The role of Src in solid tumors

Oncologist

Volumn 14, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 667-678

  Wheeler, Deric L ^a,b   Iida, Mari ^a   Dunn, Emily F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

c Src; Molecular inhibitors; Solid tumors; Src family kinases

Indexed keywords

4 (3 DIMETHYLAMINO 1 PYRROLIDINYLMETHYL) 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL N [4 METHYL 3 [[4 (5 PYRIMIDINYL) 2 PYRIMIDINYL]AMINO]PHENYL]BENZAMIDE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BOSUTINIB; CEDIRANIB; CETUXIMAB; DASATINIB; ERLOTINIB; EXEMESTANE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; KRX 123; KX 01; KX O1; N (5 CHLORO 1,3 BENZODIOXOL 4 YL) 7 [2 (4 METHYL 1 PIPERAZINYL)ETHOXY] 5 (TETRAHYDRO 2H PYRAN 4 YLOXY) 4 QUINAZOLINAMINE; OXALIPLATIN; PLACEBO; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; TEMOZOLOMIDE; TRASTUZUMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XL 228; XL 999; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ADVANCED CANCER; BONE METASTASIS; BREAST CANCER; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CARDIOTOXICITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CANCER; COLORECTAL CANCER; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SCREENING; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME STRUCTURE; GENE ACTIVATION; GLIOBLASTOMA; HEAD AND NECK CARCINOMA; HUMAN; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LEUKEMIA; LUNG CANCER; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MELANOMA; METASTASIS; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE SRC; OSTEOSARCOMA; OVARY CANCER; PANCREAS CANCER; PLEURA EFFUSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; RECTUM CANCER; REVIEW; SARCOMA; SOLID TUMOR; STOMACH ADENOCARCINOMA; THYMOMA; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANIMALS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS; SRC-FAMILY KINASES;

EID: 68449084677     PISSN: 10837159     EISSN: 1549490X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0009     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Rous P. A transmissible avian neoplasm. (Sarcoma of the common fowl) by Peyton Rous, M.D., Experimental Medicine for Sept. 1, 1910, vol. 12, pp. 696-705.
2. J Exp Med 1979;150:738 -753.
3. Brown MT, Cooper JA. Regulation, substrates and functions of Src. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996;1287:121-149.
4. Parsons SJ, Parsons JT. Src family kinases, key regulators of signal transduction. Oncogene 2004;23:7906-7909.
5. Gu J, Gu X. Natural history and functional divergence of protein tyrosine kinases. Gene 2003;317:49-57. (Pubitemid 37356917)
6. Cance WG, Craven RJ, Bergman M et al. Rak, a novel nuclear tyrosine kinase expressed in epithelial cells. Cell Growth Differ 1994;5:1347-1355. (Pubitemid 24381523)
7. Lee J, Wang Z, Luoh SM et al. Cloning of FRK, a novel human intracellular Src-like tyrosine kinase-encoding gene. Gene 1994;138:247-251. (Pubitemid 24087586)
8. Oberg-Welsh C, Welsh M. Cloning of BSK, a murine FRK homologue with a specific pattern of tissue distribution. Gene 1995;152:239-242.
9. Thuveson M, Albrecht D, Zr̈cher G et al. iyk, a novel intracellular protein tyrosine kinase differentially expressed in the mouse mammary gland and intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;209:582-589.
10. Roskoski R Jr. Src protein-tyrosine kinase structure and regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;324:1155-1164. (Pubitemid 40292143)
11. Cohen GB, Ren R, Baltimore D. Modular binding domains in signal transduction proteins. Cell 1995;80:237-248.
12. Cooper JA, Gould KL, Cartwright CA et al. Tyr527 is phosphorylated in pp60c-Src: Implications for regulation. Science 1986;231:1431-1434.
