Griendling, K.K. (2009). Nox proteins in signal transduction. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47, 1239-1253.
15. Caldecott, K.W. (2008). Single-strand break repair and genetic disease. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9, 619-631.
16. Carey, R.M. and Siragy, H.M. (2003). Newly recognized components of the renin-angiotensin system: potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation. Endocr. Rev. 24, 261-271.
17. Chiarugi, P. (2008). Src redox regulation: there is more than meets the eye. Molecules Cells 26, 329-337.
18. 2 mediated cell signaling. FEBS Lett. 560, 7-13.
19. Dahlmann, H.A., Vaidyanathan, V.G., and Sturla, S.J. (2009). Investigating the biochemical impact of DNA damage with structure-based probes: abasic sites, photodimers, alkylation adducts, and oxidative lesions. Biochemistry 48, 9347-9359.
20. Day, A.M. and Veal, E.A. (2010). Hydrogen peroxide-sensitive cys-teines in the Sty1 MAPK regulate the transcriptional response to oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 7505-7516.
21. de Cavanagh, E.M., Toblli, J.E., Ferder, L., Piotrkowski, B., Stella, I., and Inserra, F. (2006). Renal mitochondrial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats is attenuated by losartan but not by amlodipine. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290, R1616-R1625.
22. Demirbag, R., Yilmaz, R., and Kocyigit, A. (2005). Relationship between DNA damage, total antioxidant capacity and coronary artery disease. Mutat. Res. 570, 197-203.
23. Deshayes, F. and Nahmias, C. (2005). Angiotensin receptors: a new role in cancer? Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 16, 293-299.
24. 2 generation in liver via NADPH oxidase. Free Radic. Res. 41, 663-672.
25. Dickey, J.S., Baird, B.J., Redon, C.E., Sokolov, M.V., Sedelnikova, O.A., and Bonner, W.M. (2009). Intercellular communication of cellular stress monitored by g-H2AX induction. Carcinogenesis 30, 1686-1695.
26. Doughan, A.K., Harrison, D.G., and Dikalov, S.I. (2008). Molecular mechanisms of angiotensin II-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction: linking mitochondrial oxidative damage and vascular endo-thelial dysfunction. Circ. Res. 102, 488-496.
27. Dröge, W. (2002). Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev. 82, 47-95.
28. Epstein, M. (2006). Aldosterone blockade: an emerging strategy for abrogating progressive renal disease. Am. J. Med. 119, 912-919.
29. Espinosa, O., Jimenez-Almazan, J., Chaves, F.J., Tormos, M.C., Clapes, S., Iradi, A., Salvador, A., Fandos, M., Redon, J., and Saez, G.T. (2007). Urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-29-deoxyguano-sine (8-oxo-dG), a reliable oxidative stress marker in hypertension. Free Radic. Res. 41, 546-554.
30. Esposito, F., Ammendola, R., Faraonio, R., Russo, T., and Cimino, F. (2004). Redox control of signal transduction, gene expression and cellular senescence. Neurochem. Res. 29, 617-628.
31. Factor, V.M., Kiss, A., Woitach, J.T., Wirth, P.J., and Thorgeirsson, S.S. (1998). Disruption of redox homeostasis in the transforming growth factor-a/c-myc transgenic mouse model of accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 15846-15853.
32. Forman, H.J., Maiorino, M., and Ursini, F. (2010). Signaling functions of reactive oxygen species. Biochemistry 49, 835-842.
33. Fraga, C.G., Shigenaga, M.K., Park, J.W., Degan, P., and Ames, B.N. (1990). Oxidative damage to DNA during aging: 8-hydroxy-29-deoxyguanosine in rat organ DNA and urine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4533-4537.
34. Funder, J.W. (2006). Minireview: aldosterone and the cardiovascular system: genomic and nongenomic effects. Endocrinology 147, 5564-5567.
35. Funder, J.W. (2009). Reconsidering the roles of the mineralocorti-coid receptor. Hypertension 53, 286-290.
36. Garg, A.K. and Aggarwal, B.B. (2002). Reactive oxygen intermediates in TNF signaling. Mol. Immunol. 39, 509-517.
37. q-exchange in MDCK cells by aldosterone involves MAP-kinase ERK1/2. Pflüger's Arch. 441, 781-786.
38. Giannoni, E., Buricchi, F., Raugei, G., Ramponi, G., and Chiarugi, P. (2005). Intracellular reactive oxygen species activate Src tyro-sine kinase during cell adhesion and anchorage-dependent cell growth. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 6391-6403.
39. Giorgio, M., Trinei, M., Migliaccio, E., and Pelicci, P.G. (2007). Hydrogen peroxide: a metabolic by-product or a common mediator of ageing signals? Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 722-728.
40. Gloire, G., Legrand-Poels, S., and Piette, J. (2006). NF-kappaB activation by reactive oxygen species: fifteen years later. Biochem. Pharmacol. 72, 1493-1505.
41. Goldstein, B.J., Mahadev, K., Wu, X., Zhu, L., and Motoshima, H. (2005). Role of insulin-induced reactive oxygen species in the insulin signaling pathway. Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 7, 1021-1031.
42. Griendling, K.K. and Ushio-Fukai, M. (2000). Reactive oxygen species as mediators of angiotensin II signaling. Regul. Pept. 91, 21-27.
43. Griendling, K.K., Minieri, C.A., Ollerenshaw, J.D., and Alexander, R.W. (1994). Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res. 74, 1141-1148.
44. Grishko, V., Pastukh, V., Solodushko, V., Gillespie, M., Azuma, J., and Schaffer, S. (2003). Apoptotic cascade initiated by angio-tensin II in neonatal cardiomyocytes: role of DNA damage. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 285, H2364-H2372.
45. Gur, M., Yildiz, A., Demirbag, R., Yilmaz, R., Kocyigit, A., Celik, H., and Aksoy, N. (2007). Relationship between left ventricle geometric patterns and lymphocyte DNA damage in patients with untreated essential hypertension. Clin. Biochem. 40, 454-459.
46. Habraken, Y. and Piette, J. (2006). NF-kappaB activation by double-strand breaks. Biochem. Pharmacol. 72, 1132-1141.
47. Hansen, J.M., Moriarty-Craige, S., and Jones, D.P. (2007). Nuclear and cytoplasmic peroxiredoxin-1 differentially regulate NF-kB activities. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 43, 282-288.
48. Harvey, B.J., Alzamora, R., Stubbs, A.K., Irnaten, M., McEneaney, V., and Thomas, W. (2008). Rapid responses to aldosterone in the kidney and colon. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 108, 310-317.
49. Herbert, K.E., Mistry, Y., Hastings, R., Poolman, T., Niklason, L., and Williams, B. (2008). Angiotensin II-mediated oxidative DNA damage accelerates cellular senescence in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells via telomere-dependent and independent pathways. Circ. Res. 102, 201-208.
50. Jeong, W., Jung, Y., Kim, H., Park, S.J., and Rhee, S.G. (2009). Thioredoxin-related protein 14, a new member of the thioredoxin family with disulfide reductase activity: implication in the redox regulation of TNF-a signaling. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47, 1294-1303.
51. Johar, S., Cave, A.C., Narayanapanicker, A., Grieve, D.J., and Shah, A.M. (2006). Aldosterone mediates angiotensin II-induced interstitial cardiac fibrosis via a Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase. FASEB J. 20, 1546-1548.
52. Jung, O., Schreiber, J.G., Geiger, H., Pedrazzini, T., Busse, R., and Brandes, R.P. (2004). gp91phox-containing NADPH oxidase mediates endothelial dysfunction in renovascular hypertension. Circulation 109, 1795-1801.
53. Kabe, Y., Ando, K., Hirao, S., Yoshida, M., and Handa, H. (2005). Redox regulation of NF-kB activation: distinct redox regulation between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 7, 395-403.
54. Kamalov, G., Deshmukh, P.A., Baburyan, N.Y., Gandhi, M.S., Johnson, P.L., Ahokas, R.A., Bhattacharya, S.K., Sun, Y., Gerling, I.C., and Weber, K.T. (2009). Coupled calcium and zinc dys-homeostasis and oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria of rats with chronic aldosteronism. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 53, 414-423.
55. Kaschina, E. and Unger, T. (2003). Angiotensin AT1/AT2 receptors: regulation, signalling and function. Blood Press. 12, 70-88.