13. Okada M, Nakagawa H. A protein tyrosine kinase involved in regulation of pp60c-Src function. J Biol Chem 1989;264:20886-20893. (Pubitemid 20017891)
14. Nada S, Okada M, MacAuley A et al. Cloning of a complementary DNA for a protein-tyrosine kinase that specifically phosphorylates a negative regulatory site of p60c-Src. Nature 1991;351:69-72. (Pubitemid 21896537)
15. Biscardi JS, Ishizawar RC, Silva CM et al. Tyrosine kinase signaling in breast cancer: Epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src interactions in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2000;2:203-210. (Pubitemid 32223586)
16. Irby RB, Mao W, Coppola D et al. Activating Src mutation in a subset of advanced human colon cancers. Nat Genet 1999;21:187-190. (Pubitemid 29070364)
17. Sugimura M, Kobayashi K, Sagae S et al. Mutation of the Src gene in endometrial carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000;91:395-398. (Pubitemid 30312691)
18. Wang NM, Yeh KT, Tsai CH et al. No evidence of correlation between mutation at codon 531 of Src and the risk of colon cancer in Chinese. Cancer Lett 2000;150:201-204.
19. Nilbert M, Fernebro E. Lack of activating c-Src mutations at codon 531 in rectal cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2000;121:94-95. (Pubitemid 30665749)
20. Laghi L, Bianchi P, Orbetegli O et al. Lack of mutation at codon 531 of Src in advanced colorectal cancers from Italian patients. Br J Cancer 2001;84: 196-198. (Pubitemid 32113445)
21. Ishizawar R, Parsons SJ. c-Src and cooperating partners in human cancer. Cancer Cell 2004;6:209-214. (Pubitemid 39222033)
22. Hecker TP, Grammer JR, Gillespie GY et al. Focal adhesion kinase enhances signaling through the Shc/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in anaplastic astrocytoma tumor biopsy samples. Cancer Res 2002;62:2699-2707.
23. Chang YM, Bai L, Yang J et al. Survey of Src activity and Src-related growth and migration in prostate cancer lines. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2006;47:2505a.
24. Latour S, Roncagalli R, Chen R et al. Binding of SAP SH2 domain to FynT SH3 domain reveals a novel mechanism of receptor signalling in immune regulation. Nat Cell Biol. 2003;5:149-154. (Pubitemid 36204197)
25. Bu Y, Gao L, Smolinski M et al. KXO1 (KX2-391), a Src-family kinase inhibitor targeting the peptide-binding domain, suppresses oncogenic proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2008;2008: 4983.
26. Hangauer D, Gelman I, Dyster L et al. Potent and selective in vitro and in vivo inhibition of tumor proliferation by KXO1, a novel non-ATP competitive Src inhibitor. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2007;2007:3245.
27. Nam S, Kim D, Cheng JQ et al. Action of the Src family kinase inhibitor, dasatinib (BMS-354825), on human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005;65:9185-9189. (Pubitemid 41507982)
28. Goldenberg-Furmanov M, Stein I, Pikarsky E et al. Lyn is a target gene for prostate cancer: Sequence-based inhibition induces regression of human tumor xenografts. Cancer Res 2004;64:1058-1066. (Pubitemid 38176910)
29. Lee FY, Lombardo L, Camuso A et al. BMS-354825 potently inhibits multiple selected oncogenic tyrosine kinases and possesses broad-spectrum antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2005;46:675a.
30. Evans CP, Lara PN, Kung H et al. Activity of the Src-kinase inhibitor AZD0530 in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC): Pre-clinical rationale for a phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:14542a.
31. Aftab D. The spectrum-selective kinase inhibitor EXEL0999 inhibits mitogenic and angiogenic kinases, and causes rapid tumor vasculature destruction and regression in mouse xenograft models. Eur J Cancer 2004; 45:141a.
32. Lombardo LJ, Lee FY, Chen P et al. Discovery of N-(2-chloro-6- methylphenyl)- 2-(6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4- ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxamide (BMS-354825), a dual Src/Abl kinase inhibitor with potent antitumor activity in preclinical assays. J Med Chem 2004;47:6658-6661. (Pubitemid 40053752)
33. Yu EY, Wilding G, Posadas E et al. Dasatinib in patients with hormonerefractory progressive prostate cancer: A phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:5156a.
34. Bolen JB, Rosen N, Israel MA. Increased pp60c-Src tyrosyl kinase activity in human neuroblastomas is associated with amino-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the Src gene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:7275-7279. (Pubitemid 16193724)
35. Cartwright CA, Kamps MP, Meisler AI et al. pp60c-Src activation in human colon carcinoma. J Clin Invest 1989;83:2025-2033. (Pubitemid 19148875)
36. Talamonti MS, Roh MS, Curley SA et al. Increase in activity and level of pp60c-Src in progressive stages of human colorectal cancer. J Clin Invest 1993;91:53-60.