56. Kim, D. and Chung, J. (2002). Akt: versatile mediator of cell survival and beyond. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 35, 106-115.
57. Kim, H.J. and Vaziri, N.D. (2010). Contribution of impaired Nrf2-Keap1 pathway to oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic renal failure. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 298, F662-F671.
58. Klungland, A., Rosewell, I., Hollenbach, S., Larsen, E., Daly, G., Epe, B., Seeberg, E., Lindahl, T., and Barnes, D.E. (1999). Accumulation of premutagenic DNA lesions in mice defective in removal of oxidative base damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 13300-13305.
59. Korn, S.H., Wouters, E.F., Vos, N., and Janssen-Heininger, Y.M. (2001). Cytokine-induced activation of nuclear factor-kB is inhibited by hydrogen peroxide through oxidative inactivation of IkB kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 35693-35700.
60. Lambeth, J.D. (2004). NOX enzymes and the biology of reactive oxygen. Nat. Rev. 4, 181-189.
61. Landmesser, U., Cai, H., Dikalov, S., McCann, L., Hwang, J., Jo, H., Holland, S.M., and Harrison, D.G. (2002). Role of p47(phox) in vascular oxidative stress and hypertension caused by angio-tensin II. Hypertension 40, 511-515.
62. Lau, A., Villeneuve, N.F., Sun, Z., Wong, P.K., and Zhang, D.D. (2008). Dual roles of Nrf2 in cancer. Pharmacol. Res. 58, 262-270.
63. Lee, R.L., Westendorf, J., and Gold, M.R. (2007). Differential role of reactive oxygen species in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt by key receptors on B-lymphocytes: CD40, the B cell antigen receptor, and CXCR4. J. Cell Commun. Signal. 1, 33-43.
64. Leroy, V., De Seigneux, S., Agassiz, V., Hasler, U., Rafestin-Oblin, M.E., Vinciguerra, M., Martin, P.Y., and Feraille, E. (2009). Aldosterone activates NF-kappaB in the collecting duct. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20, 131-144.
65. Li, N. and Karin, M. (1999). Is NF-kappaB the sensor of oxidative stress? FASEB J. 13, 1137-1143.
66. Li, W. and Kong, A.N. (2009). Molecular mechanisms of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Mol. Carcinog. 48, 91-104.
67. Li, J.M. and Shah, A.M. (2003). Mechanism of endothelial cell NADPH oxidase activation by angiotensin II. Role of the p47phox subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 12094-12100.
68. Li, X.C. and Zhuo, J.L. (2008). Nuclear factor-kappaB as a hormonal intracellular signaling molecule: focus on angiotensin II-induced cardiovascular and renal injury. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 17, 37-43.
69. Li, W., Yu, S.W., and Kong, A.N. (2006). Nrf2 possesses a redox-sensitive nuclear exporting signal in the Neh5 transactivation domain. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 27251-27263.
70. Li, X., Meng, Y., Wu, P., Zhang, Z., and Yang, X. (2007). Angio-tensin II and aldosterone stimulating NF-kB and AP-1 activation in hepatic fibrosis of rat. Regul. Pept. 138, 15-25.
71. Li, W., Thakor, N., Xu, E.Y., Huang, Y., Chen, C., Yu, R., Holcik, M., and Kong, A.N. (2010). An internal ribosomal entry site mediates redox-sensitive translation of Nrf2. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, 778-788.
72. Liu, Z. and Cao, W. (2009). p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase: a critical node linking insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets 9, 38-46.
73. Liu, R.M. and Gaston Pravia, K.A. (2010). Oxidative stress and glutathione in TGF-beta-mediated fibrogenesis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 48, 1-15.
74. Liu, S.L., Schmuck, S., Chorazcyzewski, J.Z., Gros, R., and Feld-man, R.D. (2003). Aldosterone regulates vascular reactivity: short-term effects mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-depend-ent nitric oxide synthase activation. Circulation 108, 2400-2406.
75. Liu, J., Ormsby, A., Oja-Tebbe, N., and Pagano, P.J. (2004). Gene transfer of NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor to the vascular adventitia attenuates medial smooth muscle hypertrophy. Circ. Res. 95, 587-594.
76. Los, M., Maddika, S., Erb, B., and Schulze-Osthoff, K. (2009). Switching Akt: from survival signaling to deadly response. Bio-essays 31, 492-495.
77. MacKenzie, S.M., Fraser, R., Connell, J.M., and Davies, E. (2002). Local renin-angiotensin systems and their interactions with extra-adrenal corticosteroid production. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldo-sterone Syst. 3, 214-221.
78. Manea, A., Manea, S.A., Gafencu, A.V., Raicu, M., and Simionescu, M. (2008). AP-1-dependent transcriptional regulation of NADPH oxidase in human aortic smooth muscle cells: role of p22phox subunit. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 878-885.
79. Marney, A.M. and Brown, N.J. (2007). Aldosterone and end-organ damage. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 113, 267-278.
80. Marumo, T., Schini-Kerth, V.B., Fisslthaler, B., and Busse, R. (1997). Platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated superoxide ani-on production modulates activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Circulation 96, 2361-2367.
81. Mazza, F., Goodman, A., Lombardo, G., Vanella, A., and Abraham, N.G. (2003). Heme oxygenase-1 gene expression attenuates angiotensin II-mediated DNA damage in endothelial cells. Exp. Biol. Med. 228, 576-583.
82. McMahon, M., Thomas, N., Itoh, K., Yamamoto, M., and Hayes, J.D. (2006). Dimerization of substrate adaptors can facilitate cullin-mediated ubiquitylation of proteins by a 'tethering' mechanism: a two-site interaction model for the Nrf2-Keap1 complex. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 24756-24768.
83. Mehta, P.K. and Griendling, K.K. (2007). Angiotensin II cell signaling: physiological and pathological effects in the cardiovascular system. Am. J. Physiol. 292, C82-C97.
84. Mieyal, J.J., Gallogly, M.M., Qanungo, S., Sabens, E.A., and Shel-ton, M.D. (2008). Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of reversible protein S-glutathionylation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 10, 1941-1988.
85. Mikkelsen, L., Bialkowski, K., Risom, L., Lohr, M., Loft, S., and Moller, P. (2009). Aging and defense against generation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-29- deoxyguanosine in DNA. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47, 608-615.
86. Mills, E.M., Takeda, K., Yu, Z.X., Ferrans, V., Katagiri, Y., Jiang, H., Lavigne, M.C., Leto, T.L., and Guroff, G. (1998). Nerve growth factor treatment prevents the increase in superoxide produced by epidermal growth factor in PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 22165-22168. (Pubitemid 28399767)
87. Miura, T., Muraoka, S., Fujimoto, Y., and Zhao, K. (2000). DNA damage induced by catechol derivatives. Chem. Biol. Interact. 126, 125-136.
88. Montagut, C. and Settleman, J. (2009). Targeting the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett. 283, 125-134.
89. Monteiro, P., Duarte, A.I., Goncalves, L.M., and Providencia, L.A. (2005). Valsartan improves mitochondrial function in hearts submitted to acute ischemia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 518, 158-164.
90. Murata, H., Ihara, Y., Nakamura, H., Yodoi, J., Sumikawa, K., and Kondo, T. (2003). Glutaredoxin exerts an antiapoptotic effect by regulating the redox state of Akt. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 50226-50233.
91. Muslin, A.J. (2008). MAPK signalling in cardiovascular health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 115, 203-218.
92. Nakabeppu, Y., Sakumi, K., Sakamoto, K., Tsuchimoto, D., Tsuzuki, T., and Nakatsu, Y. (2006). Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis caused by the oxidation of nucleic acids. Biol. Chem. 387, 373-379.
93. Negishi, H., Ikeda, K., Sagara, M., Sawamura, M., and Yamori, Y. (1999). Increased oxidative DNA damage in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 26, 482-484. (Pubitemid 29306970)
94. Negishi, H., Ikeda, K., Kuga, S., Noguchi, T., Kanda, T., Njelekela, M., Liu, L., Miki, T., Nara, Y., Sato, T., et al. (2001). The relation of oxidative DNA damage to hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania. J. Hypertens. 19, 529-533.
95. Nishiyama, A. and Abe, Y. (2006). Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of chronic renal injury: renoprotective effects of aldosterone blockade. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 100, 9-16.