37. Aligayer H, Boyd DD, HeissMMet al. Activation of Src kinase in primary colorectal carcinoma: An indicator of poor clinical prognosis. Cancer 2002;94:344-351.
38. Cartwright CA, Meisler AI, Eckhart W. Activation of the pp60c-Src protein kinase is an early event in colonic carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:558-562. (Pubitemid 20051409)
39. Cartwright CA, Coad CA, Egbert BM. Elevated c-Src tyrosine kinase activity in premalignant epithelia of ulcerative colitis. J Clin Invest 1994;93: 509-515. (Pubitemid 24072789)
40. Peña SV, Melhem MF, Meisler AI et al. Elevated c-yes tyrosine kinase activity in premalignant lesions of the colon. Gastroenterology 1995;108: 117-124.
41. Park J, Meisler AI, Cartwright CA. c-Yes tyrosine kinase activity in human colon carcinoma. Oncogene 1993;8:2627-2635. (Pubitemid 23279090)
42. Di Domenico M, Castoria G, Bilancio A et al. Estradiol activation of human colon carcinoma-derived Caco-2 cell growth. Cancer Res 1996;56: 4516-4521. (Pubitemid 26330464)
43. Veillette A, Foss FM, Sausville EA et al. Expression of the lck tyrosine kinase gene in human colon carcinoma and other non-lymphoid human tumor cell lines. Oncogene Res 1987;1:357-374. (Pubitemid 18046337)
44. Shah AN, Gallick GE. Src, chemoresistance and epithelial to mesenchymal transition: Are they related? Anticancer Drugs 2007;18:371-375.
45. Avizienyte E, Brunton VG, Fincham VJ et al. The Src-induced mesenchymal state in late-stage colon cancer cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2005;179: 73-80. (Pubitemid 40976291)
46. Duxbury MS, Ito H, Zinner MJ et al. Inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase impairs inherent and acquired gemcitabine resistance in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:2307-2318. (Pubitemid 38445688)
47. Duxbury MS, Ito H, Zinner MJ et al. siRNA directed against c-Src enhances pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell gemcitabine chemosensitivity. J Am Coll Surg 2004;198:953-959. (Pubitemid 38759847)
48. Kopetz S, Wu J, Davies M et al. Synergistic effects of combination therapy with anti-EGFR and anti-Src therapy in vitro in colon cancer. Presented at the 2007 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium, Orlando, FL, January 19-21, 2007.
49. Lu Y, Li X, Liang K et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ubiquitination as a mechanism of acquired resistance escaping treatment by the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab. Cancer Res 2007;67:8240-8247. (Pubitemid 47395161)
50. Kopetz S, Wolff R, Eng C et al. Phase IB study of Src inhibition with dasatinib in combination with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) and cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. ProcAmAssoc Cancer Res 2008;47:LB-69.
51. Jacobs C, Rb̈samen H. Expression of pp60c-Src protein kinase in adult and fetal human tissue: High activities in some sarcomas and mammary carcinomas. Cancer Res 1983;43:1696-1702.
52. Ottenhoff-Kalff AE, Rijksen G, van Beurden EA et al. Characterization of protein tyrosine kinases from human breast cancer: Involvement of the c- Src oncogene product. Cancer Res 1992;52:4773-4778.
53. Biscardi JS, Belsches AP, Parsons SJ. Characterization of human epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src interactions in human breast tumor cells. Mol Carcinog 1998;21:261-272. (Pubitemid 28208747)
54. Verbeek BS, Vroom TM, Driaansen-Slot SS et al. c-Src protein expression is increased in human breast cancer. An immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis. J Pathol 1996;180:383-388. (Pubitemid 27014075)
55. Guy CT, Muthuswamy SK, Cardiff RD et al. Activation of the c-Src tyrosine kinase is required for the induction of mammary tumors in transgenic mice. Genes Dev 1994;8:23-32.
56. Muthuswamy SK, Siegel PM, Dankort DL et al. Mammary tumors expressing the neu proto-oncogene possess elevated c-Src tyrosine kinase activity. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14:735-743.
57. Vemulapalli S, Kurzrock R, Fritsche H et al. Phase I open-labeled trial of gemcitabine and dasatinib in advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:14626a.