96. Nishiyama, A., Yao, L., Nagai, Y., Miyata, K., Yoshizumi, M., Kagami, S., Kondo, S., Kiyomoto, H., Shokoji, T., Kimura, S., et al. (2004). Possible contributions of reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase to renal injury in aldoster-one/salt-induced hypertensive rats. Hypertension 43, 841-848.
97. Nistala, R., Whaley-Connell, A., and Sowers, J.R. (2008). Redox control of renal function and hypertension. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 10, 2047-2089.
98. Nozoe, M., Hirooka, Y., Koga, Y., Araki, S., Konno, S., Kishi, T., Ide, T., and Sunagawa, K. (2008). Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species mediate sympathoexcitation induced by angio-tensin II in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. J. Hypertens. 26, 2176-2184.
99. Ohtsubo, T., Ohya, Y., Nakamura, Y., Kansui, Y., Furuichi, M., Mat-sumura, K., Fujii, K., Iida, M., and Nakabeppu, Y. (2007). Accumulation of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine in cardiovascular tissues with the development of hypertension. DNA Repair (Amst.) 6, 760-769.
100. Olinski, R., Gackowski, D., Rozalski, R., Foksinski, M., and Bial-kowski, K. (2003). Oxidative DNA damage in cancer patients: a cause or a consequence of the disease development? Mutat. Res. 531, 177-190.
101. Osterod, M., Hollenbach, S., Hengstler, J.G., Barnes, D.E., Lindahl, T., and Epe, B. (2001). Age-related and tissue-specific accumulation of oxidative DNA base damage in 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine-DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) deficient mice. Carcino-genesis 22, 1459-1463.
102. Papa, S., Bubici, C., Zazzeroni, F., Pham, C.G., Kuntzen, C., Knabb, J.R., Dean, K., and Franzoso, G. (2006). The NF-kB-mediated control of the JNK cascade in the antagonism of programmed cell death in health and disease. Cell Death Differ. 13, 712-729.
103. Paravicini, T.M. and Touyz, R.M. (2008). NADPH oxidases, reactive oxygen species, and hypertension: clinical implications and therapeutic possibilities. Diabetes Care 31(Suppl. 2), S170-S180.
104. Park, E., Shin, J.I., Park, O.J., and Kang, M.H. (2005). Soy isofla-vone supplementation alleviates oxidative stress and improves systolic blood pressure in male spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 51, 254-259.
105. Pastwa, E. and Blasiak, J. (2003). Non-homologous DNA end joining. Acta Biochim. Polonia 50, 891-908.
106. Paulsen, C.E. and Carroll, K.S. (2010). Orchestrating redox signaling networks through regulatory cysteine switches. ACS Chem. Biol. 5, 47-62.
107. Phillips, M.I. and Kagiyama, S. (2002). Angiotensin II as a pro-inflammatory mediator. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs 3, 569-577.
108. Pitt, B., Zannad, F., Remme, W.J., Cody, R., Castaigne, A., Perez, A., Palensky, J., and Wittes, J. (1999). The effect of spironolac-tone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 709-717.
109. Pourova, J., Kottova, M., Voprsalova, M., and Pour, M. (2010). Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in normal physiological processes. Acta Physiol. (Oxf.) 198, 15-35.
110. Redon, J., Oliva, M.R., Tormos, C., Giner, V., Chaves, J., Iradi, A., and Saez, G.T. (2003). Antioxidant activities and oxidative stress byproducts in human hypertension. Hypertension 41, 1096-1101.
111. Reed, R., Potter, B., Smith, E., Jadhav, R., Villalta, P., Jo, H., and Rocic, P. (2009). Redox-sensitive Akt and Src regulate coronary collateral growth in metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. 296, H1811-1821.
112. Remuzzi, G., Cattaneo, D., and Perico, N. (2008). The aggravating mechanisms of aldosterone on kidney fibrosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 1459-1462.
113. Ruiz-Ortega, M., Ruperez, M., Esteban, V., Rodriguez-Vita, J., Sanchez-Lopez, E., Carvajal, G., and Egido, J. (2006). Angiotensin II: a key factor in the inflammatory and fibrotic response in kidney diseases. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 21, 16-20.
114. Sachse, A. and Wolf, G. (2007). Angiotensin II-induced reactive oxygen species and the kidney. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18, 2439-2446.
115. Sadoshima, J. (2000). Cytokine actions of angiotensin II. Circ. Res. 86, 1187-1189.
116. Sagher, D. and Strauss, B. (1983). Insertion of nucleotides opposite apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in deoxyribonucleic acid during in vitro synthesis: uniqueness of adenine nucleotides. Biochemistry 22, 4518-4526.
117. Sauer, H., Wartenberg, M., and Hescheler, J. (2001). Reactive oxygen species as intracellular messengers during cell growth and differentiation. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 11, 173-186.
118. Schmid, U., Stopper, H., Heidland, A., and Schupp, N. (2008a). Benfotiamine exhibits direct antioxidative capacity and prevents induction of DNA damage in vitro. Diab. Metab. Res. Rev. 24, 371-377.
119. Schmid, U., Stopper, H., Schweda, F., Queisser, N., and Schupp, N. (2008b). Angiotensin II induces DNA damage in the kidney. Cancer Res. 68, 9239-9246.
120. Schupp, N., Schmid, U., Rutkowski, P., Lakner, U., Kanase, N., Heidland, A., and Stopper, H. (2007). Angiotensin II-induced genomic damage in renal cells can be prevented by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockage or radical scavenging. Am. J. Phy-siol. Renal Physiol. 292, F1427-F1434.
121. Schupp, N., Queisser, N., Wolf, M., Kolkhof, P., Barfacker, L., Scha-fer, S., Heidland, A., and Stopper, H. (2010). Aldosterone causes DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage in renal cells, which are prevented by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Horm. Metab. Res. 42, 458-465.
122. Sies, H. (1993). Strategies of antioxidant defense. Eur. J. Biochem. 215, 213-219.
123. Siragy, H.M., Howell, N.L., Ragsdale, N.V., and Carey, R.M. (1995). Renal interstitial fluid angiotensin. Modulation by anesthesia, epinephrine, sodium depletion, and renin inhibition. Hypertension 25, 1021-1024.
124. Skott, O., Uhrenholt, T.R., Schjerning, J., Hansen, P.B., Rasmussen, L.E., and Jensen, B.L. (2006). Rapid actions of aldosterone in vascular health and disease-friend or foe? Pharmacol. Ther. 111, 495-507.
125. Smith, G.R. and Missailidis, S. (2004). Cancer, inflammation and the AT1 and AT2 receptors. J. Inflamm. (Lond.) 1, 3.
126. Stopper, H., Schupp, N., Fazeli, G., Dietel, B., Queisser, N., Walitza, S., and Gerlach, M. (2009). Genotoxicity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in vitro. Toxicol. In Vitro 23, 640-646.
127. Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Lu, L., Chen, S.S., Quinn, M.T., and Weber, K.T. (2002). Aldosterone-induced inflammation in the rat heart: role of oxidative stress. Am. J. Pathol. 161, 1773-1781.
128. Surh, Y.J. and Na, H.K. (2008). NF-kB and Nrf2 as prime molecular targets for chemoprevention and cytoprotection with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals. Genes. Nutr. 2, 313-317.
129. Surh, Y.J., Kundu, J.K., and Na, H.K. (2008). Nrf2 as a master redox switch in turning on the cellular signaling involved in the induction of cytoprotective genes by some chemopreventive phyto-chemicals. Planta Med. 74, 1526-1539.
130. Tabet, F., Schiffrin, E.L., Callera, G.E., He, Y., Yao, G., Ostman, A., Kappert, K., Tonks, N.K., and Touyz, R.M. (2008). Redox-sensitive signaling by angiotensin II involves oxidative inacti-vation and blunted phosphorylation of protein tyrosine phos-phatase SHP-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells from SHR. Circ. Res. 103, 149-158.
131. Tanaka, T., Halicka, H.D., Huang, X., Traganos, F., and Darzynkie-wicz, Z. (2006). Constitutive histone H2AX phosphorylation and ATM activation, the reporters of DNA damage by endogenous oxidants. Cell Cycle 5, 1940-1945. (Pubitemid 44435299)
132. Taniyama, Y., Ushio-Fukai, M., Hitomi, H., Rocic, P., Kingsley, M.J., Pfahnl, C., Weber, D.S., Alexander, R.W., and Griendling, K.K. (2004). Role of p38 MAPK and MAPKAPK-2 in angio-tensin II-induced Akt activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 287, C494-499.