58. Boonyaratanakornkit V, Edwards DP. Receptor mechanisms of rapid extranuclear signaling initiated by steroid hormones. Essays Biochem 2004; 40:105-120. (Pubitemid 38901168)
59. Herynk MH, Beyer AR, Cui Y et al. Cooperative action of tamoxifen and c-Src inhibition in preventing the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5:3023-3031. (Pubitemid 46092043)
60. Kim H, Laing M, Muller W. c-Src-null mice exhibit defects in normal mammary gland development and ERα signaling. Oncogene 2005;24: 5629-5636. (Pubitemid 43119356)
61. Nagata Y, Lan KH, Zhou X et al. PTEN activation contributes to tumor inhibition by trastuzumab, and loss of PTEN predicts trastuzumab resistance in patients. Cancer Cell 2004;6:117-127. (Pubitemid 39485684)
62. Finn RS, Bengala C, Ibrahim N et al. Phase II trial of dasatinib in triplenegative breast cancer: Results of study CA180059 [abstract 3118]. Presented at the 2008 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, San Antonio, Texas, December 10-13, 2008.
63. Song L, Morris M, Bagui T et al. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) selectively induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor signaling for survival. Cancer Res 2006;66:5542-5548. (Pubitemid 43927102)
64. Laird AD, Li G, Moss KG et al. Src family kinase activity is required for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in vivo and for anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of human tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2:461-469.
65. Song L, Turkson J, Karras JG et al. Activation of Stat3 by receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokines regulates survival in human non-small cell carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2003;22:4150-4165. (Pubitemid 36876236)
66. Sordella R, Bell DW, Haber DA et al. Gefitinib-sensitizing EGFR mutations in lung cancer activate anti-apoptotic pathways. Science 2004;305: 1163-1167. (Pubitemid 39100331)
67. Eliceiri BP, Paul R, Schwartzberg PL et al. Selective requirement for Src kinases during VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Mol Cell 1999;4:915-924. (Pubitemid 30054898)
68. Sato M, Tanaka T, Maeno T et al. Inducible expression of endothelial PAS domain protein-1 by hypoxia in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Role of Src family kinases-dependent pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;26:127-134. (Pubitemid 34029829)
69. Kloth MT, Laughlin KK, Biscardi JS et al. STAT5b, a mediator of synergism between c-Src and the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2003;278:1671-1679. (Pubitemid 36801399)
70. Tice DA, Biscardi JS, Nickles AL et al. Mechanism of biological synergy between cellular Src and epidermal growth factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:1415-1420. (Pubitemid 29098465)
71. Stover DR, Becker M, Liebetanz J et al. Src phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor at novel sites mediates receptor interaction with Src and P85 alpha. J Biol Chem 1995;270:15591-15597.
72. Greulich H, Chen TH, Feng W et al. Oncogenic transformation by inhibitor- sensitive and -resistant EGFR mutants. PLoS Med 2005;2:e313.
73. Bunn PA Jr, Franklin W. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression, signal pathway, and inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 2002;29(suppl 14):38-44. (Pubitemid 35191045)
74. Chiappori AA, Tanvetyanon T, Williams CA et al. Phase I trial evaluating the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib in combination with the Src kinase inhibitor dasatinib for patients with recurrent nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2008;26:14605a.
75. van Oijen MG, Rijksen G, ten Broek FW et al. Overexpression of c-Src in areas of hyperproliferation in head and neck cancer, premalignant lesions and benign mucosal disorders. J Oral Pathol Med 1998;27:147-152.
76. Bu R, Purushotham KR, Kerr M et al. Alterations in the level of phosphotyrosine signal transduction constituents in human parotid tumors. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1996;211:257-264. (Pubitemid 26082614)
77. Xi S, Zhang Q, Dyer KF et al. Src kinases mediate STAT growth pathways in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Biol Chem 2003;278: 31574-31583. (Pubitemid 37048335)
78. Grandis JR, Drenning SD, Zeng Q et al. Constitutive activation of Stat3 signaling abrogates apoptosis in squamous cell carcinogenesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:4227-4232. (Pubitemid 30226115)
79. Kijima T, Niwa H, Steinman RA et al. STAT3 activation abrogates growth factor dependence and contributes to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumor growth in vivo. Cell Growth Differ 2002;13:355-362. (Pubitemid 34941068)
80. Johnson FM, Saigal B, Talpaz M et al. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) tyrosine kinase inhibitor suppresses invasion and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:6924-6932. (Pubitemid 41428750)
81. Koppikar P, Choi SH, Egloff AM et al. Combined inhibition of c-Src and epidermal growth factor receptor abrogates growth and invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:4284-4291.
82. Summy JM, Gallick GE. Treatment for advanced tumors: Src reclaims center stage. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:1398-1401.
83. Lutz MP, Esser IB, Flossmann-Kast BB et al. Overexpression and activation of the tyrosine kinase Src in human pancreatic carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;243:503-508. (Pubitemid 28414054)
84. Fu Y, Zagozdzon R, Avraham R et al. CHK negatively regulates Lyn kinase and suppresses pancreatic cancer cell invasion. Int J Oncol 2006;29: 1453-1458.
85. Duxbury MS, Ito H, Benoit E et al. CEACAM6 is a determinant of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cellular invasiveness. Br J Cancer 2004;91:1384-1390. (Pubitemid 39424802)
86. Duxbury MS, Ito H, Benoit E et al. Overexpression of CEACAM6 promotes insulin-like growth factor I-induced pancreatic adenocarcinoma cellular invasiveness. Oncogene 2004;23:5834-5842. (Pubitemid 39093029)
87. Ferrand A, Vatinel S, Kowalski-Chauvel A et al. Mechanism for Src activation by the CCK2 receptor: Patho-physiological functions of this receptor in pancreas. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:4498-4503. (Pubitemid 44256336)
88. Hakam A, Fang Q, Karl R et al. Coexpression of IGF-1R and c-Src proteins in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48: 1972-1978. (Pubitemid 37410086)
89. Yezhelyev MV, Koehl G, Guba M et al. Inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase as treatment for human pancreatic cancer growing orthotopically in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:8028-8036. (Pubitemid 39587544)
90. Ischenko I, Camaj P, Seeliger H et al. Inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase reverts chemoresistance toward 5-fluorouracil in human pancreatic carcinoma cells: An involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Oncogene 2008;27:7212-7222.
91. Duffy A, Kortmansky J, Schwartz GK et al. A phase I study of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and radiation in locally advanced, nonoperable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol 2008;19:86-91.
92. Trarbach T, Drevs J, Strumberg D et al. A phase I, open-label, multicenter study of cediranib and AZD0530 in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3592a.
93. Maness PF. Nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases associated with neuronal development. Dev Neurosci 1992;14:257-270.
94. Grant SG, Karl KA, Kiebler MA et al. Focal adhesion kinase in the brain: Novel subcellular localization and specific regulation by Fyn tyrosine kinase in mutant mice. Genes Dev 1995;9:1909-1921.
95. O'Shaughnessy J, Deseau V, Amini S et al. Analysis of the c-Src gene product structure, abundance, and protein kinase activity in human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells. Oncogene Res 1987;2:1-18. (Pubitemid 18132041)
96. Påhlman S, Hammerling U. Src expression in small-cell lung carcinoma and other neuroendocrine malignancies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142: S54-S56.
97. Porkka K, Koskenvesa P, Lundan T et al. Dasatinib crosses the bloodbrain barrier and is an efficient therapy for central nervous system Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Blood 2008;112:1005-1012.
98. Du J, Bernasconi P, Clauser KR et al. Bead-based profiling of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation identifies Src as a potential target for glioblastoma therapy. Nat Biotechnol 2009;27:77-83.
99. Lassman A, Wang M, Gilbert M. Phase II trial of dasatinib in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (RTOG 0627). Neuro Oncol 2008;10:MA-3.
100. Homsi J, Cubitt C, Daud A. The Src signaling pathway: A potential target in melanoma and other malignancies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007;11: 91-100. (Pubitemid 46099755)
101. Buettner R, Mesa T, Vultur A et al. Inhibition of Src family kinases with dasatinib blocks migration and invasion of human melanoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2008;6:1766-1774.
102. Shor AC, Keschman EA, Lee FY et al. Dasatinib inhibits migration and invasion in diverse human sarcoma cell lines and induces apoptosis in bone sarcoma cells dependent on Src kinase for survival. Cancer Res 2007;67:2800-2808.
103. Eustace AJ, Crown J, ClynesMet al. Preclinical evaluation of dasatinib, a potent Src kinase inhibitor, in melanoma cell lines. J Transl Med 2008;6: 53.
104. Han LY, Landen CN, Trevino JG et al. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of Src inhibition in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 2006;66: 8633-8639.