133. Toral-Barza, L., Zhang, W.G., Huang, X., McDonald, L.A., Salaski, E.J., Barbieri, L.R., Ding, W.D., Krishnamurthy, G., Hu, Y.B., Lucas, J., et al. (2007). Discovery of lactoquinomycin and related pyranonaphthoquinones as potent and allosteric inhibitors of AKT/PKB: mechanistic involvement of AKT catalytic activation loop cysteines. Mol. Cancer Ther. 6, 3028-3038.
134. Touyz, R.M. (2004). Reactive oxygen species and angiotensin II signaling in vascular cells-implications in cardiovascular disease. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 37, 1263-1273.
135. Traore, K., Sharma, R., Thimmulappa, R.K., Watson, W.H., Biswal, S., and Trush, M.A. (2008). Redox-regulation of Erk1/2-directed phosphatase by reactive oxygen species: role in signaling TPA-induced growth arrest in ML-1 cells. J. Cell Physiol. 216, 276-285.
136. Trapp, C., Reite, K., Klungland, A., and Epe, B. (2007a). Deficiency of the Cockayne syndrome B (CSB) gene aggravates the genom-ic instability caused by endogenous oxidative DNA base damage in mice. Oncogene 26, 4044-4048.
137. -/- mice. Cancer Res. 67, 5156-5161.
138. Tylicki, L., Rutkowski, P., Renke, M., Larczynski, W., Aleksandro-wicz, E., Lysiak-Szydlowska, W., and Rutkowski, B. (2008). Triple pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in nondiabetic CKD: an open-label crossover randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 52, 486-493.
139. Ushio-Fukai, M., Alexander, R.W., Akers, M., and Griendling, K.K. (1998). p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase is a critical component of the redox-sensitive signaling pathways activated by angiotensin II. Role in vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 15022-15029.
140. Ushio-Fukai, M., Griendling, K.K., Becker, P.L., Hilenski, L., Hal-leran, S., and Alexander, R.W. (2001). Epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation by angiotensin II requires reactive oxygen species in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21, 489-495.
141. Vilenchik, M.M. and Knudson, A.G. (2003). Endogenous DNA double-strand breaks: production, fidelity of repair, and induction of cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 12871-12876.
142. Waghray, M., Cui, Z., Horowitz, J.C., Subramanian, I.M., Martinez, F.J., Toews, G.B., and Thannickal, V.J. (2005). Hydrogen peroxide is a diffusible paracrine signal for the induction of epithelial cell death by activated myofibroblasts. FASEB J. 19, 854-856.
143. Welch, W.J. (2008). Angiotensin II-dependent superoxide: effects on hypertension and vascular dysfunction. Hypertension 52, 51-56.
144. Wenzel, U. (2007). Aldosterone antagonists: silver bullet or just sodium excretion and potassium retention? Kidney Int. 71, 374-376.
145. Wheeler, D.L., Iida, M., and Dunn, E.F. (2009). The role of Src in solid tumors. Oncologist 14, 667-678.
146. Wheelhouse, N.M., Chan, Y.S., Gillies, S.E., Caldwell, H., Ross, J.A., Harrison, D.J., and Prost, S. (2003). TNF-a induced DNA damage in primary murine hepatocytes. Int. J. Mol. Med. 12, 889-894.
147. Wu, Z.H. and Miyamoto, S. (2007). Many faces of NF-kappaB signaling induced by genotoxic stress. J. Mol. Med. 85, 1187-1202.
148. Yildiz, A., Gur, M., Yilmaz, R., Demirbag, R., Celik, H., Aslan, M., and Kocyigit, A. (2008). Lymphocyte DNA damage and total antioxidant status in patients with white-coat hypertension and sustained hypertension. Turk. Kardiyol. Dern. Ars. 36, 231-238.
149. Zalba, G., San Jose, G., Moreno, M.U., Fortuno, A., and Diez, J. (2005). NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress: genetic studies of the p22(phox) gene in hypertension. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 7, 1327-1336.
150. Zhang, A., Jia, Z., Guo, X., and Yang, T. (2007). Aldosterone induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via ROS of mitochondrial origin. Am. J. Physiol. 293, F723-F731.